Can COVID-19 Cause Peripheral Facial Nerve Palsy?

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-297583/v1

Abstract

Background/Objective: The aim of our study is to evaluate the relationship between peripheral facial paralysis and the patients who had a contact with a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient or had COVID-19.

Methods: Patients with a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient or having COVID-19 disease, who were admitted to the emergency department for peripheral facial paralysis in the last 6 months were included in the study. Facial paralysis grade at first presentation, treatment modality, treatment duration, post-treatment facial paralysis grade, and additional findings were analyzed.

Results: A total of 34 patients, 20 females and 14 males, were included into the study. Nasal-oropharyngeal Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test taken from patients with a history of contact, and  patients having COVID-19 disease were determined as positive in 5 and 3 patients, respectively. Peripheral facial paralysis was detected as an initial finding in 5 of these 8 patients, and paralysis developed in 7 to 12 days after the diagnosis of the COVID-19 disease in the remaining 3 patients. The grade of first admission paralysis did not change in one patient in the (+) group, while improvement was observed in all patients in the (-) group.

Conclusion: Neuroinvasive potential of COVID-19 in central and peripheral nervous system was reported in current literature. Our study indicates peripheral facial palsy can also be encountered during the clinical course of COVID-19 and should be considered as a finding of this disease.

Introduction

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging contagious disease that has caused an ongoing worldwide pandemic, continues with all its severity. Parallel to this, we are in the expanding stage of learning about this pandemic. Like other defined coronaviruses, COVID-19 primarily affects the upper and lower respiratory tract. After an incubation period, nonspecific findings like malaise, fever and dry cough will appear [1]. Depending on the state of the patient’s immune system and concomitant chronic diseases, the findings may remain mild or progress to a severe condition and even death [24]. Based on recently reported studies, COVID-19 can show neuro-invasive potential in the central and peripheral nervous system. Milder symptoms such as loss of taste and smell and headache were first reported [1]. But later, more severe findings such as encephalitis, myelitis, cerebrovascular events and even Guillain-Barré syndrome were also reported [5, 6].

Peripheral facial paralysis (PFP) is an otorhinolaryngologic emergency and is a disease that we frequently encounter in routine practice. Although the cause is not known exactly in all cases, it is thought to be caused by vascular ischemia, autoimmune diseases or viral inflammation of the nerve sheath [7]. Among these reasons, viral inflammation is the most accepted, and the most commonly reported vectors are Herpes Simplex Virus, as well as Varicella Zoster and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses, Lyme disease and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis [8, 9]. There are some well-known non-infectious causes of PFP including trauma, sarcoidosis and neoplasms (10). The exact pathogenesis remains unclear, but in association with neurotropic viruses, it is assumed to be related to axonal transmission and viral reproduction causing inflammation and demyelination [11].

In the current literature, a few case reports of COVID-19 related PFP and a case series of 8 patients with peripheral facial palsy related to COVID-19 have been reported [10, 1214]. The aim of our study was to evaluate patients who applied to our clinic who had a history of COVID-19 disease or contact with COVID-19 patients and had peripheral facial paralysis during or after the active period of the disease or after the contact history and to examine the possible relationship between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome causing Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and PFP.

Methods

Our study was initiated after it was approved by the xxxx University Medical Faculty Local Ethics Committee (No: 12.01.2020/595). The files of patients who were seen for peripheral facial paralysis in the emergency department of our hospital between June 2020 and December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a history of contact with COVID-19 patients and those in the active period of COVID-19 disease at the time of admission or in the period after COVID-19 disease were included in the study. Patients with any ear pathology (acute/chronic otitis media, etc.), a history of ear surgery or trauma, or peripheral facial paralysis caused by central pathologies diagnosed by brain computed tomography (CT) or diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) taken in the emergency department were not included in the study. Recurrent PFP cases were also excluded.

Besides epidemiological information such as age and gender of the patients, Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) results obtained at the time of admission, facial paralysis grade at first presentation, treatment modality (intratympanic/systemic/combined; intratympanic plus systemic steroid), treatment duration, post-treatment facial paralysis grade, and additional findings, imaging methods (thorax CT) and treatments for patients with COVID-19 RT-PCR test (+) were noted. Facial palsy was graded according to the House-Brackmann scale [15].

Data were analyzed by using the SPSS version 22.0 software program (Statistical Package for Social Sciences v.22, IBM, Chicago, IL). Descriptive statistics were done for the analysis.

Results

A total of 34 patients, 20 females and 14 males, who met the study criteria were included in the study. The mean age was 46.9±21.3 years (minimum 4-maximum 90). 31 patients had a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient, and 3 were COVID-19 RT-PCR (+) patients. Nasal-oropharyngeal RT-PCR test taken from patients with a history of contact was positive in 5 patients, and a total of 8 patients were evaluated as RT-PCR (+). Peripheral facial paralysis was detected as an initial finding in 5 of these 8 patients, and paralysis developed in 7 to 12 days after diagnosis of the COVID-19 disease in the other 3 patients.

