[1] G. G. Fouda, D. R. Martinez, G. K. Swamy, and S. R. Permar, “engThe impact of igg transplacental transfer on early life immunity,” engImmunoHorizons, vol. 2, no. 29457151, pp. 14–25, Jan. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5812294/
[2] D. J. Jamieson, A. Duerr, R. S. Klein, P. Paramsothy, W. Brown, S. Cu-Uvin, A. Rompalo, and J. Sobel, “engLongitudinal analysis of bacterial vaginosis: findings from the hiv epidemiology research study.” engObstetrics and gynecology, vol. 98, pp. 656–63, Oct 2001.
[3] C. J. Priestley, B. M. Jones, J. Dhar, and L. Goodwin, “engWhat is normal vaginal flora?” engGenitourinary medicine, vol. 73, no. 9155551, pp. 23–28, Feb. 1997. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/PMC1195755/
[4] J. P. Lepargneur and V. Rousseau, “fre[protective role of the doderlein flora].” freJournal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction, vol. 31, pp. 485–94, Sep 2002.
[5] G. Isik, S. Demirezen, H. G. Donmez, and B. M. Sinan, “engBacterial vaginosis in association with spontaneous abortion and recurrent pregnancy losses,” engJournal of cytology, vol. 33, no. 27756985, pp. 135–140, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4995870/
[6] J. A. McGregor and J. I. French, “engBacterial vaginosis in pregnancy.” engObstetrical & gynecological survey, vol. 55, pp. S1–19, May 2000.
[7] S. Guaschino, F. De Seta, M. Piccoli, G. Maso, and S. Alberico, “engAetiology of preterm labour: bacterial vaginosis.” engBJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, vol. 113 Suppl 3, pp. 46–51, Dec 2006.
[8] C. L. Haggerty, S. L. Hillier, D. C. Bass, R. B. Ness, P. I. D. Evaluation, and C. H. P. S. Investigators, “Bacterial vaginosis and anaerobic bacteria are associated with endometritis,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 990–995, 2004. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1086/423963
[9] J. L. van der Heyden, S. M. J. van Kuijk, D. P. van der Ham, K. J. B. Notten, T. Janssen, J. G. Nijhuis, C. Willekes, M. Porath, J. A. van der Post, F. Halbertsma, E. Pajkrt, and B. W. J. Mol, “engSubsequent pregnancy after preterm prelabor rupture of membranes before 27 weeks’ gestation,” engAJP reports, vol. 3, no. 24147248, pp. 113–118, Oct. 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3799705/
[10] P. Thorsen, I. Vogel, J. Olsen, B. Jeune, J. G. Westergaard, B. Jacobsson, and B. R. Moller, “engBacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and small for gestational age, but not with spontaneous preterm birth: a population-based study on danish women.” engThe journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, vol. 19, pp. 1–7, Jan 2006.
[11] M. Ravikumara and B. V. Bhat, “engEarly neonatal mortality in an intramural birth cohort at a tertiary care hospital.” engIndian journal of pediatrics, vol. 63, pp. 785–9, Nov-Dec 1996.
[12] D. J. Alcendor, “engEvaluation of health disparity in bacterial vaginosis and the implications for hiv-1 acquisition in african american women.” engAmerican journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), vol. 76, pp. 99–107, Aug 2016.
[13] Y. M. Kamga, J. P. Ngunde, and J.-F. K. T. Akoachere, “Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and associated risk factors in pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the kumba health district (khd), cameroon,” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 166, May 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2312-9
[14] R. Nduati, G. John, D. Mbori-Ngacha, B. Richardson, J. Overbaugh, A. Mwatha, J. Ndinya-Achola, J. Bwayo, F. E. Onyango, J. Hughes, and J. Kreiss, “engEffect of breastfeeding and formula feeding on transmission of hiv-1: a randomized clinical trial.” engJAMA, vol. 283, pp. 1167–74, Mar 2000.
[15] M. L. Alcaide, M. Chisembele, E. Malupande, K. Arheart, M. Fischl, and D. L. Jones, “engA cross-sectional study of bacterial vaginosis, intravaginal practices and hiv genital shedding; implications for hiv transmission and women’s health.” engBMJ open, vol. 5, p. e009036, Nov 2015.
[16] A. C. Freitas, B. Chaban, A. Bocking, M. Rocco, S. Yang, J. E. Hill, D. M. Money, and V. O. G. U. E. R. Group, “engThe vaginal microbiome of pregnant women is less rich and diverse, with lower prevalence of mollicutes, compared to non-pregnant women,” engScientific reports, vol. 7, no. 28835692, pp. 9212–9212, Aug. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569030/
[17] R. C. Bump and W. J. r. Buesching, “engBacterial vaginosis in virginal and sexually active adolescent females: evidence against exclusive sexual transmission.” engAmerican journal of obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 158, pp. 935–9, Apr 1988.
