A Novel Z-Scheme Ni3V2O8/AgI Visible Light Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3122756/v1

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A Novel Z-Scheme Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI Visible Light Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3122756/v1

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The newly developed Z-Scheme Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI visible light photocatalytic heterojunction composite system was fabricated using wet chemical technique with different weight percentages 10, 20, and 30% of Ni₃V₂O₈ for the destruction of (RhB) Rhodamine-B. The purely isolated photocatalyst was further investigated through XRD, UV-vis DRS, TEM, FT-IR, PL, SEM, HRTEM, EDS, and photocurrent measurements. The Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI nanocomposite degraded 82% of RhB with a higher reaction rate coefficient value of 0.0603 min–1 than the other synthesized photocatalysts. The results showed that Z-Scheme heterojunction formation has improved the partition and migration of charged particles leading to intensification in photocatalytic activity when compared to individual photocatalysts. The optimized 20% of Ni₃V₂O₈ nanocomposite was reused three times without any change in photocatalytic performance, which confirmed the stability of the optimized nanocomposite photocatalyst Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI. The outcomes of the radical trapping experiments suggested that radicals •OH and O₂^•− play a part in RhB degradation. Based on this, a visible light photocatalytic heterogeneous Z-Scheme mechanism is proposed. As a result, the newly fabricated Z-Scheme heterojunction Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI photocatalyst could be a robust material for treating RhB water.

Visible light

Ni3V2O8/AgI

Photocatalytic degradation

Rhodamine-B

Contaminated water

Day-to-day, the demand for potable water is of high concern with the growing population and evolution of modern industries [1–5]. Consequently, environmental pollution and energy crisis pose a major threat to the development of green environments in human society. Among several pollutants of concern, untreated dye wastes from different industries have a high propensity to adversely affect human health permanently because of their rapid diffusivity and toxicity. The negative consequence of contaminated water on human health includes chronic illnesses such as asthma, cardiovascular disorders, digestive issues, carcinoma, severe eye and pulmonary discomfort. Thus, it is necessary to treat wastewater effluents before release, to combat the adverse effects of organic contaminants in wastewater [6]. As a result, different waste water treatment methods such as advanced oxidation processes (AOP), absorption, adsorption, chemical treatment, and membrane filtration are used to remove contaminants from wastewater effluents. But, AOP offers numerous advantages over other methods, due to room-temperature operation, cost effective, high activity, and no secondary pollutants generated, which makes it a favorable method for wastewater treatment. In the last ten years, visible light photocatalysis as an AOP has attracted considerable attention due to its potential applications for solving energy and pollution problems [13]. For the degradation of organic contaminants, materials like TiO₂, ZnO, WO₃, V₂O₅ and ZnS are frequently used as photocatalysts [14–17]. They are unsuitable for visible light activity due to their wide bandgap energy. Recently, halides of silver (AgX- AgI, AgCl, AgBr) visible light photocatalytic semiconductors have been reported as a class of highly competent photocatalysts [18, 19]. Of them, AgI is acting as an efficient semiconductor due to its smaller bandgap than other silver halides and possesses fair visible light absorption ability. Also, AgI has shown wide application in photographic films, CO₂ reduction, supercapacitor, oxygen and hydrogen evolution, LED and solar cells [20]. Unfortunately, the fast reconnection of the photo-induced charge carriers of pure AgI results in an insufficient photocatalytic performance [21–23]. Over recent times, various methods to enhance catalytic activity that include (i) metal and non-metal doping, (ii) the incorporation of co-catalysts and (iii) surface engineering, etc have been applied [24]. Such methods allow the catalyst to enhance the efficacy of the photocatalyst in the presence of visible light and extend the lifetime of the photoinduced charge carriers [25]. For instance, composite photocatalysts such as AgI/Ag₃PO₄ [26], AgI-WO₃ [27], AgI/BiOI [28], AgI/BiOCl [29], AgI/g-C₃N₄ [30], AgI/Zn3V2O8 [31], AgI/Ag₂Mo₂O₇ [32] have shown superior photocatalytic activity against for contaminant removal from waste water.