Facial paralysis was detected in the right side of the face in 15 patients, 2 of whom were in the RT-PCR (+) group, and paralysis was detected on the left side in 19 patients, 6 of them in the (+) group. At first admission, 3 of the RT-PCR (+) patients had grade (3) and 5 had grade (4) palsy, while in the RT-PCR (-) group, grade (2) was detected in 3 patients, grade (3) in 10, grade (4) in 9, grade (5) in 3 and grade (6) palsy was detected in 1 patient (Table-1).

All patients, in addition to eye-sparing treatment, according to the level of their chronic diseases (additional comorbid diseases- Diabetes mellitus Type II, Essential Hypertension, Congestive heart failure and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome- were detected in 4 patients), were treated with steroids as follows:

* Systemic (1mg/kg methylprednisolone oral; 1 in 3 days, with dose reduction; for 2 weeks) in patients having no comorbid diseases,

* Intratympanic (ITS) (8mg/2ml dexamethasone; 1 in 2 days; 6 doses) in patients having comorbid diseases

* Combined in patients who did not benefit from systemic treatment.

ITS was applied to 3 patients, systemic therapy to 4 and combined therapy to 1 of the RT-PCR (+) patients. The treatment lasted for 2 weeks in 6 and 4 weeks in 2 patients. In the RT-PCR (-) group, ITS was applied in 9 patients, systemic in 13 patients and combined therapy in 4 patients. The treatment lasted 2 weeks for 20 patients and 4 weeks for 6 patients. The grade of first admission paralysis did not change in one patient in the (+) group, while improvement was observed in all patients in the (-) group (Table-1).

One of the RT-PCR (+) patients was hospitalized and died due to severe pneumonia. The other 7 patients were treated on an outpatient basis. Five of the outpatients received favipiravir for 5 to 10 days in addition to steroid therapy. In addition, loss of taste and smell was reported in six patients. Otalgia was also detected in one patient (Table-2).

In the thoracic CT of (+) patients, intense pneumonia (the patient who died) was found in one patient, mild pneumonia was found in 3 patients, but no additional findings were found in brain CT, diffusion MRI and inner ear MRI images (Table-2).

Discussion

Bell’s palsy is a type of sudden onset, one-sided facial paralysis designated with lower motor neuron dysfunction of the 7th cranial nerve (16). It affects the entire population, regardless of age or gender, and from many populations the incidence has been reported as 11.5–53.3 per 100,000 persons [16]. The most widely accepted causes for Bell’s palsy are inflammatory, traumatic and infectious processes [7]. Although there is a certain link between viral infection and Bell’s palsy, this is frequently associated with members of the Herpesviridae [12]. Studies have reported that HSV-1 DNA was detected around the geniculate nucleus and in the endoneural fluid of the facial nerve in patients with Bell’s palsy [17, 18]. Particularly, HSV and VZV infections are most prominently determined, but many vectors that can cause Bell's palsy have been identified. These are Epstein-Barr virus, Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B, Influenza, Adenovirus, Rubella, Mumps and Coxsackievirus, as well as Lyme disease and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [10, 1924]. Sarcoidosis and neoplasms can also be considered in the non-infectious group [10]. The exact pathogenesis of acute-onset facial nerve paralysis is not known exactly, but in association with neurotropic Herpes viruses (HSV and VZV), it is thought to be associated with axonal spread and viral replication, which leads to inflammation and demyelination in the nerve [11].

In idiopathic facial nerve paralysis, ischemia of vasa nervorum and demyelination induced by an inflammatory process can be supposed as possible mechanisms related to nerve damage [16]. In several postmortem studies, vascular changes and related microthrombi have been consistently reported [25]. As is known, hypercoagulability occurs in some patients with COVID-19 disease, which can result in vascular endothelial damage and related arterial and venous thrombotic complications [26]. This situation appears as a finding that supports the pathogenesis of facial paralysis. Direct viral damage or an autoimmune reaction producing inflammation toward the nerve would be alternative or contributing mechanisms to dysfunction. Increased deterioration of nerve functions can occur with direct viral damage or an autoimmune event that can trigger a boost in inflammation of the nerve [14].