[18] A. S. Dingens, T. S. Fairfortune, S. Reed, and C. Mitchell, “engBacterial vaginosis and adverse outcomes among full-term infants: a cohort study,” engBMC pregnancy and childbirth, vol. 16, no. 27658456, pp. 278–278, Sep. 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5034665/
[19] C. Chehoud, D. J. Stieh, A. G. Bailey, A. L. Laughlin, S. A. Allen, K. L. McCotter, S. A. Sherrill-Mix, T. J. Hope, and F. D. Bushman, “engAssociations of the vaginal microbiota with hiv infection, bacterial vaginosis, and demographic factors,” engAIDS (London, England), vol. 31, no. 28121709, pp. 895–904, Apr. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5370567/
[20] B. E. Sha, M. R. Zariffard, Q. J. Wang, H. Y. Chen, J. Bremer, M. H. Cohen, and G. T. Spear, “engFemale genital-tract hiv load correlates inversely with lactobacillus species but positively with bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasma hominis.” engThe Journal of infectious diseases, vol. 191, pp. 25–32, Jan 2005.
[21] S. Jallow, C. L. Cutland, A. K. Masbou, P. Adrian, and S. A. Madhi, “engMaternal hiv infection associated with reduced transplacental transfer of measles antibodies and increased susceptibility to disease.” engJournal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology, vol. 94, pp. 50–56, Sep 2017.
[22] G. T. Spear, E. St John, and M. Zariffard, “Bacterial vaginosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection,” AIDS Research and Therapy, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 25, Oct. 2007. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-6405-4-25
[23] J. Atashili, C. Poole, P. M. Ndumbe, A. A. Adimora, and J. S. Smith, “engBacterial vaginosis and hiv acquisition: a meta-analysis of published studies,” engAIDS (London, England), vol. 22, no. 18614873, pp. 1493–1501, Jul. 2008. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788489/
[24] A. L. French, O. M. Adeyemi, D. M. Agniel, C. T. Evans, M. T. Yin, K. Anastos, and M. H. Cohen, “engThe association of hiv status with bacterial vaginosis and vitamin d in the united states,” engJournal of women’s health (2002), vol. 20, no. 21875343, pp. 1497–1503, Oct. 2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3233211/
[25] G. Schmid, L. Markowitz, R. Joesoef, and E. Koumans, “Bacterial vaginosis and hiv infection,” Sexually Transmitted Infections, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 3–4, 2000. [Online]. Available: https://sti.bmj.com/content/76/1/3
[26] E. C. Keats, A. Ngugi, W. Macharia, N. Akseer, E. N. Khaemba, Z. Bhatti, A. Rizvi, J. Tole, and Z. A. Bhutta, “Progress and priorities for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health in kenya: a countdown to 2015 country case study,” The Lancet Global Health, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. e782–e795, Dec. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30246-2
[27] G. C. John, R. W. Nduati, D. A. Mbori-Ngacha, B. A. Richardson, D. Panteleeff, A. Mwatha, J. Overbaugh, J. Bwayo, J. O. Ndinya-Achola, and J. K. Kreiss, “engCorrelates of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) transmission: association with maternal plasma hiv-1 rna load, genital hiv-1 dna shedding, and breast infections.” engThe Journal of infectious diseases, vol. 183, pp. 206–212, Jan 2001.
[28] D. Mbori-Ngacha, R. Nduati, G. John, and et al., “Morbidity and mortality in breastfed and formula-fed infants of hiv-1-infected women: A randomized clinical trial,” JAMA, vol. 286, no. 19, pp. 2413–2420, Nov. 2001. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.19.2413
[29] G. W. Sun, T. L. Shook, and G. L. Kay, “engInappropriate use of bivariable analysis to screen risk factors for use in multivariable analysis.” engJournal of clinical epidemiology, vol. 49, pp. 907–16, Aug 1996.
[30] F. E. Harrell, Regression Modeling Strategies. Springer New York, 2001.
[31] G. Heinze and D. Dunkler, “Five myths about variable selection,” Transplant International, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 6–10, dec 2016.
[32] S. L. Hillier, R. P. Nugent, D. A. Eschenbach, M. A. Krohn, R. S. Gibbs, D. H. Martin, M. F. Cotch, R. Edelman, J. G. Pastorek, A. V. Rao, D. McNellis, J. A. Regan, J. C. Carey, and M. A. Klebanoff, “Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant,” N Engl J Med, vol. 333, no. 26, pp. 1737–1742, Nov. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199512283332604
[33] N. Benahmed, L. San Miguel, C. Devos, N. Fairon, and W. Christiaens, “engVaginal delivery: how does early hospital discharge affect mother and child outcomes? a systematic literature review.” engBMC pregnancy and childbirth, vol. 17, p. 289, Sep 2017.
