A simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on amine-functionalized metal-organic framework and polypyrrole composite for detection of lead ion in meat

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2985418/v1

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A simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on amine-functionalized metal-organic framework and polypyrrole composite for detection of lead ion in meat

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2985418/v1

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In this study an electrochemical device for lead ion based on an amine-functionalized Zr (IV) metal-organic framework (UiO-66-NH₂) and polypyrrole (PPy) composite nanomaterials were prepared. The morphological characteristics and internal structural information of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy composites were obtained through instruments such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM), multifunctional high-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), nitrogen adsorption/desorption analyzer, and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The outstanding electrochemical performance of the electrochemical device prepared was attributed to the large specific surface area and abundant amino binding sites of UiO-66-NH₂, and the excellent conductivity of PPy. Under optimal experiment conditions, the detection limit of the electrochemical device for lead ions is as low as 0.05 µg/L, with a good response in the linear range of 0.1–256 µg/L. Finally, we used this sensor to detect the content of lead ions in pig kidneys and compared it with standard methods. The results show that our sensor is simple, reliable and provides an alternative solution for the analysis of lead ions in meat.

Metal–organic framework

PPy nanoparticle

Electrochemical device

Differential pulse voltammograms method

Lead ion

Heavy metal pollution in food is one of the important reasons for endangering food safety because of its stability and difficulty to eliminate, besides pathogenic microorganisms, mycotoxins, abuse of agricultural and veterinary drugs, illegal addition, and adulteration (Cabral-Pinto et al. 2019; Eskola et al. 2020; Qin et al. 2021; Tang et al. 2021). Human industrial activities have caused large amounts of heavy metals to enter the soil and water. Heavy metal pollutants are the primary factors affecting the environmental quality of China's agricultural land (China Ecological Environment Status Bulletin 2018–2020). Heavy metals enter the human body through accumulation in the food chain, bringing significant hidden dangers to human health (Wang et al. 2020). Lead ions are extremely harmful substances that can cause kidney damage, lung cancer, and various symptoms related to the nervous system (Jarup 2003; Shaheen et al. 2016; Sharma et al. 2008). Since the lead content in food is very low and trace amounts of lead ions are very hazardous, it is very important to detect lead sensitively and quantitatively.

Many national standard methods have been recommended as effective methods for analyzing heavy metal ions, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic emission spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (Chen et al. 2021; Zverina et al. 2019). However, all these methods require expensive instruments, complicated operations, and professional experimenters, and the maintenance costs arealso very high due to monopoly reasons (Bansod et al. 2017). The electrochemical method has been verified to be a very promising method for monitoring heavy metals in food due to its rapid analysis, high sensitivity, low cost, and easy portability (Cui et al. 2015).

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) materials have higher specific surface area, ultra-strong adsorption capacity, adjustable porosity, and rich functional groups, all which are required for high-quality electrode-modified materials (Ding et al. 2020; Xiao et al. 2014). However, due to its low electrical conductivity, utilizing a single MOFs material as the electrode modification material is not optimal (Rouhani et al. 2019; Xue et al. 2021). The optimal technique is to hybridize MOFs with large specific surface areas with outstanding conductive materials such as metal nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, conductive polymers, and graphene (Bhardwaj et al. 2018). Bayazid Hassan Pour and co-workers used multi-walled carbon nanotubes to enhance the conductivity of metal-organic frameworks of copper, and fabricated electrochemical sensors to detect imatinib (Hassan Pour et al. 2021). Lu and co-workers used graphene aerogel and UiO-66-NH₂ modified the glassy carbon electrode to simultaneous detect Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Hg²⁺ in river water (Lu et al. 2019). Moreover, Wang and co-workers polymerized polyaniline around MOFs to improve its conductivity, and used it as an electrochemical sensor material for detecting Cd²⁺ (Wang et al. 2017). Rezvani Jalal and colleagues developed an electrochemical sensor detection using conductive graphene oxide nanoribbons and the framework HKUST-1 for the determination of imatinib (Rezvani Jalal et al. 2020). Polypyrrole (PPy) has been proven to be a very effective modification material in electrochemical sensors because of its excellent conductivity, high stability, and easy preparation (Shahmoradi et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2020). To the best of our knowledge, no investigations have been conducted on the use of polypyrrole to enhance amino-functionalized Zr (IV) metal-organic framework (UiO-66-NH₂) as electrode modification materials for lead ions detection.