Nickel vanadate (Ni₃V₂O₈) has also become a promising photocatalyst because of its facile synthesis, non-toxicity, and chemical stability with a relatively narrow band gap about ~ 2.30 eV. Compared to AgI, Ni₃V₂O₈ has a very similar band gap value. Thus, the construction of Ni₃V₂O₈ heterojunctions with AI can increase charge separation and reduce immediate charge carrier recombination. Thus, it could be used to build a composite from AgI and Ni₃V₂O₈ that possesses superior photocatalytic degradation efficiency. Furthermore, Ni₃V₂O₈ is widely used for photocatalytic and electrochemical applications due to its wide light absorption capability. For instance, Sattam et al. designed n-p heteojunction with Ni₃V₂O₈ /g-C₃N₄ and has been successful in pollutant degradation [33]. Similarly, Jin et al. fabricated Zn₃V₂O₈/AgI visible light Z-scheme photocatalyst for tetracycline degradation, which significantly promoted the migration efficiency and spatial partition of the photoexcited charge carriers and also maintained high redox potential [34]. Our group fabricated a Ni₃V₂O₈/BiVO₄ nanocomposite and examined its photocatalytic performance towards AO7 degradation under visible light illumination, which showed 87% degradation which was higher than those of individual photocatalysts [35]. From the literature review and due to the suitable bandgap position of AgI and Ni₃V₂O₈, the creation of a heterojunction between AgI and Ni₃V₂O₈ can be effective in reducing the fast recombination of the electrons and holes and leads to enlarge the electrons and holes separation. The present study reports the synthesis of Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI composite photocatalyst material by wet chemical method, and its application to the degradation of RhB. Radical scavenging experiments also identify key radicals in photodegradation mechanisms. Recycling tests are also conducted to demonstrate the reusability and photostability of Ni₃V₂O₈and AgI nanocomposite photocatalysts. Finally, a feasible photocatalytic degradation mechanism for Ni₃V₂O₈ and AgI composites is proposed.

2.1. Raw Materials

Ammonium metavanadate (NH₄VO₃), silver nitrate (AgNO₃) and nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO₃)₂.6H₂O), were got from Sigma-Aldrich. Rhodamine B, Triton X-100, isopropanol (IPA) and benzoquinone (BQ) were got from SDFCL. Ammonium oxalate (AO), ethyl alcohol and potassium iodide were got from Qualigens chemicals India. All the above chemicals were used as such without purification. All the reactions were carried out using double distilled water (DD).

2.2. Synthesis of Ni₃V₂O₈ photocatalyst

Pure Ni₃V₂O₈ was fabricated using a simple hydrothermal method. Herein, 2.5 mmol of NH₄VO₃ and Ni(NO₃)₂.6H₂O were mixed with 20 mL of DD water in separate beakers with constant stirring. Then, these solutions were mixed together by continuous stirring for 30 min at room temperature. At this time, 1N NaOH was used to adjust pH as 6 of the reaction mixtures and the reaction mixture was shifted into a clean autoclave reinforced with Teflon and maintained for 24 h at 160°C in a muffle furnace. Pure Ni₃V₂O₈ was filtered, solid was washed with ethyl alcohol and dried for 4 h at 80°C.

2.3 Synthesis of AgI photocatalyst

Typically, 4 mmol of AgNO₃ was stirred with 50 mL of DD water. Besides, 4 mmol of KI in 20 mL DI water was added slowly to the silver nitrate solution with continuous stirring for an hour. Lastly, the obtained solid AgI was filtered and washed with DD water three times with DD water, then dried for 4 h at 80 ^o C.

2.4 Synthesis of Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI nanocomposite

The Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI nanocomposite was fabricated using a wet chemical technique. Herein, different weight percentages (10, 20 and 30 wt. %) of Ni₃V₂O₈ and 0.3 g AgI were dispersed in 30 mL of methanol and then ultrasonicated for 60 min. After sonication, the reaction mixture was continuously agitated at 60°C for 180 minutes and the obtained Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI composite was collected and used for further studies. The Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI composite with various amounts (10, 20, 30 wt. %) of Ni₃V₂O₈ are denoted as AV-1, AV-2 and AV-3 respectively.

2.5 Materials characterization

The functional group of the prepared materials was characterized using a FTIR spectrophotometer (JASCO-4600106). The crystalline phase structure of the materials was characterized using Philips PW3040/60 X’pert PRO XRD at 298 K within a range of 2θ = 20°-80º by Cu Kα source having a wavelength of 0.15405 nm. A JEOL JSM-7600F field-emission SEM equipped with EDXA and a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (JEOL-6330, USA, TEM) were used to study the morphology of the synthesized products. The optical absorption of light and band-gap energy of the prepared materials was obtained from UV–vis DRS spectroscopy by SHIMADZU UV/Visible-3101. PL spectra of the synthesized samples were detected with an excitation wavelength of 320 nm using a fluorescence spectrometer (JASCO FP-8500).

2.6 Photocatalytic activity test (PCA)

The PCA activity under visible light of the synthesized photocatalysts was examined by degrading RhB. Here, the visible light source is 250 W tungsten halogen lamp. Synthesized photocatalyst (75 mg) and of RhB dye solution (75 mL) of (1x10^− 5 M) and agitated for 30 min in black environment leads to an adsorption-desorption equilibrium. 5 mL of reaction mixture was collected every 10 min time interval and the reaction mixture was centrifuged to separate the photocatalyst. The RhB concentration was examined at their maximum absorption wavelength (λ_max) of 554 nm using UV/Visible spectroscopy.

3.1. Structural elucidation

Figure 1 depicts the crystalline phase of isolated photocatalysts. In Fig. 1, the diffraction peaks at 2θ = 16.1°, 18.9°, 20.8°, 25.0°, 27.2°, 30.3°, 34.4°, 35.9°, 43.7°, 49.2°, 59.2°, 63.3° codes for (020), (120), (200), (220), (211), (231), (131), (122), (151), (242), (162), (004) diffraction planes of the pure Ni₃V₂O₈. These results match both the JCPDS No. 74-1484 and the orthorhombic phase of Ni₃V₂O₈ [36]. Besides, few characteristic peaks observed at 2θ = 23.5°, 39.0° and 46.2° are related to (111), (220) and (311) planes for pure AgI and seem to be well associated with the hexagonal phase (JCPDS No. 09-0374) [37]. For Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI nanocomposites, a good coexistence of both phases of Ni₃V₂O₈ and AgI is observed. At the same time, the peak intensity of the AgI seems to be reduced with increasing Ni₃V₂O₈ in the Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI composite, which indicates a successful formation of the Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI composite. The FTIR spectra of isolated photocatalysts are displayed in Fig. 2. For AgI, the peak appears around 559 cm^− 1 is a characteristic vibrational peak of Ag-I bond [38]. Pure Ni₃V₂O₈ exhibits V-O-V stretching vibrations at 667 cm^− 1. The Ni-O stretching vibration is observed at 424 cm^− 1. The bands at 797 and 925cm^− 1 is due to the stretching of VO_{4 (}symmetric and asymmetric) [39]. In the case of Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI, the peak area of Ni₃V₂O₈ are enlarged with the reducing the weight of AgI, representing the co-existence among Ni₃V₂O₈ and AgI in the composite.

3.2. Morphological analysis

The morphology of the as prepared photocatalytical materials is investigated by SEM and TEM, and the outcomes arrived are presented in Fig. 3(a-c) and 4(a-c). The SEM picture of AgI nanoparticle is shown in Fig. 3a, whereas the Ni₃V₂O₈ exhibits a nanocube like morphology as seen in Fig. 3b. In addition, it is interesting to observe that AgI nanoparticles are dispersed and anchored to Ni₃V₂O₈ nanocube walls in Ni3V2O8/AgI heterojunctions (Fig. 3(c)). The (EDS) energy dispersive x-ray spectral studies exhibits the presence of Ag and I elements in pure AgI as shown in Fig. 3d and the presence of Ni, V and O in Ni₃V₂O₈ is presented in Fig. 3e. However, AgI/Ni3V2O8 contains elements such as Ni, V, O, Ag, and I (Fig. 3f), which prove that the prepared material has no other impurities.

The morphologies displayed in Fig. 4a-d are the TEM images which are agree well with the SEM images. In addition, the HRTEM image of a particular portion is displayed in Fig. 4d that shows the formation of an interface between the AgI and Ni₃V₂O₈. From the Fig. 4d, AV-2 composite has the lattice fringes values of 0.285 and 0.321 nm which coincide with (122) and (111) diffraction planes of the Ni₃V₂O₈ and AgI, respectively. In addition, the Fig. 4e displays the SAED pattern of the optimized AV-2 composite photocatalyst. The EDS pattern of AV-2 is shown in Fig. 3f, it indicates clearly the existence of Ni, V, O, Ag and I elements with no other impurities. Further, the optimized AV-2 photocatalyst images of elemental mapping in Fig. 5 supports the presence of Ni, V, O, Ag and I elements and is in good agreement with EDS results in Fig. 3f.

3.3. Optical properties

The optical performance of the pure Ni₃V₂O₈, pure AgI, AV-1, AV-2 and AV-3 were obtained from UV-DRS. From Fig. 6a, the absorption edges of pure Ni₃V₂O₈, pure AgI, AV-1, AV-2 and AV-3 nanocomposites are observed at 532, 451, 454, 456 and 461 nm respectively (Fig. 6a). The bandgap energy value (E_g) of the synthesised photocatalytic samples was obtained by substituting the values in the Kubelka-Munk Eq. (1) [39],

αhv = (A) (hv–E_g)^n/2 (1)

where, α, v, h and E_g are the absorption coefficient constant, frequency of light, Planck`s constant, and bandgap energy correspondingly. A graph plotted between hv vs (αhv)^1/2 is presented in Fig. 6b, and the intercept of the plot hv versus (αhv)^1/2 gives the E_g values. The corresponding E_g values of pure Ni₃V₂O₈, pure AgI, AV-1, AV-2 and AV-3 are 2.33, 2.75, 2.73, 2.72 and 2.69 eV are calculated.

The visible light photocatalytic efficacy of the photocatalysts were significantly affected due to fast recombination effects of photogenerated charged carriers. The photoluminescence (PL) of prepared samples was observed at excitation wavelength 320 nm and obtained results are shown in Fig. 6c. As compared to Ni₃V₂O₈, the PL emission peak intensity of composites Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI is smaller. Further, the PL intensity of the composites AV-1, AV-2, and AV-3 are gradually reduced by the addition of Ni₃V₂O₈ in AgI. This infers that Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI composites have lower e⁻/h⁺ pair recombination.

3.4. Photocatalytic degradation studies

Visible light photocatalytic activity towards the RhB degradation using Ni₃V₂O₈, pure AgI, AV-1, AV-2 and AV-3 photocatalysts is shown in Fig. 7a. The visible light photocatalytic degradation of pure Ni₃V₂O₈ and AgI are ~ 10 and 40%, whereas the prepared AV-1, AV-2 and AV-3 nanocomposites displays 75, 82 and 65% of degradation efficiency respectively. As depicted in Fig. 7 (a), the prepared Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI nanocomposite photocatalysts exhibits an excellent photocatalytic activity than the pure AgI and Ni₃V₂O₈. The photocatalytical degradation efficiency of Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI composites, increases with the increasing content of Ni₃V₂O₈ upto 20 wt% after that the degradation efficiency falls down, due to the addition of Ni₃V₂O₈ on the AgI surface which might have increased the recombination of the photoinduced charge carriers. Among all isolated photocatalysts, AV-2 seems as a superior photocatalytic degradation (82%). From Fig. 7b, the decreasing order of photocatalytic activity towards the RhB degradation can be written as follows: AV-2 > AV-1 > AV-3 > AgI > Ni₃V₂O₈. The kinetics study of the photocatalytic degradation reaction is analysed using the below equation of first-order kinetics,

ln(C₀/C_t) = kt (2)

here, C_t and C₀ are the concentration of RhB at various time intervals of the photocatalytical degradation and initial concentration, k and t are the rate constant (min^− 1) and irradiation time (min) and respectively. The calculated apparent k values are 0.0097, 0.0012, 0.0230, 0.0603, 0.0187 min^− 1 for Ni₃V₂O₈, AgI, AV-1, AV-2 and AV-3 correspondingly, shown in Fig. 7b. The composite AV-2 shows a greater rate constant than the pure Ni₃V₂O₈ and pure AgI photocatalysts. This may be due to the effective formation of heterojunction between Ni₃V₂O₈ and AgI that has certainly minimized the recombination of photoinduced e⁻/h⁺ pairs.

The degradation of RhB experiments were performed to detect the effect of catalyst amount by changing the quantity of the optimized AV-2 photocatalyst from 0.5 to 2.0 gL^− 1. As shown in Fig. 7c, the visible light degradation rate of RhB increases with increasing catalyst concentration as 0.5 to 1.5 gL^− 1, followed by a decrease in efficiency due to the colloidal solution obstructing the light passing through it. The optimum quantity of catalyst to achieve the highest degradation of RhB is 1.5 gL^− 1. Then the radical trapping experiment is carried out to identify the major active species involved in the RhB degradation under VLI. Several scavenger agents such as IPA (1 mM), AO (1 mM) and BQ (1 mM) are used to trap h⁺, ^•OH and O₂^•-, radicals correspondingly [40, 41]. As a result of the experiment, the results are displayed in Fig. 7d. It exhibits that the RhB degradation is highly limited by the addition of IPA and BQ that traps O₂^•། and ^•OH radicals correspondingly. The results of the trapping experiments suggested that •OH and O₂^•།radicals play a vital role in the degradation mechanism of RhB. Also, noticed that no significant changes in degradation in the presence of AO. Further, in order for commercial purpose, the photocatalyst stability is expected as a main aspect. Figure 7e shows the assessment of the stability of optimized AV-2 visible light photocatalyst composite on the degradation of RhBs. The collected photocatalyst at the end of each cycle were dried for 6 h at 80 ^◦C and then reused in the next run. After three successive degradation cycles, results revealed that the photocatalytic activity remained almost the same (Fig-7e). The optimized AV-2 nanocomposite was reused three times with no significant loss of photocatalytic activity, which confirmed the stability of the reused nanocomposite photocatalyst Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI.

The photoelectrochemical (PEC) study defines the ability of migration and separation of photogenerated charge carriers. Figure 8 displays the electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and photocurrent of the bare Ni₃V₂O₈, pure AgI and optimized AV-2 photocatalyst. Figure 8a shows the intensities of transient photocurrent of the pure AgI and Ni₃V₂O₈ which are lower than the AV-2 optimized photocatalyst. photocurrent intensity of the optimized AV-2 composite is 1.24 and 1.13 times superior than pure Ni₃V₂O₈ and pure AgI respectively. The observed trend reveals the increased charge separation efficiency of the AV-2 composite. In Fig. 8b, the optimized AV-2 composite shows a lesser radius semi-circular of the Nyquist plots than the bare Ni₃V₂O₈ and AgI, which implies lower charge transfer resistance in AV-2. Electrochemical study results clearly indicate that the AV-2 optimized composite has a better electron and hole separation and an excellent charge transfer ability compared to Ni₃V₂O₈ and AgI.

