Overview of Major Cutaneus and Subcutaneus Skin Problems in Horses and Their Associated Risk Factor in and Around Bishoftutown, Ethiopia

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3023534/v1

The most significant animals in Ethiopia's packaging and transportation systems are horses. Despite the fact that illness and other issues significantly hinder their performance, their socioeconomic contribution is typically underestimated, jeopardizing their welfare. As a result, this cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the main skin problem concerning working horses in and around the town of Bishoftu, as well as the associated risk factors. For the study, 414 working horses in total were included in the study. A questionnaire survey and a clinical examination of a number of horses were carried out at the same time. It was revealed that 60% of horses have skin problems. The study's skin problems were wound (41.3%), epizootic lymphangiti (16.4%), and sarcoids (1.9%), in decreasing order. The occurrence of wounds varied significantly (x² = 15.66, p = 0.05) depending on the horse's body condition score; horses in poorer body condition were more vulnerable to wounds than horses in higher body condition. Age-related differences in wound up prevalence were statistically significant (p = 0.05), showing that older horses were more susceptible. More injuries occurred as a result of poor harness and saddle design (x² = 409.93, P = 0.000). The chest region of the body had a slightly higher percentage of wounds (24%). Depending on the type of work, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis (x² = 4.0028, p_{= 0.05}), showing that cart horses were more severely affected than pack horses. However, there was no discernible variation according to housing system, age, or bodily condition score. Between horses that had received protection and those that had not, there was a significant variation in the prevalence of sarcoids; the non-housed horses had a proportionately higher prevalence than the sheltered horses. The anatomical distribution of the lesions on the horses suggested a correlation between areas of improper hobbling, packing, and harnessing. According to this study, wounds are the main source of skin issues for working horses in the area. To address the current issue, a comprehensive equine health programme should be put in place.

working horses

wound

skin disease

occurrence

More than 72% of horses in the world are kept for draught only and are found in developing nations. More than 1.9 million horses exist in Ethiopia. (1) Because they offer traction power and inexpensive transportation, horses are significant animals for communities in Ethiopia's rural and urban areas that live in low - income. The potential for urban residents to make money is also provided by the door-to-door transport service that uses horses (2). Working in a variety of industries, horses directly generate income for their owners. They reduce the load on women, offer agricultural traction, and transport both individuals and goods. In Ethiopia, the use of horses for transportation will likely continue for a long time to come due to the country's mountainous terrain, which prevents modern road transportation facilities from operating there, the lack of well-developed modern transportation networks, and the community's overall low economic status (3). Working horses are typically employed for carrying loads, pulling carts, riding, weeding, plough work, and tourism (4).

Horses in Ethiopia are the most neglected animals and given low social status, despite their important contributions, especially the male working horses. The horses that pull carts frequently put in continuous work for 6 to 7 hours a day, moving 3 to 4 people (195–260 kg) in a single trip. Due to this lack of understanding, horses now experience a variety of issues, including inadequate nutrition, overloading, clinical overworking, a lack of disease-related treatments, and others (5). The integumentary system of horses is well-organized, serves as a body's immune sentinel, guards horses against mechanical harm, and is functional. It is obvious that horses can develop a number of immunologically based skin conditions. Horse’s skin provides an anatomic and physiologic barrier between the external and internal environment; aids in thermoregulation; perceives heat, cold, pain, pruritus, touch, and pressure; and provides pigmentation (6). Followed by skin bumps or elevated patches. There may be leaking, crusting, and scaling as the condition worsens. Infectious and noninfectious diseases can be used to divide horse skin conditions. Viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoa, and both internal and exterior parasitic diseases are examples of infectious agents. Noninfectious disorders include neoplastic disease, endocrinologic alterations, allergic or immunological skin disease, developmental or genetic abnormalities, and trauma (7). Skin diseases are the most prevalent non-infection issues in working horses. Unsuitable harness, hobbles, saddle design, hyena attack, horse bite, auto accident, and damage due beating all cause wounds of varied severity in a huge percentage of horses (8).

