Evaluation of Epstein-Barr Virus Indirect Immunouorescence Assay Results

Background: The aim of this study was to diagnose Epstein-Barr virüs (EBV) infection using indirect immunouorescence assay (IIFA) method and to evaluate these patients clinically. More than 90% of children are infected with EBV until the age of six. Methods: The tests were studied by using EBV IIFA method. A total of 247 patients, 186 adults, and 61 children, were included in the study. Results: 5 (2.7%) of the adults were EBV-Capsid antigen (EBV-CA) IgM positive, 175 (94.1%) were IgG positive and 6 (3.2%) were seronegative. 10 (16.4%) of the child patients were IgM positive, which is considered as an acute infectious mononucleosis (IM) infection marker, whereas the child patients had a signicantly higher IgM rate than adults (p <0.001). 39 (63.9%) of the child patients were IgG positive and 12 (19.7%) of them were seronegative. The rate of IgG positivity in children was signicantly lower than in adults (p <0.001).There was no signicant difference between the genders in terms of IgM and IgG positivity rates in both adults and children(p> 0.05 for each). Conclusion: These results suggest that the presence of an acute EBV infection should be considered when the patient has viral diseases with similar clinical picture especially for children. ELFA:Enzym-linked uorescence assay; MPBI:Microparticle based immunoassay; IB:Immunoblot; EBNA:Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen; EBV EA:Epstein-Barr virus early antigen.


Introduction
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the sub-family of gammaherpesvirinae, a type of the herpes viruses. EBV is a virus that causes infectious mononucleosis (IM) and chronic active EBV infections, malignant diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease [1][2][3]. The American Joint Committee on Cancer reported that when EBV positivity is detected in metastatic lymphadenopathies with unclear primary lesions in the neck region, it should be considered as nasopharyngeal cancer [2][3][4][5][6].
Although infectious mononucleosis may be asymptomatic in childhood, in some children, adolescents and adults, lymphadenopathy (LAP) is a disease characterized by sore throat, fatigue, pharyngitis, fever, and splenomegaly. EBV is transmitted through close contact with common objects [1,4,5]. EBV settles into lymphoepithelial cells and B lymphocytes in the oral cavity, causing persistent infection. The virus rst attaches to the tonsils and settles there. Once the virus enters the cell, EBV nuclear antigens (EBNA) in the cell nucleus become detectable, then latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LPM-1 and LMP-2) formed by these antigens are synthesized. Copy cells containing EBV genes are then formed and EBV virus becomes latent in B lymphocytes. In these patients, the EBV virus becomes active in cases of weakening of the immune system [1,3,6,7].
EBV's clinical picture is similar to the clinical picture of cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella and Toxoplasma gondii infections. Therefore, it requires a differential diagnosis. Additionally, serious complications such as intra-spleen bleeding, respiratory obstruction, myocarditis, and anemia may develop in EBV infection.
Therefore, early diagnosis of EBV is crucial for patients suffering from these symptoms [3,4,7].
More than 90% of children are infected with EBV until the age of six. 90% of adults are found to be EBV seropositive. In socioeconomically low populations, infections can be seen at earlier ages [8][9][10].
Serologic tests such as IIFA, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), enzyme-linked uorescence assay (ELFA), microparticle based immunoassay (MPBI), complement xation test, and immunoblot (IB) are used for the diagnosis of EBV infection. There is not a gold standard method for these tests. Subjective evaluation of these methods bares sensitivity and speci city problems. Therefore, problems may occur in the diagnosis of EBV [1,2,9,10]