This work was constructed on an electrochemical platform based on UiO-66-NH₂ and PPy nanocomposites (UiO-66-NH₂@PPy) for lead ions detection in meat. As shown in Scheme 1, polypyrrole was produced around UiO-66-NH₂ through in-situ polymerization reaction. The prepared nanocomposites exhibit large specific surface area, abundant active site groups (due to UiO-66-NH₂), and excellent electrical conductivity (contributed by PPy). Furthermore, the amino group on the sensor promotes heavy metal ions adsorption (Li et al. 2022). The sensor based on UiO-66-NH₂@PPy demonstrated a wider linear range, a lower detection limit, and improved stability in the detection of lead ions as a result of the combined action of these factors and the optimization of numerous experimental parameters.

2.1. Materials and reagents

Pyrrole (99%), zirconium chloride (ZrCl₄), 2-aminoterephthalic acid, and N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Pyrrole needs to be distilled under reduced pressure before use. Methanol, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and Pb²⁺ standard stock solution (100 mg/L) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Different concentrations of Pb²⁺ standard solutions were prepared by diluting the stock solution with 1% HNO₃. The standard material for component analysis of pig liver, GBW10051 (GSB-29), was obtained from the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (Langtang, China). The phosphate buffers with various pH values were constructed by mixing the corresponding proportions of NaH₂PO₄ and Na₂HPO₄. Ultra-pure water (18.25MΩ) was provided by Laboratory Ultrapure Water System (Anvidi Sciences (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd, Cascada III. I).

2.2. Apparatus

The surface morphology and structure information of the synthetic materials were observed using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) (HITACH, HT7800) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (TESCAN, MIRA).

The element distribution and configurations of the prepared materials were studied by a multifunctional X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) (Thermal, ESCALAB250Xi). The crystalline structure of the prepared materials was studied by multifunctional high-resolution X-ray (XRD) (Rigaku, SmartLab) from 5 to 70°. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer (Thermal, Nicolet iS50) was employed to collect the infrared spectral information of the prepared material. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface areas and thermal stability of the prepared materials were determined by a nitrogen adsorption/desorption analyzer (Micromeritics, Tristar II 3020) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (Mettler, TGA/SDTA851e), respectively.

2.3. Synthesis of UiO-66-NH₂ and UiO-66-NH₂@PPy nanocomposite

The preparation of UiO-66-NH₂ nanomaterials mainly refers to the previous article of our research group (Wang et al. 2021). In short, 0.2330 g of ZrCl₄ was added to 37.0 mL of DMF containing 0.1811 g of 2-aminoterephthalic acid for ultrasonic dissolution, followed by 7.0 mL of acetic acid and 167 µL of hydrochloric acid, continue ultrasound for 20 minutes, then the above solution was loaded into polytetrafluoroethylene reactor and reacted at a constant temperature of 120°C for 48 hours. After cooling, the prepared nanomaterials were centrifugally separated, ultrasonically cleaned with DMF and soaked in DMF for 24 hours, followed by further ultrasonically cleaned with methanol and soaked in methanol for 24 hours, and finally vacuum dried at 60 ℃ for 12 hours.

The preparation of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy nanocomposites was following previous research after a minor modification (Liu et al. 2021). 100 mg UiO-66-NH₂ and 37 µL pyrrole monomer were dispersed in 30 mL of hydrochloric acid (0.01M) with 30 min of sonication. Afterwards, the dispersed suspension was stirred in an ice bath at 3 ℃. Then, a 30 mL hydrochloric acid solution (0.01M) including ferric chloride (0.2g) was slowly injected into the above solution, and continue stirring for 4 hours. Finally, the prepared products were repeatedly ultrasonically washed with purified water and anhydrous ethanol, centrifuged, and vacuum dried at 60 ℃ for 12 hours.