According to recently reported studies, there is increasing information suggesting a neuroinvasive capacity of COVID-19 [27]. SARS- CoV-2 is identical in infectious mechanism to other common coronaviruses (CoV). Neuro-invasive propensity is one of the important features of CoV, and so SARS-CoV-2 is likely to have neurotrophic activities as well [13, 27]. Since this virus has a high affinity for ACE-2 receptors, which are frequently found in the nervous system, it performs neurotropism by directly causing nerve damage [2729]. The ACE2 receptor is highly expressed in ciliated epithelium and goblet cells, with viral replication being highest in the nasal mucosa, as can be understood from the detection of high viral load by examining nasal cells [30]. SARS-CoV-2 can reach the central nervous system through the olfactory nerve and bulb, which can be directly opened to the central nervous system, or through viremia. A limited number of studies related to neurological complications of COVID-19 have been reported up to now in the literature. Mao et al reported a study on the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 patients. Their findings showed that headache was among the central findings and hyposmia was of the most encountered peripheral nervous system findings. In that study, 36.4% of COVID-19 patients complained of neurological symptoms [31]. In a study by Korkmaz et al., otolaryngological manifestations were examined in COVID-19 patients and a considerable number of neurological findings, such as vertigo / dizziness, headache, and loss of taste and smell, were also mentioned as common symptoms in COVID-19 patients [32]. In milder cases, peripheral nervous system manifestations were predominant, including not only taste and smell disorders but also Guillain-Barré and Miller-Fisher syndromes [3335]. In the majority of patients with severe COVID-19, encephalopathy, cerebrovascular complications and myelitis were reported as other neurological complications [5, 6].

Some types of vaccines have been developed over the past year to slow down or even end the COVID-19 pandemic. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved vaccines developed with mRNA technology and vaccination studies have been initiated. However, in the vaccinated groups during Phase III studies, it was reported that 3 out of 15,185 volunteers in one group and 4 out of 18,801 volunteers in the other group developed peripheral facial paralysis after vaccination. It has been reported that there is no significant difference compared to the total population incidence, and vaccination and facial paralysis cannot be associated at this stage [36]. However, even this situation raises the suspicion that peripheral facial paralysis may be associated with SARS-CoV-2.

In our study, 34 patients were evaluated and 8 of them were evaluated as COVID-19 RT-PCR (+). Peripheral facial paralysis was the first finding in 5 of these 8 patients, and the RT-PCR test performed at the time of first admission was found to be (+), suggesting that peripheral facial palsy could be associated with COVID-19. In a series of 8 cases reported by Lima et al., peripheral facial paralysis was reported as the first symptom in 3 patients included in the study [14]. Similar to our study, although female patients were more common, it is difficult to make a definite assessment that it can be seen more frequently in women due to the small number of cases. Similarly, the facial paralysis severity of the patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 virus was less severe, but in one of the patients we included in our study, no improvement was achieved in the palsy grade despite one month of combined steroid treatment. However, in the study of Lima et al., it was reported that most of the patients fully recovered [14]. The rate of complete recovery was lower in our study group (37.5%). There are also case reports in the literature suggesting that the SARS-CoV-2 virus may cause peripheral facial paralysis. One of the reports is a 6-year-old male patient reported by Theophanous et al [12]. Another case is a pregnant patient reported by Figueiredo et al [13]. Ribeiro and Marchiori also reported a 26-year-old male patient (37). Goh et al. presented a case of peripheral facial paralysis that developed on the sixth day of COVID-19 disease in a 27-year-old male patient [10]. Muras et al. also reported a patient with bilateral facial palsy who presented evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and coinfection with Epstein-Barr virus [38]. Zammit et al. and Codeluppi et al. reported that SARS-CoV-2 increased the incidence of peripheral facial paralysis by comparing a certain period of the COVID-19 pandemic with previous years in terms of incidence and emphasized the first presentation symptom of COVID-19 patients may be facial paralysis [39, 40]. In addition to these cases and case series reported in the literature, our study shows that there may be a strong relationship between COVID-19 and peripheral facial paralysis.

Conclusions

In conclusion, progression of the COVID-19 pandemic is leading to a growing number of neurological symptoms and syndromes. Our study showed that peripheral facial palsy can be encountered during the clinical course of COVID-19 and be considered a finding of this disease, along with the most common symptoms (such as fever, cough and respiratory symptoms). Neurological symptoms could be significant early findings of COVID-19. Therefore, it should be kept in mind that COVID-19 may be a potential cause of peripheral facial paralysis.

Declarations

Funding: None

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by Institutional Review Board of the Sakarya University Board of Ethics. (No: 12.01.2020/595)

Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Consent for publication: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Availability of data and material: It can be provided if desired.

