Buildings refers to any constructed structure that can be used for residential, commercial, industrial or institutional purposes. These structures are designed and built to provide shelter and space for human activities. Building constructions are designed by engineers and architects who seek to provide comfort and safety to the users of that property.
Buildings can be composed of several elements, such as walls, floors, ceilings, doors, windows, stairs, elevators, electrical, hydraulic and air conditioning systems, among others. They can be built in different materials, such as concrete, steel, wood and masonry, and vary in size and complexity, from small houses to large skyscrapers, and it is expected that such constructions existed without presenting serious pathological problems.
The different characteristics of buildings and structures, the type of use (residential, commercial, services, etc.), the age (new, existing or historical) and the owner (private, associations, authorities, universities), influence the way the BIM will be applied, the level of detail and support for functionalities aimed at design, construction, maintenance and demolition (VOLK; STENGEL; SCHULTMANN, 2014).
The 3D virtual model can be created in levels, according to the degree of detail of the project. The most used classification is LOD (level of development) which can be translated as level of development or detail. Pärn, Edwards and Sing (2017) show a scale from 100 to 500 for LOD. The LOD100 has a low definition of the project while the LOD500 corresponds to the as-built model (as built) in high definition. This last model must contain physical and functional characteristics of the building, as well as the processes related to the management and communication of information throughout the disciplines (BIAGINI et al., 2016).
LOD stands for "Level of Development", which is a construction information management methodology that defines levels of detail for the elements that make up a BIM (Building Information Modeling) model. LOD is a way to standardize the information contained in BIM models, defining the minimum information that each element must contain in each phase of the project, from conception to execution. Levels of detail range from 100 (conceptual information) to 500 (manufacturing information). The adoption of LOD allows the creation of more accurate and complete models, which facilitate collaboration between the different professionals involved in construction, from architects and engineers to contractors and manufacturers. In addition, it can also help to avoid mistakes and conflicts that may arise during construction, saving time and money.
The science of construction pathology can be understood as the branch of engineering that studies the symptoms, causes and origins of constructive defects that occur in the construction of buildings. From the study of the sources of vices, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of pathological problems from becoming something common in modern buildings (DO CARMO, 2003). These possible constructive vices can have different origins, from natural aging to environmental agents, and that can cause several problems to a building.
According to Souza (1998) the occurrences that arise more frequently in civil construction, such as failures in structural elements and protection cracks, are capable of being subdivided into two forms, the occurrences (faults) designated simple or complex. For questions of a simple nature, a regulation is accepted, being able to be solved without the professional having very advanced knowledge, whereas those of a complicated nature, request a careful verification of the problem, being essential that he has advanced knowledge regarding the subject in question. issue, for such checks it is appropriate to use forms of analysis of issues, to advise the professional in the analysis of the conjuncture.
According to Cremonini (1988) pathologies of constructions is the area of civil engineering that considers the unsatisfactory performance of the principles that form a building, the performance is, today governed by ABNT (Brazilian Association of Technical Standards), the analysis of defects in demand is the that addresses the field of pathology, making an observation through the forms of manifestations, origins and causes, engineering uses the term as a means of studying the origins and mechanisms of cases of the numerous problems that affect the structural and aesthetic exteriorities of a building.
The Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) is a non-profit private entity whose objective is to promote and develop technical standards for various sectors. ABNT is responsible for preparing and updating several technical standards in different areas, such as engineering, civil construction, environment, food, health, safety, among others. These standards are prepared with the participation of specialists, companies, government agencies and other interested parties, through specific technical committees.
In the civil construction sector, ABNT is responsible for technical standards that regulate everything from the materials used in construction to the methodologies for executing works. Compliance with these technical standards is essential to guarantee the quality, safety and efficiency of the products and services offered, in addition to contributing to the standardization and regulation of the sector.
1.1 BIM
According to Checcucci (2019, p.2), Building Information Modeling, also known as Building Information Modeling (BIM), consists of a set of computational technologies and work methods whose objective is to create models that fully represent the building. Such models support Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) professionals in all phases of the construction life cycle: conception, construction planning, construction itself, operation (involving use, management and maintenance) and recycling or demolition, when the building reaches the end of its useful life.
Bearing in mind the importance of the quality system in construction management, companies have increasingly sought to reduce deadlines, costs and have a good return time. There are several conditions that affect the final quality of the product during the production process, so it is essential to ensure consistency in the structuring in order to meet the requested demands. To deal with such problems, the market is increasingly interested in seeking to make projects compatible, improve technologies and make life easier for the professionals involved. BIM technology, which uses parametric modeling to create a virtual prototype of a building, allows a 3D visualization that includes all parties involved in the process, from the beginning to the completion of the work. This makes it possible to generate reports for the responsible coordinator, allowing the identification and solution of any unforeseen circumstances (MERLO, 2015).
According to Tales (2016), access to building anamnesis information through a database enables a great improvement in process agility, efficiency in decision-making, in addition to more efficient maintenance management. Therefore, the use of a methodology capable of accelerating access to information and decision-making becomes essential for identifying problems in construction, BIM through the compatibility of projects can make processes in the operational phase of buildings more efficient, in the catalog the deterioration during the useful life and in the solutions found by the maintenance. With this, having a digital history of the life of the building facilitates the process of viewing information in an agile and dynamic way.
Specifically about this BIM methodology, it is a process capable of gathering all the information of a construction, from the pre - construction to the post - construction where, thus enabling the use in the use of pathological identifications since all the information is in a single place. BIM, by simulating construction in a virtual environment, synthesizes what engineering and architecture, as well as the construction industry as a whole, have been looking for in the tools currently available. (AZHAR, 2011).
During the use or maintenance phase, pathological problems are brought about by inadequate maintenance or by total maintenance failure. This can occur due to lack of technical knowledge, inability to carry out maintenance, or even due to financial issues. The use of the BIM Methodology in this process would enable the identification of the pathology, in addition to providing a more realistic view, thus making decision-making for carrying out maintenance much more efficient.
Callegari (2007, p. 34) defines compatibility as the project management and integration activity, aiming at the perfect fit between them, seeking to minimize conflicts between projects. This activity is essential in the search for a better understanding of a project and that will allow a better detection of pathologies in buildings and all this is possible due to the parameterization of the BIM project.
Sacks, R. et al (2018, p.17) conceptualizes parametric objects as a central component for understanding BIM and its differentiation from traditional 2D objects, since BIM parameterization is a process in which the necessary parameters and information are defined so that BIM models can be used for building analysis and simulation.
BIM parameterization is important because it helps ensure that BIM models are accurate and reliable, allowing designers and builders to assess building performance and make necessary adjustments over time. For Sacks, R. et al (2018, p.39) the internal structure of an object instance is defined as a parametric modeling system and has characteristics of a directed graph, in which the nodes are classes of objects with parameters or operations that build or modify an object instance, thus allowing the storage of information and design details.
Um projeto BIM é composto por todas as informações de uma construção, como também possui todos os detalhamentos dos sistemas, e pode ser usado na tomada de decisões importantes na visualização de problemas nas construções. Projetos baseados em BIM são feitos de forma colaborativa entre as equipes e que com essa comunicação a qualidade do projeto e a produtividade das equipes aumentam (OH, LEE, et al., 2015).
According to Santos (2017) there are many ways to apply BIM in the operation phase and maintenance of buildings, by enabling a complete view of the building. Such resources allow the precise identification of possible points of conflict in the relationship between construction systems and equipment, as well as access to attribute data with a high degree of accuracy. Such attributes thus favor the use of the BIM methodology for the identification of pathologies.
The information from a BIM project enables the integration of Building Information Modeling, to provide an increase in the quality and efficiency of processes in buildings. BIM promotes the creation of an accurate 3D virtual model of the building and provides a better view of everything in the project, thus enabling a better understanding. It allows the application and maintenance of a digital representation of all construction information throughout different stages of the life cycle through a database, which can be geometric or non-geometric (Gu and London, 2010).