Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis inhibited by Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction by enhancing Th2 cytokine

Background: Current modern conventional medicine (MCM) on multiple sclerosis (MS) are non-specic immunosuppressive drugs, which remains many side effects. Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction (HQGZWW) is a common formula of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has good effects on treatment of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) very well, so it is very important to understand the precise mechanism. Our previous study suggested that CD8 + autoreactive T cells in EAE had a lower encephalitogenic function but were unique and independent on pathogenic of EAE rather than their CD4 + counterparts. The aims of current study were to determine the pathological interrelationship between CD4 + and CD8 + autoreactive T cells in MS/EAE upon the HQGZWW treatment. Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice (n=8, each group) were induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 peptide, and meantimely were treated with distilled water, prednisone, high dose or low dose HQGZWW. At 14 days after immunization, T cells were isolated from the spleen and puried as CD4 + and CD8 + T cells by using CD4 and CD8 isolation kits, and then the purity was determined by ow cytometric analysis. These cells were stimulated by MOG 35-55 peptide and applied to proliferation assays. The interferon-gamma (IFN-g), interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 secretion of supernatant of cultured CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). For adoptive transfer, recipient mice were injected with MOG 35-55 -specic CD8 + or CD4 + T cells. EAE clinical course was measured by EAE score at 0-5 scale and spinal cord was examined by staining with hematoxylin and eosin and Luxol fast blue staining. Results: For aEAE, there were signicant improvement of EAE score in both HQGZWW high dose and


Background
As a central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs on middle age, and cause big social and economic problem. [1]Current modern conventional medicine (MCM) are focusing on acute relapse, disease-modifying therapies and MS symptoms, [2] and the effect has obviously increased, such as β-interferon, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, teri unamide, dimethyl fumarate, ngolimod, alemtuzumab, natalizumab. [3]However there is some serious side-effect, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, serious viral and fungal infections, [4,5] due to their universal immunosuppression. [3] reduce the side effects of hormones and immunosuppressants, more ideal results had been achieved.
Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) was widely use to treat MS or associated symptoms. [3]aditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of main form CAM, included Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), acupuncture and other non-medication therapies. [6]Current Chinese national medical system is the combination of TCM and MCM complement and cooperation with each other, which has satisfactory results in clinic. [7]Face to the dilemma of current situation of MCM treatment, TCM treatment which is based on dialectical treatment provides a new possibility of MS treatment.There are many prescriptions of CHM which treated MS/EAE very well, such as 1) Buyang Huanwu decoction, [8,9] 2) Bushen Yisui Fang, Formerly known as Erhuang Fang, [3] 3) Liuwei Dihuang Pills, Zuogui pills and Yougui pills, [10] 4) Catalpol, an extraction from the root of Rehmannia, [11,12] 5) Hyungbangpaedok-san, a classic formula in TCM and named Jingfangbaidu San, [13] 6) Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction (HQGZWW). [3]Among them, the mechanism of HQGZWW treatment on MS is the closest to immune-protection mechanism, and it is better than MCM which have big problem due to their universal immune inhibition.However, the precise mechanism of HQGZWW treatment on MS is not clear now.HQGZWW is a common formula of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for arthromyodynia, consisting of 5 kinds of herbs: Astragalus mongholicus, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Cassia twig, Ginger, 4 Fructus Ziziphi Jujubae.HQGZWW was reported effective in treating MS patients, as well as in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. [14] is well-known that MS is a T cell-mediated CNS autoimmue disease.MCM on MS are non-speci c immunosuppressive drugs, which remains many side effects. [15]Typically, studies of MS and EAE have focused on CD4 + T cells, however, CD8 + T cells are involved in MS/EAE pathogenesis. [16]As we reported previously, myelin oligo-dendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35−55 -speci c CD4 + and CD8 + autoreactive T cells from B6 EAE mouse were encephalitogenic, and our previous data already showed that CD8 + T cells were unique and independent on pathogenic of EAE rather than their CD4 + counterparts. [17]However, CD8 + autoreactive T cells, there was weaker proliferation response, and less interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion and encephalitogenic. [17]From the previous clinical and animal studies, it is undoubted that HQGZWW plays a protection role on MS/EAE, however the precise mechanism is not clear.As the rst study on the role of MOG 35

Ethical approval
All the experiments were performed at School of Life Sciences, Central South University, and all experimental steps were examined and approved by the Ethics Committee of Central South University (No. 2019sydw0005).The treatments for animal were in accordance with the National Institute of Health's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.We had taken all steps to minimize the animal's pain and suffering.

Animals
Speci c pathogen-free female C57BL/6 mice (8-10 weeks) were purchased from Hunan Slake Jingda Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd.(Changsha, Hunan, China) (License No. SCXK [Hunan] 2016-0002) and maintained at the Center of Experimental Animal, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University (License No. SCXK [Hunan] 2015-0017).The mice were housed in a single cage with an independent ventilation system at a temperature of 18-22°C and relative humidity of 40%-60% with free access to food and water.The sample size prediction matched the requirements of the experimental design.

Preparation of HQGZWW
HQGZWW was prepared from the following herbs: Astragalus mongholicus 9g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra 9g, Cassia twig 9g, Ginger 18g, Fructus Ziziphi Jujubae 4g.All herbs were dry decoction pieces (i.e.traditional Chinese medicines prepared in ready-to-use forms), which were purchased from Honghua Decoction pieces company (Changsha, Hunan, China).All the dry decoction pieces were immersed in distilled water for 30 minutes and boiled for 2 hours.The inspissation of the ltered solution was under reduced pressure at 70°C, and ready for use.
The models were established according our previous studies. [17]For active induction of disease, aEAE was induced by subcutaneous injection of 200 μL of an emulsion containing 200 μg MOG 35-55 peptide puri ed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a purity of >95% (amino acids 35-55 of bovine MOG; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and complete Freund's adjuvant (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) distributed over six sites at the tail base and on the ank.At 0 and 24 hours after immunization, mice were intraperitoneally injected with pertussis toxin (250 ng per mice, List Biological, Campbell, CA, USA).For adoptive transfer, unless stated otherwise, recipient mice were injected via the caudal vein with 5 × 10 6 MOG 35-55 -speci c CD8 + or CD4 + enriched T cells prepared as described previously in 0.2 mL phosphate buffer saline (PBS). [17]eatment and EAE score The EAE mice were treated with distilled water, prednisone, high dose or low dose HQGZWW by oral gavages, started on 1 hour after immunization once a day for 14 days.EAE was scored by a 0-5 scale as follows: 0, no obvious changes in motor functions of the mouse in comparison with non-immunized mice; 1, limp tail; 2, limp tail and weakness of hind limbs; 3, limp tail and complete paralysis of hind limbs (most common) or limp tail with paralysis of one front and one hind limb; 4, complete hind limb and partial front limb paralysis; 5, death or euthanized because of severe paralysis. [17,18] paration of MOG 35-55 -speci c T Cells The procedure was modi ed from our previously published protocol. [17]At 14 days after immunization, EAE mice were sacri ced by over dose sodium pentobarbital (150mg/kg Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Beijing, China,), and T cells were isolated from the spleen by passage through a nylon wool column (Kisker, Steinfurt, Germany).Then, 1 × 10 7 cells in 2 mL RPMI 1640 medium per well in a six-well plate (Costar; Corning, Corning, NY, USA) were stimulated with 20 μg/mL MOG 35-55 in the presence of 1 × 10 7 mitomycin C (MCE, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA)-treated syngeneic spleen cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).After 2 days, the activated lymphoblasts were isolated by density gradient centrifugation (Lymphocyte Separation, Tianjin, China) and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing IL-2 (USCN Co., Wuhan, Hubei, China, 10 ng/mL).

Proliferation Assay
As modi ed from our previously published protocol, [17] CD8 or CD4 enriched T cells from MOG 35-55immunized wild-type B6 mice were prepared and seeded at 4 × 10 5 cells/well in 96-well plates.The cells were then cultured at 37°C for 48 hours in 200 μL medium with or without MOG 35-55 in the presence of mitomycin C-treated syngeneic spleen APCs (1×10 5 cells/well).[ 3 H] thymidine incorporation during the last 8 hours was assessed by a microplate scintillation counter (Packard; PerkinElmer, Meriden, CT, USA).The proliferative response is expressed as the mean counts per minute (cpm) ± standard deviation (SD) of triplicate determinations.

Puri cation of CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells
As modi ed from our previously published protocol, [17] puri ed CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were prepared from spleens using CD4 and CD8 isolation kits (Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).The spleen cells were rst incubated in 10 µL of CD8 (TIL) MicroBeads and 90 µL buffer per 1 × 10 cells for 15 minutes in a refrigerator (2−8 °C).Buffer was added to a nal volume of 500 μL for up to 5 × 10 cells.
The cells were then separated into bound and unbound cells on a magnetic separator column (Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and washed with 15 mL medium, according to the manufacturer's protocol.The ow through fraction containing CD4-or CD8-enriched cells was collected, and the purity of the isolated cell fraction was determined by ow cytometric analysis.

Histology
As modi ed from our previously published protocol, [17] spinal cord sections were prepared from tissue collected from aEAE animals or tEAE animals that were adoptively transferred with MOG 35-55 -speci c CD8 or CD4 enriched T cells from aEAE animals.Spinal cord tissues were xed in ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde/methanol and embedded in para n before microtome sections (5 μm thick) were prepared for staining with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), and Luxol fast blue (LFB) to stain myelin.

Statistical analyses
The statistical analysis was achieved by SPSS 21.0 statistical software (IBM, Almonk, NY,USA).All data were analyzed by the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by LSD test for multiple comparisons.Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), including proliferation assay, ELISA, EAE score, ow cytometry.Each experiment was repeated at least three times.P-value≤ 0.05 was considered as signi cant.

Great improvement of EAE clinical signs in HQGZWW high dose group
To determine the role of HQGZWW in the pathogenesis of EAE, we randomly divided EAE mice into four groups upon four treatments (distilled water, HQGZWW high dose, HQGZWW low dose or prednisone) and then measured the clinical signs using the EAE score assessed by daily checks and histopathology. [17,18]  shown in Figure 1A, from day 0 to day 21st after MOG 35-55 peptide immunization, the EAE score were measured.For the maximum EAE score, compare with distilled water group (3.98 ± 0.04), there were signi cant improvement of EAE score in both HQGZWW high dose and prednisone groups (2.52± 0.09 and 2.46 ± 0.04, respectively, P = 0.001), however only slight improvement in HQGZWW low dose group (3.35 ± 0.09, P = 0.616).Among different treatments, it was shown that HQGZWW high dose group had much better effective on EAE mice than HQGZWW low dose group (P = 0.001), and similar to prednisone group (P = 0.569).