2.4 Preparation of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy sensor

The glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was treated in the following three processes before modification: first, polishing with alumina slurry, then ultrasonic cleaning with anhydrous ethanol and ultra-pure water, and finally natural drying at room temperature. The UiO-66-NH₂@PPy nanocomposites were dispersed in DMF by ultrasonic vibration for 1 hour to form a uniform suspension, then the GCE was drop-coated with 5 µL suspension and dried naturally. The electrodes modified by UiO-66-NH₂ and PPy were prepared by the similar method.

2.5 Electrochemical measurements and ICP-MS measurements

The lead ions in the sample were analyed by electrochemical method and ICP-MS method respectively.

The electrochemical experiment was investigated on an electrochemical workstation of a three-electrode system with bare or modified GCE (3 mm) working electrode, platinum wire counter electrode, and Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl) reference electrode.

As a comparative experiment, the ICP-MS experiment was employed to analyze the lead content in the samples according to Chinese food safety standard. Briefly, Pb with a mass-to-charge ratio of 208 was used as the analytical isotope, and ²⁰⁹Bi was used as the internal standard element, which was introduced into the ICP-MS through a three-way connector during the analysis. The specific instruments for ICP-MS are listed in Table S1.

3.1. Characterization of the prepared materials

The morphologies of obtained UiO-66-NH₂ and UiO-66-NH₂@PPy were observed by SEM and TEM. As shown in Fig. 1 (A) and 1 (C), the highly crystalline UiO-66-NH₂ has a traditional octahedral structure: the particle size of UiO-66-NH₂ ranges from 122 nm to 243 nm, and the statistical average particle size was 178 ± 30 nm (n = 100). Compared with UiO-66-NH₂, UiO-66-NH₂@PPy has the same regular octahedral structure except for a slight difference in size. As can be seen from Figs. 1B and 1D, PPy nanoparticles were uniformly distributed around UiO-66-NH₂.

The XRD patterns of UiO-66-NH₂, PPy, and UiO-66-NH₂@PPy are shown in Fig. 2 (A). The obvious diffraction peaks of UiO-66-NH₂ at 2θ = 7.38°, 8.51°, 12.02°, 14.13°, 17.03°, 25.66°, 30.03°, 33.14°, 35.53°,and 43.20° match well with those reported in the literature (Gomes Silva et al. 2010), indicating that UiO-66-NH₂ was successfully prepared and had good crystallinity. For the PPy, broad amorphous diffraction peaks were found at 2θ = 25° in the XRD pattern of PPy (Fig. 2 (A), inset), which was consistent with the conclusions in the literature (Sanches et al. 2015). The PPy diffraction peak was not observed in XRD patterns of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy, which may be owing to the weak diffraction signal of PPy, and the other characteristic diffraction peaks were similar to those of UiO-66-NH₂, suggesting that the added PPy did not affect the crystallinity of UiO-66-NH₂.

As shown in Fig. 2B, the characteristic fingerprint peaks of UiO-66-NH₂ were 657 cm^− 1,767 cm^− 1,1260 cm^− 1,1386 cm^− 1,1573 cm^− 1 and 3373 cm^− 1. The fingerprint spectra at 657 cm^− 1 and 767 cm^− 1 were caused by the Zr-O bond (Yang et al. 2019); the peaks at1260 cm^− 1 and 1386 cm^− 1 were contributed by the C–N stretching vibration (Ghobakhloo et al. 2022); the bond of -COOH and Zr⁴⁺ showed obvious absorption peaks at 1659 cm^− 1 and 1573 cm^− 1 (Jiang et al. 2019); the peaks in the range of 3350–3450 cm^− 1 were due to the vibration of the N–H bonds (Du et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2022). For UiO-66-NH₂@PPy, the FT-IR characteristic fingerprint spectrum was similar to that of UiO-66-NH₂ due to the relatively low content of PPy.

