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Research article
Masoud Mirzaei
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6455-0747
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world. With effective intervention and control of cardiovascular risk factors, mortality rates may be reduced. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors across five municipalities in Yazd city.
Methods:10,000 residents of the Yazd greater area aged 20-69 years were selected using cluster random sampling method. Overall, 200 clusters were randomly selected based on the postcodes of residents who lived in the five municipalities of Yazd. Those who lived in Yazd annexed cities and rural areas were excluded. A valid questionnaire was completed and physical examination was done (94.9% response rate). Instances of self-reported diabetes mellitus, high blood cholesterol, tobacco smoking, and unhealthy diet were recorded. Blood pressure, height, and weight were measured and physical activity was classified by International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A chi-square test was used to analyze the differences in variables across municipalities by SPSS V. 16.
Results:We analyzed 8749 participants’ data from Yazd city. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension in Yazd were 14.1, 16.7 and 18.6%, respectively. One in every four people consumed the recommended five servings of vegetables per day. Fish consumption was less than 5% at least once a week. An unhealthy diet (85.7%); inactivity (52.2%), hypertension (36.7%) and obesity (26.3%) were the most common cardiovascular risk factors. Only 2.1% of adults had no risk factors for CVD, and almost 75% of people had more than one risk factor. The prevalence of risk factors (excluding hypertension) - was significantly different across the municipalities. Residents of region three had the highest prevalence of all risk factors aside from inactivity and unhealthy diet.
Conclusion: Unhealthy dietary habits and inactivity are the most common modifiable risk factors of CVD in Yazd city. Spatial variations of cardiovascular risk factors observed. This geographic health inequality requires more attention from policymakers to control CVD risk factors across different municipalities accordingly. Promoting healthy lifestyle is the top priority of health intervention program. It is recommended to increase the appropriate sports space and restrict access to tobacconist in high-risk areas.
Keywords
Cardiovascular risk factors, municipality, Yazd, urban, prevalence
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Public Health.
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 15 Jan, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 14 Jan, 2020
Version 2
Posted 07 Nov, 2019
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 07 Jan, 2020
Editor assigned
On 04 Nov, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 04 Nov, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 04 Nov, 2019
Review #1 received
Received 04 Nov, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 03 Nov, 2019
Editor invited
On 03 Nov, 2019
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 16 Oct, 2019
Review #2 received
Received 30 Sep, 2019
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 07 Sep, 2019
Review #1 received
Received 05 Sep, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 05 Sep, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 04 Sep, 2019
Editor assigned
On 19 Aug, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 29 Jul, 2019
Editor invited
On 29 Jul, 2019
First submitted
On 22 Jul, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
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See the published version of this preprint at BMC Public Health.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Masoud Mirzaei
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6455-0747
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Public Health.
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 15 Jan, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 14 Jan, 2020
Version 2
Posted 07 Nov, 2019
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 07 Jan, 2020
Editor assigned
On 04 Nov, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 04 Nov, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 04 Nov, 2019
Review #1 received
Received 04 Nov, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 03 Nov, 2019
Editor invited
On 03 Nov, 2019
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 16 Oct, 2019
Review #2 received
Received 30 Sep, 2019
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 07 Sep, 2019
Review #1 received
Received 05 Sep, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 05 Sep, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 04 Sep, 2019
Editor assigned
On 19 Aug, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 29 Jul, 2019
Editor invited
On 29 Jul, 2019
First submitted
On 22 Jul, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Public Health.
Background:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world. With effective intervention and control of cardiovascular risk factors, mortality rates may be reduced. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors across five municipalities in Yazd city.
Methods:10,000 residents of the Yazd greater area aged 20-69 years were selected using cluster random sampling method. Overall, 200 clusters were randomly selected based on the postcodes of residents who lived in the five municipalities of Yazd. Those who lived in Yazd annexed cities and rural areas were excluded. A valid questionnaire was completed and physical examination was done (94.9% response rate). Instances of self-reported diabetes mellitus, high blood cholesterol, tobacco smoking, and unhealthy diet were recorded. Blood pressure, height, and weight were measured and physical activity was classified by International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A chi-square test was used to analyze the differences in variables across municipalities by SPSS V. 16.
Results:We analyzed 8749 participants’ data from Yazd city. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension in Yazd were 14.1, 16.7 and 18.6%, respectively. One in every four people consumed the recommended five servings of vegetables per day. Fish consumption was less than 5% at least once a week. An unhealthy diet (85.7%); inactivity (52.2%), hypertension (36.7%) and obesity (26.3%) were the most common cardiovascular risk factors. Only 2.1% of adults had no risk factors for CVD, and almost 75% of people had more than one risk factor. The prevalence of risk factors (excluding hypertension) - was significantly different across the municipalities. Residents of region three had the highest prevalence of all risk factors aside from inactivity and unhealthy diet.
Conclusion: Unhealthy dietary habits and inactivity are the most common modifiable risk factors of CVD in Yazd city. Spatial variations of cardiovascular risk factors observed. This geographic health inequality requires more attention from policymakers to control CVD risk factors across different municipalities accordingly. Promoting healthy lifestyle is the top priority of health intervention program. It is recommended to increase the appropriate sports space and restrict access to tobacconist in high-risk areas.
Figure 1
Figure 2
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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