Compare to pathological examination of spinal cord from naïve mice (HE, Fig. 1B and LFB, Fig. 1G), it revealed sever in ammation and demyelination in distilled water group (HE, Fig. 1C and LFB, Fig. 1H) or HQGZWW low dose group (HE, Fig. 1E and LFB, Fig. 1J); on the another hand, there is slight in ammation and demyelination in HQGZWW high dose group (HE, Fig. 1D and LFB, Fig. 1I) or prednisone group (HE, Fig. 1F and LFB, Fig. 1K).Our data suggested that HQGZWW had similar effect at high dose level to typical conventional medicine prednisone on aEAE, but no effect at low dose level.MOG 35-55 speci city of puri ed CD8 + and CD4 + T Cells Try to answer the above questions, unfractionated T cells were isolated by CD8 or CD4 kit.As shown in Figure 2, there were around 90% CD8 + CD3 + cells in the fraction of T cells in 4 groups after CD8 bead enrichment and around 90% CD4 + CD3 + cells in the fraction of T cells after CD4 bead enrichment in 4 groups.These CD8 + CD3 + and CD4 + CD3 + cells were highly pure and appropriate for the following functional experiments.
The puri ed CD8 + and CD4 + T cells were examined for antigen-speci c functions by a proliferation assay.
The representative results shown in Figure 3 indicated that the MOG 35-55 peptide had a strong stimulatory effect on both CD8 + and CD4 + T cells.Although the puri ed CD8 + T cells had a generally lower response to MOG 35-55 than CD4 + T cells, it was apparent that the response of CD8 + T cells was not always dependent on CD4 + T cells.By the way, upon to the highest MOG 35-55 concentration (20mg/mL) as shown in Figure 3A, compare with distilled water group (21711.33±1589.42cpm), there is lower antigen-speci c responses of CD8 + T cells in HQGZWW high dose and prednisone groups (10510.67±1189.87cpm and 9575.33 ±1064.00cpm, respectively, P = 0.001), but not in when they are compared with HQGZWW low dose group (19665.33±1553.61cpm, P = 0.104).Among different treatments, it was shown that antigen-speci c responses of CD8 + T cells in HQGZWW high dose group than HQGZWW low dose group (P = 0.001), and similar to prednisone group (P = 0.427).
As shown in Figure 3B, It is shown that similar pattern for CD4 + T cells proliferation, compare with distilled water group (64557.67± 2547.57cpm), there were signi cant decrease of EAE score in both HQGZWW high dose, prednisone group and HQGZWW low dose groups (21281.67 ± 1739.08 cpm, 20104.00± 1364.82 cpm, and 50799.33 ± 2449.17 cpm, respectively, P = 0.001).Among different treatments, it was shown that antigen-speci c responses of CD8 + T cells in HQGZWW high dose group than HQGZWW low dose group (P = 0.001), and similar to prednisone group (P = 0.509).To sum up, the antigen-response of CD8 + or CD4 + T cells in four groups were consistent with the EAE score and histology result in Figure1.

Cytokine pro les of MOG 35-55 -speci c CD8 + T and CD4 + T Cells
To determine the cytokine pro les of activated CD4 + and CD8 + autoreactive T cells, we used ELISAs to measure cytokine levels in the culture supernatants of activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells at 24 hours poststimulation.As shown in Figure 4A, compare with distilled water group (816.31 ± 42.88 pg/ml), there is much lower IFN-g secretion of CD8 + T cells supernatant in HQGZWW high dose and prednisone groups (531.66 ± 25.54 pg/ml and 484 ± 36.52 pg/ml, respectively, P = 0.001), and also lower in HQGZWW low dose group (718.33 ± 29.81 pg/ml, P = 0.008).Among different treatments, it was shown that less IFN-g secretion of CD8 + T cells in HQGZWW high dose group than HQGZWW low dose group (P = 0.001), and similar to prednisone group (P = 0.127).
As shown in Figure 4D, compare with distilled water group (1474.07± 90.43 pg/ml), there is much lower IFN-g secretion of CD4 + T cells supernatant in HQGZWW high dose and prednisone groups (722.66 ± 64.50 pg/ml and 646 ±64.50 pg/ml, respectively, P = 0.001), and also lower in HQGZWW low dose group (1323.12± 79.50 pg/ml, P = 0.04).Among different treatments, it was shown that less IFN-g secretion of CD8 + T cells in HQGZWW high dose group than HQGZWW low dose group (P = 0.001), and similar to prednisone group (P = 0.249).
On the another hand, as shown in Figure 4B, compare with distilled water group (220.66 ±56.51 pg/ml), there is much higher IL-4 secretion of CD8 + T cells supernatant in HQGZWW high dose and prednisone groups (762.33 ±78.21 pg/ml and 954.06 ±75.07 pg/ml, respectively, P = 0.001), but not in HQGZWW low dose group (293 ±49.03 pg/ml, P = 0.215).Among different treatments, it was shown that more IL-4 secretion of CD8 + T cells in HQGZWW high dose group than HQGZWW low dose group (P = 0.001), and similar to prednisone group (P = 0.07).
As shown in Figure 4E, compare with distilled water group (324.33 ±27.50 pg/ml), there is much higher IL-4 secretion of CD4 + T cells supernatant in HQGZWW high dose and prednisone groups (620.33 ±38.07 pg/ml and 707.66 ±35.59 pg/ml, respectively, P = 0.001), but not in HQGZWW low dose group (355.13 ±35.59 pg/ml, P = 0.349).Among different treatments, it was shown that more IL-4 secretion of CD4 + T cells in HQGZWW high dose group than HQGZWW low dose group (P = 0.001), and similar to prednisone group (P = 0.221).
As shown in Figure 4F, compare with distilled water group (853.66 ± 48.26 pg/ml), there is much higher IL-10 secretion of CD4 + T cells supernatant in HQGZWW high dose and prednisone groups (2242.33 ± 156.35 pg/ml and 2380.21 ± 131.73 pg/ml, respectively, P = 0.001), but not in HQGZWW low dose group (1055.33±66.01 pg/ml, P = 0.247).Among different treatments, it was shown that more IL-4 secretion of CD4 + T cells in HQGZWW high dose group than HQGZWW low dose group (P = 0.001), and similar to prednisone group (P = 0.271).
In summary, the CD4 + and CD8 + T cell supernatants contained lower levels of IFN-g and higher levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in HQGZWW high dose and prednisone groups compared with HQGZWW low dose and distilled water groups.Our data suggested that there is Th2 cytokine pro le of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in HQGZWW high dose and prednisone groups, and it was consistent with the EAE score, histological studies in Figure1, and proliferation assay in Figure 3.By the way, in Figure 4, compared to CD4 + T cells, there is lower IFN-g and similar IL-4 and IL-10 secretion in CD8 + autoreactive T cells of 4 groups; and it is also consistent with our previous published data in EAE and EAU studies. [17,19] ptive transfer of MOG 35-55 -speci c CD8 + T Cells to naïve mice induces tEAE To determine the role of MOG 35-55 -speci c CD8 + T cells in the pathogenesis of EAE, we induced the disease in wild-type B6 naïve mice by adoptive transfer of MOG 35-55 -speci c T cells from B6 aEAE mice of four groups upon four treatments (distilled water, HQGZWW high dose, HQGZWW low dose or prednisone) and then measured the clinical signs using the EAE score assessed by daily checks and histopathology. [17] shown in Figure 1A, from day 0 to day 21st after MOG 35-55 adoptively transferring, the EAE score were measured.For the maximum EAE score, compare with distilled water group (2.95± 0.09), there were signi cant improvement of EAE score in both HQGZWW high dose and prednisone groups (2.10± 0.10 and 2.03 ± 0.04, respectively, P = 0.001), however only slight improvement in HQGZWW low dose group (2.91 ± 0.07, P = 0.742).Among different treatments, it was shown that HQGZWW high dose group had much better effective on EAE mice than HQGZWW low dose group (P = 0.001), and similar to prednisone group (P = 0.631).
It revealed moderate in ammation and demyelination in distilled water group (HE, Fig. 1B and LFB, Fig. 1F) or HQGZWW low dose group (HE, Fig. 1D and LFB, Fig. 1H); on the another hand, there is slight in ammation and demyelination in HQGZWW high dose group (HE, Fig. 1C and LFB, Fig. 1G) or prednisone group (HE, Fig. 1E and LFB, Fig. 1I).Our data suggested that HQGZWW had similar effect at high dose level to typical conventional medicine prednisone on tEAE, but no effect at low dose level.

Discussion
MS is an immune-mediated CNS disease with in ammation, demyelination,and axonal damage.MS/EAE had been considered as antigen-speci c, CD4 + T helper (Th) cell-dominated diseases for a long time. [20][23][24] There are two major cytokines secreted by Th cells.Th1-cytokines include IFN-γ, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), on the another hand, Th2-cytokines consist of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. [23 ]cently, there are more evidence about CD8 + T cells involved in MS/EAE pathogenesis. [16,25,26] Fr example, CD8 + T cells were present in MS tissue at all stages of the disease, and are characterized by their antigenic repertoire in MS and EAE. [16,25,26] Ctokine pro les produced by CD8 + T cells involved in MS/EAE were also studied. [27][32] For example, IFNγ and TNFα secretion of auto-reactive CD8 + T-cells was detected in the peripheral blood by responding to their cognate antigen ex vivo. [33]Apoptotic T-cell-associated self-epitopes increased IFNγ-and IL-17producing CD8 + T-cells in CNS. [34]On another hand, in virus-induced encephalitis models , IL-10producing CD8 +T-cells in increased expression of pro-in ammatory cytokines and chemokines, resulted in diminishing disease pathology. [35]As our previous report, it is shown that CD8 + autoreactive T cells in EAE have a lower encephalitogenic function but are unique and independent on pathogenic of EAE rather than their CD4 + counterparts , which might be explain that CD8 + T cells had a generally lower response, less IFN-g and IL-4 secretion to MOG 35-55 than CD4 + T cells. [17]Our published data were consistent with our previous data in the EAU model and PLP 56-70 -speci c CD4 + autoreactive T cells of EAE in Biozi AB/H mice. [19,36]  aim of the current study were to determine the precise mechanism of HQGZWW on MS, so we used the same strategy to focus on the pathological interrelationship between CD4 and CD8 autoreactive T cells during different treatments.In Figure 4, our data suggested that there were Th2 cytokine pro le of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in HQGZWW high dose and prednisone groups, not in HQGZWW low dose and distilled water groups.There were consistent with the EAE score, histological studies in Figure1, proliferation assay in Figure 3, as well as adoptive transfer in Figure 4. Some reports were published about HQGZWW on EAE models which support our current data., it was shown that HQGZWW could increase the level of IL-35 in peripheral blood In EAE rats. [37]Furthermore, Astragalus mongholicus, the major herbs of HQGZWW, was also shown effects on MOG 35-55 T cells in EAE C57BL/6 mice model, and resulted in reducing EAE score, inhibiting CNS in ammation and MOG 35-  55 T cells proliferation, also reducing interferon-gamma IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-17 secretion and enhancing IL-4 secretion.[38] Recently, it is shown that the major extraction of Astragalus mongholicus, Huangqi glycoprotein (HQGP) treatment delayed the onset of EAE, attenuated the clinical symptoms and inhibited CD68 + macrophage in ltration into the CNS, and also downregulated the secretion of nitric oxide, TNF-a, IL-6, and increased the secretion of IFN-g.In additional HQGP treatment effectively increased the numbers of CD4 + CD25 + T cells, CD4 + IL-10 + T cells and CD4 + IFN-g + T cells [3] Another study is also done by the same group, and it is shown that HQGP effectively alleviated EAE score and delayed the onset time, decreased the numbers of CD4 + T cells, CD68 + macrophages and CD11b + cells; further studies showed that HQGP could inhibit the secretion of IL-17, TNF-a, IL-12 and promote the production of IL-4, IL-10, IFN-g. [39]Even the treatment of HQGZWW, its major herb, and the extraction of its major herb on CD4 + T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells of EAE model is slightly investigated, however, until now, CD8 + T cells of MS/EAE by HQGZWW treatment is never studied.

Conclusions
In summary, our data suggested that HQGZWW had similar effects at high dose to typical conventional medicine prednisone on EAE, but no effects at low dose.It suggested that a protective role of CD8+ T cells in EAE that were treated with HQGZWW majorly by enhancing Th2 cytokine.We also noticed that there are more mechanism like CD8 + Treg cells which have been recently extensively studied [16,40] .It is good direction for our further investigation on the mechanism of HQGZWW protecting MS/EAE.
−55 CD8 + T cells of MS/EAE treated by HQGZWW, MOG 35−55 -speci c CD8 + T cells were isolated from MOG 35 − 55 induced aEAE which are treated by different dose of HQGZWW and prednisone, then studied their function such as antigen-speci c, cytokine secretion pro le, adoptive transfer.

Figure 2 Lowest
Figure 2