In order to further verify the successful preparation of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy nanocomposites, an XPS experiment was performed to study the surface information. As exhibited in Fig. 3 (A), the XPS spectra of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy were similar to the XPS spectra of UiO-66-NH₂ except for slightly different N1s intensity. The characteristic fingerprint peaks of Zr 3d, C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s were all observed. Compared with UiO-66-NH₂, the C 1s and Zr 3d spectra of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy have no significant change as shown in Fig. 3 (B) and 3 (C). However, the O 1s and N 1s spectra of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy all appeared as new peaks compared with UiO-66-NH₂. The new peak at 533.4 eV in the O 1s spectra (Fig. 3 (D)) of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy was attributed to C = O, and the new peak at 398.7 eV in N 1s spectra (Fig. 3(E)) of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy was ascribed to -N = segments in the backbone of PPy chains (Zhou et al. 2020).

Materials with large specific surface areas and stability play a huge role in the field of electrochemical sensors. The larger the specific surface area, the more adsorption sites can be provided. As shown in Fig. S1A, the isotherm of UiO-66-NH₂ and UiO-66-NH₂@PPy is similar to that of the type I adsorption isotherm, confirming the typical microporous structure (LuDengLuoLvLiXuChen and Wang 2019). As shown in Table 1, the surface area of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy are up to 964.86 m² g^− 1 with an average pore diameter of 2.50 nm and a total pore volume of 0.604 cm³ g^− 1, which is conducive to the capture and binding of analytes on the sensor surface. Moreover, TGA curves (Fig. S1B) demonstrated that UiO-66-NH₂@PPy possess good thermal stability, which is crucial for the stability of electrochemical sensors.

Table 1

The textural properties of UiO-66-NH₂ and UiO-66-NH₂@PPy composites.
Sample	BET (m² g^− 1)	total pore volume (cm³ g^− 1)	pore diameter (nm)
UiO-66-NH₂	1124.55	0.595	2.11
UiO-66-NH₂@PPy	964.86	0.604	2.50

3.2. Electrochemical behavior

The performance of the fabricated electrochemical sensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a mixed solution containing 5.0 mmol/L [Fe (CN)₆]^3−/4− and 0.1 mol/L KCl. As shown in Fig. 4 (A), the signal value of the UiO-66-NH₂ modified electrode is the smallest, which may be because the weak conductivity of UiO-66-NH₂ limits the electron transfer, while the signal value of the PPy and the UiO-66-NH₂@PPy modified electrode all increased, which is the result of the combined effect of the exceedingly good electrical conductivity of PPy and the higher specific surface area and rich functional groups of UiO-66-NH₂. To further demonstrate the excellent electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrochemical sensor, EIS was adopted to study the interface properties and impedance information. The Nyquist diagrams of bare GCE, UiO-66-NH₂, PPy, and UiO-66-NH₂@PPy modified electrodes are shown in Fig. 4 (B). The electron transfer resistance (Ret) of GCE increased after modification of UiO-66-NH₂. However, the Ret of the PPy and UiO-66-NH₂@PPy modified electrodes was reduced compared with bare GCE, indicating that the participation of PPy can accelerate the transfer of electrons on the electrode surface.

Examining the UiO-66-NH₂@PPy modified electrode's CV curve changes at various scan rates allowed for the study of the mass transfer process. As shown in Fig. 4 (C) and 4 (D), the peak currents correspondingly increased in the range of 20–150 mV s^− 1. There is a good linear relationship between the peak current and the square root of the scanning rate, with a linear correlation coefficient greater than 0.999, which is in accordance with the Randles-Sevcik equation, suggesting that the mass transfer process occurring on the electrode surface was controlled by diffusion.

The pH value of the solution, deposition voltage, and deposition time are three very important parameters in the differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV) technique. Under different pH conditions, the peak current variation of the electrode was first studied. As shown in Fig. 5 (A), the highest peak current occurred when the pH was 5, which was explained by the protonation of the amino group in UiO-66-NH₂ due to the too-low pH environment (Zou et al. 2021), and the lead ions were combined with the hydroxide ion when the pH was too high (Li et al. 2020).

The deposition potential is another key factor that affects the sensitivity of the electrochemical analysis. The trend between peak current value and deposition potential within the range of -0.9 to -1.4 V was studied. As shown in Fig. 5 (B), the peak current reaches its maximum when the deposition potential is -1.2 V. This is because the negative deposition potential accelerates the reduction of lead ions, while the excessively large negative potential leads to the produce of the hydrogen evolution reaction and prevents further reduction of lead ions (Wang et al. 2020).

In addition, the variation between deposition time and peak current was also studied. As shown in Fig. 5 (C), with the increase in deposition time, more lead ions were reduced on the electrode surface, thus increasing the peak current. When the deposition time increases 200 s, the peak current reached its maximum. When the time is extended further, the peak current is almost unchanged, which may be because the binding sites on the electrode surface are all bound by lead ions and reach saturation (Hanif et al. 2019).

3.3. Analytical performance of the UiO-66-NH₂@PPy/GCE

Under optimal experimental conditions, the DPSV method was employed to investigate the analytical performance of the prepared electrochemical device in buffer solutions containing different concentrations of lead ions. Figure 5 (D) shows that the peak value of the electrochemical signal appears near − 0.55 V, and the signal value increases with the increase of lead ion concentration. Figure 5 (E) shows that the fitted linear equation is y = 0.177x -0.638, and the linear range is 0.1–256 µg/L. According to the suggestion of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3), the limit of detection (LOD) was obtained as 0.05 µg/L (liquid) and 0.0025 mg/kg (solid), which is far lower than the 1 mg/Kg stipulated by China National Food Safety Standard. Compared with other sensors in the literature on electrochemical detection of lead ions (Table S2), the electrochemical sensor has excellent performance, mainly due to the higher specific surface area and abundant amino groups of UiO-66-NH₂ contributing to the bond of lead ions on the electrode interface, and the excellent conductivity of polypyrrole accelerates the transfer of lead ions on the electrode interface.

3.4. Interference, reproducibility, repeatability and stability of the prepared sensor

During the actual sample testing process, the possibility of only the presence of lead ions in the sample is relatively small, and there are often other interfering ions. As shown in Fig. S2A, in the presence of interfering ions (Zn²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Al³⁺, Mn²⁺, and Cd²⁺) with 5 times the concentration of lead ions, the electrical signal value of the sensor to lead ions has no obvious change, and there are no other interfering peaks near the − 0.55V potential in the DPSV graph.

The reproducibility experiment was studied by monitoring the response values of the five sensors prepared at the same time to lead ions with a concentration of 100 µg/L. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the five current signal values was calculated to be 5.3% (Fig. S2B), which proved that the reproducibility was good. In addition, the repeatability of the sensor was studied by monitoring the response values of the same electrode to the same concentration of lead ions for 7 times, and the RSD was 4.1% (Fig. S2C), which proved that the repeatability was good. Finally, the signal value of the sensor changed by only 6.2% (Fig. S2D) after 2 weeks of storage, indicating that the sensor has good stability.

3.5. Determination of lead ion in real samples

The sensor's practicability (UiO-66-NH₂@PPy) was evaluated to analyze the lead ions in pig liver power and the certified reference material (GBW08551). Before detection, all samples were digested into clear and transparent solutions by microwave. In short, 0.5 g of sample and 6 mL of nitric acid were added to the digestion tank and then transferred to the microwave digestion instrument after capping. The microwave power was 1200 W, and the digestion program was as follows: hold 120°C for 5 minutes, 150°C for 5 minutes, and 180°C for 20 minutes. After digestion, the solution was transferred to the heating plate and volatilized until about 1 mL of solution remained. Then the digestion solution was loaded into a 25 mL volumetric bottle, and the buffer solution of pH = 5 was used to maintain a constant volume of 25 mL. The content of lead ions in real samples is very low, so the standard addition method and ICP-MS method are used for recovery evaluation and comparative verification. The calculation results are listed in Table S3. The RSD was less than 4.10%, the recovery was within the range of 95.2–118.0%, the content of lead in the certified reference material is 0.12 mg/Kg, and the result analyzed by our electrochemical sensor is 0.11 mg/kg. All the results show that the prepared sensor can be used for the detection of actual samples with reliable and sensitive characteristics.