Code availability: Non applicable

Authors' contributions:

Conceptualization: Oguz Kadir Egilmez, Mahmut Emre Gündogan

Data curation: Oguz Kadir Egilmez, Mahmut Emre Gündogan

Formal analysis: Oguz Kadir Egilmez, Mahmut Emre Gündogan, Mahmut Sinan Yilmaz, Mehmet Guven

Methodology: Oguz Kadir Egilmez, Mahmut Sinan Yilmaz

Project administration: Mahmut Sinan Yilmaz, Mehmet Guven

Writing-original draft: Oguz Kadir Egilmez, Mahmut Emre Gündogan, Mahmut Sinan Yilmaz, Mehmet Guven

Writing-review & editing: Oguz Kadir Egilmez, Mahmut Emre Gündogan, Mahmut Sinan Yilmaz, Mehmet Guven

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Tables

Table-1: Epidemiological information and clinical manifestations of patients with peripheral facial paralysis admitted to ENT clinic

Patient No

PCR

Age

Gender

Side of Palsy

Grade at First Admission

Treatment Type

Treatment Duration

Grade After Treatment

1

Negative

48

F

Left

3

ITS

2 weeks

1

2

Negative

14

M

Left

5

Systemic

2 weeks

1

3

Negative

74

M

Right

3

ITS

2 weeks

2

4

Negative

47

F

Left

4

ITS

2 weeks

2

5

Negative

73

F

Right

5

ITS

2 weeks

2

6

Negative

24

M

Right

4

Systemic

2 weeks

1

7

Negative

55

F

Right

2

Systemic

2 weeks

1

8

Negative

29

M

Left

3

Combined

4 weeks

2

9

Negative

60

M

Left

2

Systemic

2 weeks

1

10

Negative

35

M

Right

4

Combined

4 weeks

2

11

Negative

19

F

Right

6

Combined

4 weeks

3

12

Negative

71

F

Left

3

Systemic

2 weeks

1

13

Negative

45

M

Right

3

ITS

2 weeks

1

14

Negative

69

F

Left

4

ITS

4 weeks

3

15

Negative

22

F

Left

3

Systemic

2 weeks

1

16

Negative

30

F

Right

3

Combined

4 weeks

2

17

Negative

57

F

Right

4

Systemic

2 weeks

2

18

Negative

59

F

Left

2

Systemic

2 weeks

1

19

Negative

28

M

Left

4

Systemic

2 weeks

1

20

Negative

49

M

Right

4

Systemic

2 weeks

2

21

Negative

59

F

Right

5

ITS

4 weeks

3

22

Negative

42

F

Right

4

ITS

2 weeks

2

23

Negative

34

M

Left

3

Systemic

2 weeks

1

24

Negative

72

M

Right

3

ITS

2 weeks

2

25

Negative

49

F

Left

3

Systemic

2 weeks

1

26

Negative

32

M

Left

4

Systemic

2 weeks

1

27

Positive

90

M

Left

4

ITS

2 weeks

2

28

Positive

4

F

Left

4

Systemic

2 weeks

1

29

Positive

17

F

Right

3

Combined

4 weeks

1

30

Positive

71

F

Right

4

ITS

2 weeks

1

31

Positive

63

F

Left

4

Systemic

4 weeks

2

32

Positive

60

F

Left

4

Systemic

2 weeks

2

33

Positive

65

F

Left

3

ITS

2 weeks

2

34

Positive

30

M

Left

3

Systemic

2 weeks

3

ENT: Ear-nose-throat; M: Male; F: Female; PCR: SarS-CoV-2 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction test; ITS: Intratympanic steroid; Grade: House-Brackmann grading scale

Table 2- Additional findings of COVID-19 PCR (+) patients

Patient No

COVID-19 Findings

Thorax CT

First Symptom

Additional Imaging

Additional Treatment

Comorbid Disease

27

Severe pneumonia, Hospitalization, Died

Intense pneumonia

Yes

Normal Brain CT+Diffusion MRI

IV Moksifloxacin+IV Prendnisolone

HT, CHF

28

Cough, Fever

Normal

No (After 7 days)

Normal Brain CT+Diffusion MRI

No

No

29

Cough, Loss of Taste/Smell

Normal

Yes

Normal Brain CT

Favipravir-5 days

No

30

Fever, Loss of Taste/Smell

Normal

Yes

Normal Brain CT+Diffusion MRI

Favipravir-5 days

HT, DM

31

Fever, Myalgia, Loss of Taste/Smell

Mild pneumonia

Yes

Normal Brain CT+Diffusion MRI+Inner ear MRI

Favipravir-5 days

No

32

Fever, Loss of Taste/Smell

Normal

No (After 12 days)

Normal Brain CT+Diffusion MRI

Favipravir-7 days

No

33

Loss of Taste/Smell

Mild pneumonia

Yes

Normal Brain CT+Diffusion MRI

No

HT

34

Otalgia, Loss of Taste/Smell

Mild pneumonia

No (After 9 days)

Normal Brain CT+Diffusion MRI+Inner ear MRI

Favipravir-10 days

HT, OSAS

COVID-19: Coronavirus Disease 2019; PCR: SarS-CoV-2 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction test; CT: Computed Tomography; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; IV: Intravenous; HT: Hypertension; CHF: Congestive Heart Failure; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; OSAS: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome