Performance of various pesticides against Yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) of Basmati rice and effect on yield in Northern India

The present investigation was based on the management of Yellow stem borer which is a major pest of Basmati rice crop in India. All the treatments were applied to control this pest when it reached on its ETL level. The data recorded one day before of rst spray and 3, 7, 10 days after of each spray. The observation revealed that all the treatments were found signicantly superior over untreated control. Among the all treatments Fipronil 5 SC was found most effective followed by Imidacloprid 17.8 SC, Cartap hydrochlorid 4 G. Among the bio-pesticides B. bassiana was most effective after the chemical pesticides followed by M. anisopliae and V. lacani. The eld treated with pronil 5 SC produced the highest grain yield (38.35 q/ha) and Imidacloprid 17.8 SC was placed on second place with 37.26 q/ha grain yield followed by Thiamethoxam 25 WG (36.05q/ha) and Cartap hydrochloride 4G (33.87 q/ha).


Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) belongs to the family-Poaceae, is that the major cereal crop which is providing about 80 per cent of the calories to over 2 billion people of Asian. Rice grown about 44.50 M ha with production of 115.63 Mt in India (Anonymous, 2019). it's cultivated all told the tropic, sub-tropic and temperate country of the everywhere world. It's grown from 430 N latitude to 390 S and up to the elevation of two,500 m. Rice is two type aromatic and non aromatic.
Out of those aromatic rice contributes a tiny low portion in rice production. Rice is cultivated besides Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Vietnam together with India. Haryana, Punjab, Uttarakhand and Western U. P. are the most basmati rice producing state of India (Kumar and Singh, 2020). Aroma with super ne kernels is that the most signi cant feature of the Basmati rice. Basmati emits speci c aroma within the eld at the time of harvesting, in storage, during milling, cooking and eating (Bharti et al., 2018). Rice is that the major staple food for half of the globe. It's important crop because its nutritional further as commercial value as 100 g of rice supplies 365 kcal energy, 0.12 g sugar, 7.12 g protein 1.3 g dietary ber and traces of thiamine, ribo avin, zinc, calcium, iron, manganese (Anonymous, 2010). So it's necessary to extend the productivity of rice to ful ll the food requirement of the growing population of the planet. But there are various factors liable for the reduction of rice yield together with many of the diseases and bug pest. One among the most reasons for the low productivity of rice is insect-pests, diseases and weeds. (Kumar et al., 2019) Among all the insects, Yellow stem borer is one of the foremost important pest of rice which is chargeable for the severe economic losses under the local conditions. Infestation of this insect occurs from the seedling to till harvest of the crop. In India, the losses causes by various insect pests are reported to the tune of 55.12 million rupees which successively workout to 18.16 percent of total loss. Out of this, 20 to 30 per cent damage is barely done by yellow stem borer (Lal, 1996). After the emergence of larvae from the egg mass it enters into the tiller and begin feeding within the tiller thanks to this the tillers dries up and appears in brownish colour leading to "dead hearts" and further growth of the tiller. During reproductive stage, whitish and chaffy panicles are the characterized damage done by this insect known as "white ears". Use of insecticides is one among the foremost effective management tools now days which is principally employed by the Indian farmers. it's also a crucial component of IPM besides biological and cultural methods and other hand indiscriminate use of assorted chemicals also chargeable for reduced biodiversity of natural enemies, induce outbreak of secondary pests and contaminate eco-system (Singh 2000). Keeping mind the concept of agro ecosystem the research program was undertaken to analyze the effectiveness of various approaches of chemical and biological control against Yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker). Various chemicals is also toxic for the animal, human and other living organism so it's important to experimentally determine a pesticide that t well in pest management programme. Hence, it's proposed to gauge the sphere e cacy of certain pesticides against yellow stem borer of rice. The small print of used pesticides are given in

Experimental details
The eld experiment was conducted at Crop Research Centre of the University during Kharif-2018 and this experimental site is situated 290 04' N latitude and 770 42' E longitudes at an altitude of 237 meter above the mean water level (MSL). This region falls under the north-western plains sub-region of upper Gangatic zone in Western Uttar Pradesh.
The experiment was laid move into randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments with three replications including untreated control. Pusa Basmati-1 Variety was selected for the experimental study. The seedlings which were 25 days old, transplanted within the main plot with size of 5 x 4 m 2 at CRC.
Pesticides application-All the treatments were applied twice at the time of peak post population, rst treatment given after 50 days followed by second treatment at 82 days after transplanting with a knapsack sprayer tted with hollow cone nozzle using 500 L of spray uid per ha. The treatments imposed are described in Table 1.

Method of observations
Pre-treatment observations were recorded one day before of rst pesticides application from the ten randomly selected hills, while post treatments observations were recorded on 3 rd , 7 th and 10 th days after on each pesticides application. The number of dead hearts counted from ten randomly selected hills in each plots. The proportion of dead hearts were puzzled out by using the formula-Where Nd are the number of dead hearts and Nt is the total number of observed tillers in 10 hills. Pd is the dead heart percentage of Nd and Nt.

Yield Assessment
For assessing the grain yield weight of healthy and damaged grains were recorded from each plot and converted in to q / ha with the assistance of following formula- The cost: bene t ratio was also calculated by dividing net pro t over control by total cost (insecticides and labour charges etc). The formula for Cost Bene t ratio is-

Statistical analysis
The data recorded during the courses of investigation were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance technique (ANOVA) for randomized block design as suggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1978). The data were recorded transformed necessary as and when required. Slandered error of mean in case, critical difference only at signi cantly cases were computed at 5 percent level of probability as under-Where, SE(m) = Standard error of mean EMSS = Error mean sum of square R = number of replication The critical difference at 5 per cent level of probability was puzzled out to check treatment mean wherever 'F' was signi cant The data recorded during the course of investigation, were also analyzed with the assistance of computer software "OPSTAT1" developed by O.P.Sheoran.

Results
E cacy of insecticides on Yellow stem borer after rst spray I. Pre-treatment One day before of treatment application the data were taken from the plot, revealed the percentage of Dead Hearts within the eld. The range of DHs per cent varied from 5.79 to 6.49. It was showing that it was statically non-signi cant difference in numerous treatments and indicating as approx. uniform damage in all treatment of the eld. Data represented in Table-

II. Post Treatment
After 3 days Data recorded on 3 rd day after the spray and it was indicate that all the treatments were found signi cantly superior over untreated control and only chemical pesticides reduced the damage of Scirpophaga incertulas. The bottom damage was observed in the plot which was treated by Fipronil 5 SC (5.21 %) and signi cantly superior to Imidacloprid 17.8 SC (5.51 %) followed by Cartap hydrochloride 4 G (5.62 %). The next effective order of pesticides were Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC, Thiamethoxam 25 WG, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and V. lacani while the reduced damage were 5.70 %, 5.84%, 6.14%, 6.29% and 6.35%, repectively. Highest damage caused by Scirpophaga incertulas found in untreated control which was 6.53%.

After 7 days
After seven days of spray, the minimum damage was observed within the plots which is treated with Fipronil 5 SC was again found best and recorded lowest damage was 3.29 % and proved best treatment. It was signi cantly superior to rest of the treatments. After Fipronil 5 SC, Imidacloprid 17.8 SC (3.95 %) was the second most effective pesticide followed by Cartap hydrochloride 4 G (4.69 %), Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC (5.00 %), Thiamethoxam 25 WG (5.25 %). The subsequent effective bio pesticides order was Beauveria bassiana, M. anisopliae and V. lacani while the reduced damage were 5.61 %, 5.96 % and 6.07%, repectively. Highest damage caused by insect found in untreated control which was 6.68 %.
After 10 days Data recorded on the 10 th day after spray, it was found that each one insecticides were found effective and signi cantly superior to untreated control. I Fipronil 5 SC was effective and gave best performance with the less amount of damage (2.37 %) and it was followed by Imidacloprid 17.8 SC with 2.99 % DHs. The another treatments like Cartap hydrochloride 4 G, Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC, Thiamethoxam 25 WG, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and V. lacani were recorded 3.79%, 3.94%,4.33%,4.51%, 4.71% and 5.94%, respectively. Highest damage was recorded in untreated control (6.81 %) E cacy of insecticides on Yellow stem borer after second spray The trend of effectiveness of treatment was almost similar as in the rst application on reduction of damage was recorded after second spray and all treatments were found effective than untreated control.

After 3 days
The data taken from the experimental treated plots after three day of spray indicated that all the treatments were found signi cantly superior over the untreated control. Plots treated with Fipronil 5 SC observed as the best treatment and the damage was lowest (4.86 %) among the all treatment which was followed by Imidacloprid 17.8 SC (4.99 %). The next effective order was Cartap hydrochloride 4 G (5.05 %) > Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC (5.14 %) > Thiamethoxam 25 WG (5.37 %) > B. bassiana (5.40 %) > M. anisopliae (5.49 %). V. lacani was least effective against Yellow stem borer with 5.86 % DHs. Highest damage was recorded in untreated control (7.61 %).

After 7 days
After 7 th day of second application, Fipronil 5 SC was again found most effective and recorded lowest damage with 3.31 % DHs in the plot. The next effective treatment was Imidacloprid 17.8 SC (3.84) followed by Cartap hydrochloride 4G (4.09), Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC (4.30 %) and Thiamethoxam 25 WG (4.58 %). In bio pesticides B. bassiana was the most effective after the chemical pesticides with 4.96 % DHs followed M. anisopliae (5.13 %), and V. lacani (5.30 %) were come in this order. After 7 day of spray, Fipronil 5 SC was the best treatment against YSB while V. lacani was the least effective treatment among all the treatment. 7.88% DHs was recorded in the untreated control.

th Day after spray
After 10 th day of spray, data revealed that Fipronil 5 SC again found effective and it was best treatment among all the treatment of the eld experiment with 2.03 % DHs followed by Imidacloprid 17.8 SC with 2.40 % DHs in eld and it was also statically at par with better treatments. On 10 th day of application, the order of effectiveness was Cartap hydrochloride 4 G (3.03 %), Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC (3.47 %), Thiamethoxam 25 WG (3.62 %), B. bassiana (3.95 %), M. anisopliae (4.13 %), and V. lacani (4.42 %), respectively. Highest damage was recorded in untreated control (8.14 %).
In the present investigation Fipronil 5 SC was found most effective against the damage of yellow stem borer, which was already reported by Kakde and Patel (2019) and also investigated that Cartap hydrochloride 4 G is less effective after Fipronil against the yellow stem borer's damage that is agreed by Singh et al (2017) and Lal (2006). Seni and Nail (2017). also revealed that Fipronil 5 SC was the most effective followed by imidacloprid. Sulagitti et al., (2017) and Kumar and Kumar (2017) revealed that B. bassiana and M. anisoplea are the effecstive among the bio-pesticides for management of yellow stem borer. In the present ndings V. lacani also gave better result. The above and previous studies on the similar work strongly supporting to this research work.

Yield Assessments
On the basis of all expenses in the experiment like insecticides, cost of Seed, labour and Irrigation charges etc. and the increased income over control due to the treatments rice yields; Highest yield was obtain in the plot which was treated with Fipronil 5 SC (38.35 q/ha) followed by Imidacloprid 17.8 SC (37.26 %).We calculated the cost bene t ratio which is represented in the Table-3 and Figure-3. All the treated plot resulted signi cantly higher production ranging between 32.53 to 38.35 q/ha than untreated control with 26.60 q/ha. yield. The cost bene t ratio of Imidacloprid 17.8 SC is 1:7.83 followed by Thiamethoxam 25 WG (1:7.59) and Fipronil 5 SC (1:6.66). Here, This pronil 5 SC is placed on third because of its cost while provide highest production in term of q/ha. The Cartap hydrochloride 4G and Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC are lower in production because of their e cacy against some other insect pest viz. BPH, Gall midge, WPH and others.
From the present study, higher grain yield and net pro t were recorded in the treatment Imidacloprid 17.8 SC @ 200ml/ha. which is agreement with the nding of Sangamithra et al., (2018) and Mishra et al., (2009). The best cost bene t ratio in the present nding was recorded with the treatment Imidacloprid 17.8 SC @ 200ml/ha (1:7.83) followed by Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 100gm/ha (1:7.59) this nding was partially similar with the nding of Kumar and Kumar (2017).

Conclusion
The observation of average damage on per cent dead heart caused by yellow stem borer was taken one day before rst application and after 3, 7, 10 days of each spray. The observation revealed that Fipronil 5 SC (T3) followed by Imidcloprid 17.8 SC (T1) and Cartap hydrochloride 4 G (T5) were at par while other treatments also were found at par over untreated control but they signi cantly showed the less damage over control.
The effectiveness of treatments determined in term of grain yield was Fipronil 5 SC followed by Imidacloprid 17.8 SC and among the biopesticides, B. bassiana was most effective in term of yield followed by M. anisopliae (34.65 q/ha). The highest Dhs percent was observed in the plot which was treated by V. lacani and least DHs per cent was recorded in the plot treated with Fipronil 5 SC.

Declarations
Con ict of interest-On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no con ict of interest. No.