The UiO-66-NH₂@PPy composites were successfully produced in this study by in-situ polymerization of pyrrole monomer around UiO-66-NH₂ and used as an electrode modification material for detecting lead ions. SEM, TEM, XRD, IR, and XPS analysis showed that UiO-66-NH₂@PPy has a regular octahedral structure, and PPy is distributed around UiO-66-NH₂. BET and TGA technologies have shown that the synthesized nanocomposites have a higher specific surface area and stability. According to CV and EIS investigations, the presence of PPy boosts electron transfer on the surface of sensor and increases its conductivity. The detection limit of the developed electrochemical sensor for lead ions is 0.05 µg/L under optimal circumstances, with a satisfactory response in the linear range of 0.1–256 µg/L. Finally, we compared this sensor to ICP-MS methods for detecting the presence of lead ions in pig kidneys. The recovery rate ranged between 95.2 and 118.0%. The results demonstrated that this technology is easy and reliable, and that it may be used to detect lead ions in meat. According to the findings, the sensor based on UiO-66-NH₂@PPy composites has a high potential for detecting heavy lead ions in meat.

Funding

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 32272407), Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars (grant numbers BK20200103, BK20220111), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant number 2020M683372), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (grant number BE2022313, BK20220058), Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professor (grant number 202074), Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (grant number CARS-27).

Author Contribution

Xin Wang designed and implemented the experimental program and wrote the main manuscript text. Yanxiao Li participated in designing the experimental program and wrote the main manuscript text. Sulafa B. H. Hashim and Xuetao Hu revised the manuscript and took part in the investigation. Xiaodong Zhai and Wenting Li preformed the characterization and analysis data. Xiaowei Huang and Zhihua Li revised the draft and provided funding acquisition. Xiujuan Sun and Jun Li purchased chemicals and reagents for this experiment, determined the parameters of ICP–MS and maintenance of experimental equipment. Xiaobo Zou and Jiyong Shi built methodology and provided funding acquisition.

Data Availability

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Scheme 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.

No competing interests reported.

SupplementaryMaterial.docx
Scheme1.tif
Scheme 1 The preparation of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy modified glassy carbon electrode and its application in the detection of lead ions in meat.

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A simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on amine-functionalized metal-organic framework and polypyrrole composite for detection of lead ion in meat

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Experiment

2.1. Materials and reagents

2.2. Apparatus

2.3. Synthesis of UiO-66-NH₂ and UiO-66-NH₂@PPy nanocomposite

2.4 Preparation of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy sensor

2.5 Electrochemical measurements and ICP-MS measurements

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Characterization of the prepared materials

3.2. Electrochemical behavior

3.3. Analytical performance of the UiO-66-NH₂@PPy/GCE

3.4. Interference, reproducibility, repeatability and stability of the prepared sensor

3.5. Determination of lead ion in real samples

4. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Scheme

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1

A simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on amine-functionalized metal-organic framework and polypyrrole composite for detection of lead ion in meat

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Experiment

2.1. Materials and reagents

2.2. Apparatus

2.3. Synthesis of UiO-66-NH2 and UiO-66-NH2@PPy nanocomposite

2.4 Preparation of UiO-66-NH2@PPy sensor

2.5 Electrochemical measurements and ICP-MS measurements

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Characterization of the prepared materials

3.2. Electrochemical behavior

3.3. Analytical performance of the UiO-66-NH2@PPy/GCE

3.4. Interference, reproducibility, repeatability and stability of the prepared sensor

3.5. Determination of lead ion in real samples

4. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Scheme

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1

2.3. Synthesis of UiO-66-NH₂ and UiO-66-NH₂@PPy nanocomposite

2.4 Preparation of UiO-66-NH₂@PPy sensor

3.3. Analytical performance of the UiO-66-NH₂@PPy/GCE