The objectives of this study were:

To determine the major cutaneous and subcutaneous problems in working horses in and around Bishoftu town
To identify the most prevalent cutaneous and subcutaneus pathological conditions in this population of working horses and
To identify risk factors associated with the presence of work-related skin wounds.

2.1. Study area

The study was conducted in Bishoftu town. Bishoftu is about 45 kilometres south-east of Addis Abeba, right on the escarpment of the Great Rift Valley, and its geography is defined by creator lakes. It is found at 9° N latitude and 40° E longitude and at an altitude of 1850 metres above sea level in the central highlands of Ethiopia. It has a human population of about 95,000. It experiences a bimodal pattern of rainfall, with the main rainy season extending from June to September (of which 84% of the expected rain is expected) and a short rainy season from March to May with an average annual rainfall of 800 mm. The mean annual minimum and maximum percentages the temperatures are 12.3°C and 27.7°C, respectively, with an overall average of 18.7°C. The mean relative humidity is 61.3 (9).

2.2. Study animals and design

A purposive cross-sectional study was conducted on working horses of all ages that visited the SPANA clinic on scheduled dates. Both a clinical examination and a questionnaire survey were conducted at the same time.

2.3. Sample size

A number of 414 working horses presented for treatment at the SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad) Clinic from December 1, 2015, to March 30, 2016 were evaluated.

2.4. Sampling methodology

2.4.1 Clinical examination

All horses were examined for health problems and then thoroughly examined for body lesions. Animals with signs of cutaneous pathology underwent a special physical examination. After the visual exam from a distance (a couple of meters), the skin was examined more closely and palpated, and the general distribution of lesions was recorded according to the location of problems. Information regarding the general body condition of horses and their dermatological problems, type, Keble, age categories, and body condition scores was properly recorded on the data collection format. The body condition score was determined according to the criteria described by (4) and animals were examined from all sides. The horse's body condition was graded on a scale of 0 to 5, with 0 indicating very thin, 1 indicating thin, 2 indicating fair, 3 indicating good, 4 indicating fat, and 5 indicating very fat. However, for the purpose of data analysis, body condition scores 0 to 5 were categorized into 3 distinct groups: categories 0, 1, and 2 were grouped as poor, category 3 was defined as medium, and body condition scores 4 and 5 were categorized as good. Animals' ages were estimated according to dentition by examining incisor occlusal appearance. The animals were divided into three groups: "young" (5 years old), "adult" (5 years old), and "elderly" (15 years old).

Sarcoids were classified using the clinical classification scheme proposed by (10) that consisted of: fibroblastic, nodular, occult, verrucose, mixed, and malevolent. They may appear singly or in clusters, most commonly around the eyes, ears, muzzle, and face, but also occasionally on the genitals and lower legs. The growths do not appear to cause any pain or discomfort. Wound is considered when any grossly visible skin lesion or tissue damage located on any part of the body is seen. Epizootic lymphangitis was characterised by a cord-like appearance of the subcutaneous lymphatic vessels, especially of the limbs, neck, and different body parts, and the development of a series of pyogranulomas, the discharge from which contains yeast-like cells of the pathogen.

2.4.2. Questionary survey

A semi-structured interview was done with each working horse owner in addition to the direct physical clinical examination to extrapolate information regarding the owners' general knowledge of horse management practices (housing system and type of work).

The data collected in the study area were stored in MS-Excel. The database was created using a spreadsheet program. Descriptive statistics like percentages and means were used to summarize the data. The prevalence was calculated by dividing the total number of health problem cases by the total number of horses examined by 100.The association between the disease and risk factors was assessed by logistic regression (chi-square ²). All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 17.0 software (SPSS 2008). (11) The test result was considered significant when the calculated p-value was less than 0.05.

This study revealed that out of 414 working horses examined in the study area, about 41.3%, 16.4%, and 1.9% were suffering from different types of wounds, epizootic lymphangitis, and sarcoids, respectively.