[34] E. A. Anigilaje, “engManagement of diarrhoeal dehydration in childhood: A review for clinicians in developing countries,” engFrontiers in pediatrics, vol. 6, no. 29527518, pp. 28–28, Feb. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5829087/
[35] S. G. Berger, S. de Pee, M. W. Bloem, S. Halati, and R. D. Semba, “Malnutrition and morbidity are higher in children who are missed by periodic vitamin a capsule distribution for child survival in rural indonesia,” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 137, no. 5, pp. 1328–1333, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.5.1328
[36] A. Y. Chang, C. Riumallo-Herl, J. A. Salomon, S. C. Resch, L. Brenzel, and S. Verguet, “Estimating the distribution of morbidity and mortality of childhood diarrhea, measles, and pneumonia by wealth group in low- and middle-income countries,” BMC Medicine, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 102, Jul. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1074-y
[37] I. A. Khalil, C. Troeger, P. C. Rao, B. F. Blacker, A. Brown, T. G. Brewer, D. V. Colombara, E. L. De Hostos, C. Engmann, R. L. Guerrant, R. Haque, E. R. Houpt, G. Kang, P. S. Korpe, K. L. Kotloff, A. A. M. Lima, J. Petri, William A, J. A. Platts-Mills, D. A. Shoultz, M. H. Forouzanfar, S. I. Hay, J. Reiner, Robert C, and A. H. Mokdad, “Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study,” The Lancet Global Health, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. e758–e768, May 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30283-3
[38] R. E. Lean, C. E. Rogers, R. A. Paul, and E. D. Gerstein, “engNicu hospitalization: Long-term implications on parenting and child behaviors,” engCurrent treatment options in pediatrics, vol. 4, no. 29881666, pp. 49–69, Mar. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5986282/
[39] F. Shiva, A. Sanaei Dashti, and H. Hosseini Khorami, “Causes and risk factors of hospitalization among infants less than six months old in tehran,” Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, vol. 5, no. 3, p. e33722, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://pedinfect.com/en/articles/55601.html
[40] M. S. Murphy, “engManagement of bloody diarrhoea in children in primary care.” engBMJ (Clinical research ed.), vol. 336, pp. 1010–5, May 2008.
[41] L. Finberg, “Dehydration in infancy and childhood,” Pediatrics in Review, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 277–282, 2002. [Online]. Available: https://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/23/8/277
[42] J. P. Gibson, “Control of persistent vomiting in infants and children,” Pediatrics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 578–581, 1959. [Online]. Available: https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/23/3/578
[43] D. N. Burns, R. Tuomala, B. H. Chang, R. Hershow, H. Minkoff, E. Rodriguez, C. Zorrilla, H. Hammill, and J. Regan, “engVaginal colonization or infection with candida albicans in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women during pregnancy and during the postpartum period. women and infants transmission study group.” engClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, vol. 24, pp. 201–10, Feb 1997.
[44] J. C. Carey, M. A. Klebanoff, J. C. Hauth, S. L. Hillier, E. A. Thom, J. Ernest, R. P. Heine, R. P. Nugent, M. L. Fischer, K. J. Leveno, R. Wapner, M. Varner, W. Trout, A. Moawad, B. M. Sibai, M. Miodovnik, M. Dombrowski, M. J. O’Sullivan, J. P. VanDorsten, O. Langer, and J. Roberts, “Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 342, no. 8, pp. 534–540, 2000, pMID: 10684911. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200002243420802
[45] P. Brocklehurst, A. Gordon, E. Heatley, and S. J. Milan, “engAntibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy.” engThe Cochrane database of systematic reviews, p. CD000262, Jan 2013.
[46] K. N. B. of Statistics, M. of Health/Kenya, N. A. I. D. S. C. Council/Kenya, K. M. R. Institute, N. C. for Population, and Development/Kenya, “Kenya demographic and health survey 2014,” Rockville, MD, USA, Tech. Rep., 2015. [Online]. Available: http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR308/FR308.pdf
[47] U. V. Ukah, H. Bayrampour, Y. Sabr, N. Razaz, W.-S. Chan, K. I. Lim, and S. Lisonkova, “Association between gestational weight gain and severe adverse birth outcomes in washington state, us: A population-based retrospective cohort study, 2004–2013,” PLOS Medicine, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 1–17, 12 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003009
[48] W. Chaim, M. Mazor, and J. R. Leiberman, “The relationship between bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth. a review,” Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, vol. 259, no. 2, pp. 51–58, Jan. 1997. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02505309