Discussion
The clinical picture of EBV infections is similar to some viral infections. Accurate and early diagnosis of EBV infections, which may cause serious complications, is crucial. EBV seropositivity is very high in the normal population. Therefore, the use of methods with high sensitivity and speci city values may provide more accurate results in the diagnosis of EBV infection [4,5]. In this context, we used IIFA method for the EBV diagnosis in our study. For each parameter studied with the IIFA method, a separate patient sample is required. Despite the need for a separate reagent for each parameter, it has been reported to be highly reliable [10,11]. In addition, the IIFA assessment is subjective and can be highly reliable when performed by experienced personel [11].
In this method, IgG and IgM antibodies against EBV capsid antigen (EBV-CA) were investigated. Acute EBV-CA infection and IgM presence were accepted as the marker of past or recent infection [9,12]. High avidity and EBNA positivity were considered to be a highly possible chronic EBV infection marker and the low avidity was considered to be a highly possible recent EBV infection.
In the study conducted with 100 patients with suspected IM, Feyzioglu et al. [12] found that only 2% of the patients had acute EBV infection using IIFA method and reported that 81% of the patients had a past or recent infection. In the study, IgG and IgM presence was not found in 17% of the patients. In the study conducted with minors with suspected IM and with LAP diagnosis Gumuser [9] detected that EBV-CA IgG rate was 83%. In the study conducted with nine thousand patients Sirekbasan et al. [13] have found out that %58.3 of the patients were EBV-CA IgG seropositive, IgM rate was 4.3%, and 38.4% were seronegative. Altuglu et al. [14] reported that 82.2% of the patients were IgG positive, 16.3% of them were IgM positive, and 17.8% were seronegative. In a different study Altuglu et al. [10] found that IgM positivity rate was 14.8%, IgG positivity rate was 91.3%. Fidan et al. [15] detected that 91.4% of the patients were IgG seropositive. Soylu et al. [16] reported that the rate of IgG seropositive patients was 81%. The data of our study suggests that acute infection rate was 6.1% and IgG seropositivity rate was 86.6%, seronegativity rate was 7.3%. All these data supports 80-90% seropositivity rate of developing countries [13].
In the studies conducted in other countries also reveals high seropositivity rates. Beader et al. [17] reported a EBV-CA IgG rate of 91.4% in the study they carried out in Croatia. Xiong et al. [18] found that seropositivity rate was 80% in the study they made in China. In France, Fourcade et al. [19] reported a seropositivity rate of 88% in the study included almost 50 thousand patients. Farid et al. [20] found this rate to be 86% in their study conducted with 10 thousand patients in Bahrain. Tuon et al. [21] found the EBV seropositivity rate as 98% in stissue donors in Brazil. Suntornlohanakul et al. [22] reported an adult seropositivity rate of around 95% in Thailand. Franci et al. [23] reported this rate as 65% in their study in Italy. In our study, IgG seropositivity rate was found to be 94.1%. These data show that although EBV seropositivity rate varies regionally, it is generally very high.
Gumuser [9] found that the IgG seropositivity rate in children under two years of age was 63.6%, and in the 6-12 age range it was 93.1%, and 75% in 12 years of age. Chan et al. [24] found the EBV-CA IgG rate in children under two years of age was 60% in Hong Kong. Pereira et al. [25] found a 50% IgG seropositivity rate in children under the age of four in their study in England and found this rate to be 81% in the 15-24 age group. Ferres et al. [26] reported that the IgG seropositivity rate was 76.7% in children under two years of age and 90% in patients around 20 years of age in their study conducted in Spain. In our study, the EBV-CA IgG seropositivity rate was 63.9% in pediatric patients. These data support the estimation that EBV seropositivity rates are lower in the rst childhood period compared to the general population and the rate of exposure to the virus rapidly increases after the rst six years of age.
Primary EBV infection was reported to occur in early childhood [24][25][26]. In our study, IgM presence is detected in 16.4% in child patients, which suggests an acute IM infection, whereas the rate of IgM positivity in adults was only 2.7%. The IgM positivity rate in pediatric patients was signi cantly higher than in adults (p < 0.001). This data supports the idea that primary infection is more common in young age.
Sirekbasan et al. [13] have not found a signi cant difference between the genders in terms of seropositivity. In our study, no signi cant difference was found between the genders in terms of seropositivity in both adults and children. This data supports the information that the frequency of IM infection does not vary according to gender.
In our study, 155 (62.8%) patients were admitted to the hematology clinic, 24 (9.7%) were admitted to pediatrics and 24 (9.7%) were admitted to pediatric hematology clinics. According to this data, it can be thought that patients with blood-related disorders, namely anemia, are more frequently examined with a preliminary diagnosis of EBV infection. In our study, LAP, anemia, and splenomegaly were detected in 8 (53.3%) of 15 EBV IgM positive patients. This data shows that the classical ndings of IM are more common in these patients.
There were some limitations in our study. Since, our study was retrospective, different methods could not be used for the patients. Therefore, positive tests could not be con rmed by the EBV Blot test and atypical ndings could not be examined. However, positive test results were found to be consistent with the clinical results of patients. Patients with a diagnosis of lymphadenopathy who were asked for an EBV test and had a negative EBV IgM test were followed up and were given emprical treatment considering the development of lymphadenopathy due to nonspeci c upper respiratory tract infection.

Conclusion
In this study, we evaluated the results of patients with suspected IM who underwent EBV-CA IgM and IgG tests conducted by using the IIFA method. The rate of primary EBV infection in childhood was higher than in adults. In addition, the seropositivity rate of past or current EBV infection was found to be similar to the rates reported in our country. These data indicate that acute EBV infection should be considered separately from other infections showing a similar clinical picture.