Table 1

Association of risk factors with the prevalence of wounds
Factors	categories	No.examined	No.affected	prevalence	Chi square	p.value
Age	Young	78	14	18%	32.07	0.000
	Adult	244	101	41.4%
	Old	92	56	61%
BCS	Good	77	22	28.6%	15.66	0.000
	Medium	224	86	38.4%
	Poor	113	63	55.8%
Housing	In shelter	359	141	39.3%	4.58	0.032
	Off shelter	55	30	54.5%
type of work	Cart horse	375	149	39.8%	4.05	0.044
type of work	Pack horse	39	22	56.4%

There was a statistically significant difference (x² = 15.6618, P = 0.000) in the prevalence of wounds among different body condition scores (Table 1). Wound problems were found to be more prevalent in horses with poor body condition (54.8%) than in horses with other body condition scores. Also There was a statistically significant difference (x² = 32.0771, p = 0.05) in the prevalence of skin problems based on age group that indicated horses in old age were highly affected. This study also showed that the prevalence of wounds was significantly associated with the condition of the housing system (x² = 4.5869, P = 0.032) (Table 1). According to the housing system, horses that are not housed have a higher risk of wounding (54.5%) than horses that are housed (39.3%).Injuries caused by improper harness and saddle design were significantly higher (x² = 409.9288, P = 0.000) than other causes of injuries(Table 1).

Table 2

Association of risk factors with the prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis
Factors	categories	No.examined	No.affected	prevalence	Chi.square	p.value
Age	young	78	19	24.3%	5.13	0.077
	Adult	244	33	13.5%
	Old	92	16	17.4%
BCS	Good	77	11	14.3%	1.78	0.410
	Medium	224	34	15.2%
	Poor	113	23	20.3%
Housing	In shelter	359	57	15.9%	0.59	0.442
	Off shelter	55	11	20%
Type off Work	Cart horse	375	66	17.6%	4.03	0.045
Type off Work	Pack horse	39	2	5.1%

There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis depending on the type of work (x² = 4.0028, p 0.05), indicating that cart horses were more affected than pack horses, but there was no significant difference based on age, body condition score, or housing system(Table 2).

Table 3

Association of risk factors with the prevalence of sarcoids
Factors	Categories	No.examined	No.affected	prevalence	Chi.square	p.value
Age	Young	78	2	2.5%	2.33	0.311
	Adult	244	6	2.4%
	Old	92	0	0
BCS	Good	77	2	2.5%	0.94	0.625
	Medium	224	5	2.2%
	Poor	113	1	0.8%
Housing	In shelter	359	5	1.4%	4.15	0.042
	Off shelter	55	3	5.4%
Typing of work	Cart horse	375	7	1.8%	0.09	0.763
Typing of work	Pack horse	39	1	2.5%

There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of sarcoids between horses that had been sheltered and those that had not; the non-sheltered horses had a significantly higher prevalence than the sheltered horses, but there was no significant difference in the other factors(Table 3).

Table 4

Distribution of wounds on various body parts
location of injuries	No. affected		Prevalence
Girth	30		17.5%
Chest	41		24%
Shoulder	10		5.8%
Prescapular	12		7.01%
Thigh	9		5.3%
Under tail	10		5.8%
Back	14		8.2%
Withers	12		7.01%
Mixed	12		7.01%
Carpal	7		4.1%
Ventral abdomen	5		3%
Inguinal	9		5.3%
Total	171	100%

The distribution of injuries on body parts showed significant variation (x² = 371.4708, p = 0.000) (Table 4). When total animals were considered, the proportion of injured chests (24%) was significantly higher than that of other injured body parts. girth (17.5%), Back 8.2%, withers, prescapular and mixed (7.01), Whip or stick injuries were recorded on the inguinal (5.3%) and thigh (5.3%), and falling and wounds on the carpal joints (4.1%)(Table 4).

Table 5

Distribution of epizootic lymphangitis in different body parts
Location of the lesion	No.affected	Prevalence
Front limb	24	35.3%
Hind limb	21	30.9%
Neck	12	17.6%
Ventral abdomen	4	5.9%
Different body parts	7	10.3%
Total	68	100%

The distribution of the lesions was statistically significantly affected by body region (x² = 321.1868; P = 0.000), and the front limb 24 (35.3%) and the hind limb 21 (30.9%) were more affected than the neck region (12 (17.6%), ventral abdomen (5.9%), and 10 (10.3%) in different body parts(Table 5).

Table 6

Distribution of sarcoids on various body parts
location of problems	No.affected	prevalence
Neck	4	50%
Limb	3	37.5%
Ear	1	12.5%
Total	8	100%

Sarcoid prevalence varies by anatomical location, with the neck (50%) having the highest proportion, followed by the limb (37.5), and the ear (12.5) (Table 6).

The study revealed that the overall prevalence of skin problems in horses was 60%) in the study area. The majority of the study horses (41.3%) had wounds, followed by epizootic lymphangitis (16.4%), and sarcoid (1.9%).The overall prevalence of cutaneous pathological conditions (including skin wounds) was 60%. This prevalence is lower than those reported by (13) (2010) (71%), by (5) (72.1%), and higher than those reported by (18) (34.3%). This is due to variations in the husbandry and management practices of horse owners in different geographic areas.

In this study, it was observed that all horses were used for work, mainly for packing and transport. Similar reports were done by (14) in Hawassa town, where all horses are mainly kept to transport people and goods in order to assure their owners’ daily income. The overall prevalence of wounds in working horses was 41.4% in the current study, which was consistent with the prevalence reported in central Ethiopia by (8) (40%), but it was lower than the prevalence of 64% in (15) at Kombolcha town and 65% in (5) at Hawassa town. This is most likely due to differences in husbandry and management practises among farmers across different geographic areas. Regarding wound distribution, chest sore (24%) and girth sore (17.5) were identified with greater frequency; also, tail base sore (5.8%), back sore (8.2%), withers sore (7.01%), shoulder sore (5.8%), prescapular sore (7.01%), inguinal sore (5.3). assure their owners' daily income. In the present study, the overall prevalence of wounds in working horses was 41.4%, which was in agreement with the prevalence reported in central Ethiopia by (8) (40%). However, this finding was lower than the prevalence of 64% in (15) at kombolcha town and of 65% in (5) at Hawassa town. This is probably due to variation in husbandry and management practices among farmers in different geographic areas. Regarding wound distribution, chest sore (24%) and girth sore (17.5) were identified with greater frequency; also, tail base sore (5.8%), back sore (8.2%), withers sore (7.01%), shoulder sore (5.8%), prescapular sore (7.01%), inguinal sore (5.3%), thigh sore (5.3%), and carpal sore (4.1%) were among the major types of wounds identified in the area. This probably coincides with poorly designed and ill-fitting carts and straps, which are manufactured by unskilled artisans, and girth sores and chest sores might correlate with improper use of girth ropes and chest ropes by the cart owners. This finding was similar to previous reports made by (8) and (5).

Horses in poor body condition developed wounds at a higher rate than those in good body condition (2 = 15.66, P = 0.000).This is in line with the reports by (16) in Wolaita Soddo Zuria, (14) in Hawassa Town, and (8) in central Ethiopia. These could be due to dehydration, which reduces skin elasticity in poor-condition animals, and bone prominence, which leads to easy skin injury. Hence, poor body condition could be due to other factors like poor management, a shortage of nutrients because of the scarcity of feed, or a lack of supplemental diets.

The present finding has shown that a higher prevalence of wounds was observed in older horses (x² = 32.07, p = 0.000) than in any other age group. This finding was in agreement with the report of (17) in Wolaita Soddo Zuria (29), who stated that older horses had greater wound risk than other age groups. This might be due to more exposure to work and carrying heavy loads over a long distance, less owners’ attention to wound management, and the immune defence mechanism of an animal also reducing with age.

There was a significant difference in the prevalence of wounds between horses that had been sheltered and those that had not (x² = 4.59, p = 0.032).The unsheltered had a significantly higher prevalence than the sheltered. This is due to the horses' exposure to predators during the night and other factors. This finding was in agreement with reports by (18). In this study, unsympathetic drivers’ attitudes towards horses were predisposing factors for wounds on the carpal joints and inguinal regions. Falling and the subsequent wounds on the carpal joints could have occurred when animals were forced to pull loads greater than their pulling power or gallop on rough roads. This finding was in agreement with reports from (19).

The prevalence of sarcoidosis in the study area was 1.9%. Comparable findings (2.5%) were recorded by (18) in Mekelle, and (3%) were recorded by (19) and his colleagues in Debrezeit. Sarcoids were most commonly found on the neck (50%) followed by the limbs (37.5%) and the ears (12.5%). The presence of continuous injuries and irritation caused by bad head harnesses or grooming tools may account for the highest prevalence on the neck (50%).These findings are consistent with those mentioned by (20); also, the sarcoids that occur around the ear are due to the area being preferable for flies to feed.

In this study, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of sarcoids between horses that had been sheltered and those that had not been sheltered (x² = 4.15, p = 0.042).The unsheltered had a significantly higher prevalence than the sheltered. This is due to the fact that the horses, which were not sheltered, cohabited in places with animals of the bovine species, and this seems to confirm the intimate relation between the bovine papilloma virus (BPV-DNA) and the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids. This is consistent with (7) findings.

In the present study, sarcoids were recorded in horses at young and adult age, which was the same finding reported by (21). Although other studies found an incidence peak between 3 and 6 years of age (22, 12), Sarcoids can occur at any age, according to other studies (23). However, all results showed that sarcoids are predominantly found in young adults, but they can occur at any age.

In this study, the overall prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis was 16.4%. (24) reported the same finding in Nekemte town at 15%, which is lower than the finding reported by (25) in south-west Shewa at 24.9%. Furthermore, (26) recorded an average prevalence of 21.1% in East Shewa. This variation is due to the altitude, temperature, and humidity of the area. The lesions were predominantly found on the limbs. Because limbs are prone to trauma, the fungus can easily gain access and infect the horses. Also, the lesions occur around the neck, ventral abdomen, and different body parts. This result was consistent with the findings of (27)

This study showed that there was a statistically significant difference (x² = 4.0028, p = 0.05) in the prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis depending on the type of work, which indicated that cart horses were highly affected. This result was consistent with the findings of (28) This is due to the interchangeable use of carts by the owners.

It is reasonable to conclude from the current study that horses have a very high prevalence of skin problems. Many horses suffered wounds of varying degrees of severity, epizootic lymphangitis, and sarcoids. More horses have been shown to be affected by open wounds than by other skin conditions. It has been revealed that the harnessing, loading, hobbling, body condition status and general husbandry practises of working horses are related to the development of wounds. This proved that horses' performance in the study area is significantly hampered by skin issues. Without a doubt, the method used to care for and manage working horses is substandard. It is critical to to educate local farmers and saddle and hobble makers how to create better-fitting harnesses and hobbles for their animals. The management of both healthy and ill horses could benefit from the employment of animals to improve body condition, harness use, hobbling, loading, and management. Long-term progress in improving animal welfare in society will be made by raising awareness of it among farmers and schools in rural areas. Additionally, educating community animal health professionals who can treat wounds on the job can assist solve the issue practically at the ground level. Nevertheless, farmers are being advised to avoid using carts interchangeably. In-depth research should be done on skin conditions affecting a larger part of the region in order to establish effective control strategies locally.

Ethical Clearance

Since the study was done on domestic animals, ethical approval was obtained from Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Minutes of Animal Research Ethics and Review Committee. Each research site's clinic managers were consulted before the the questionnaire was surveyed and the horse was overviewed. Also the willingness of the owners was taken into account and each of the owners verbally consents. All situations that induce pain in humans are considered to similarly cause discomfort in horses.

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No competing interests reported.

Overview of Major Cutaneus and Subcutaneus Skin Problems in Horses and Their Associated Risk Factor in and Around Bishoftutown, Ethiopia

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. METHODOLGY

2.1. Study area

2.2. Study animals and design

2.3. Sample size

2.4. Sampling methodology

2.4.1 Clinical examination

2.4.2. Questionary survey

3. DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS

4. RESULTS

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

DECLARATIONS

REFERANCES

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1