3.5. Mechanism of Photocatalytic degradation

The probable pathway of visible light photocatalytical degradation of RhB using Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI composite is presented in Fig. 9. The maximum valence band (VB) and minimum conduction band (CB) of semiconductor materials were examined by the following Butler - Ginley Eqs. (3) and (4),

E_VB = X - E^e + 0.5 (E_g) (3)

E_CB = (E_VB - E_g) (4)

Here, E_CB and E_VB are the CB and VB potentials correspondingly, E_g, E^e and X is the bandgap values of the photocatalyst, free electron energy (~ 4.5 eV) and electronegativity respectively. The assessed VB and CB band potential values of Ni₃V₂O₈ and AgI are 2.623, 2.379 eV and 0.273 and − 0.411 eV correspondingly. Both the Ni₃V₂O₈ and AgI gets excited from their ground state and e- on the CB surface of Ni₃V₂O₈ are transferred to the VB surface of AgI under the VLI. Further, AgI CB potential has more -ve reduction potential than the standard redox potential E⁰ of (O₂/O₂^•-) (− 0.33 eV νs. NHE), hence the free e⁻ on the surface of CB reduces the O₂ to form O₂^•།. Meanwhile, Ni₃V₂O₈ VB potential is more + ve than the standard redox potential E⁰ of (^•OH/OH⁻) (+ 2.4 eV vs. NHE), hence the positive holes (h⁺) oxidizes the H⁺ into ^•OH. The formation of both ^•OH and O₂^•།radicals contributes to the active degradation of the harmful contaminant into harmless products like H₂O, CO₂ and mineral acids. Accordingly, the constructed Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI heterojunction has effectively enhanced the photocatalytic performance in terms of superior visible light absorption and the effective separation of the charged particles.

Finally, the Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI composite was fabricated using wet chemical techniques and its photocatalytic activity was assessed against RhB degradation. The optimized AV-2 composite exhibits superior photocatalytic degradation efficiency (82%) with a rate constant value of 0.0603 min^− 1. In the RhB dye degradation studies, the radical trapping experiments identified that the O₂^•- and ^•OH radicals have played a most important roles in the reaction mechanism. As a result of the newly fabricated Z-Scheme heterojunction, the charge separation is significantly increased and recombination is reduced significantly. The optimized photocatalyst has demonstrated tremendous recycling abilities and photostability. Based on the above results, the newly fabricated Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI heterojunction composite photocatalyst is an appropriate photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.

Acknowledgement

The authors Mr. S. Arumugam and Dr. J. Madhavan are thankful to Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, for the lab facility and support. The project was supported by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2023R675), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Credit author Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, investigation, data collection, analysis, characterization, interpretation and the first draft of the manuscript was written by Swaminathan Arumugam. Analysis, interpretation and review by Thirugnanam Bavani. Characterization, interpretation of data and validation are conducted by Mani Preeyanghaa and Bernaurdshaw Neppolian. Investigation, review and editing by Prabhakarn Arunachalam and Govindasami Periyasami. Supervision, validation and review by Jagannathan Madhavan. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Data availability

Data will be made available on request.

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A Novel Z-Scheme Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI Visible Light Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

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Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Experimental Part

2.1. Raw Materials

2.2. Synthesis of Ni₃V₂O₈ photocatalyst

2.3 Synthesis of AgI photocatalyst

2.4 Synthesis of Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI nanocomposite

2.5 Materials characterization

2.6 Photocatalytic activity test (PCA)

3. Experimental results and discussion

3.1. Structural elucidation

3.2. Morphological analysis

3.3. Optical properties

3.4. Photocatalytic degradation studies

3.5. Mechanism of Photocatalytic degradation

4. Conclusions

Declarations

References

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1

A Novel Z-Scheme Ni3V2O8/AgI Visible Light Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Experimental Part

2.1. Raw Materials

2.2. Synthesis of Ni3V2O8 photocatalyst

2.3 Synthesis of AgI photocatalyst

2.4 Synthesis of Ni3V2O8/AgI nanocomposite

2.5 Materials characterization

2.6 Photocatalytic activity test (PCA)

3. Experimental results and discussion

3.1. Structural elucidation

3.2. Morphological analysis

3.3. Optical properties

3.4. Photocatalytic degradation studies

3.5. Mechanism of Photocatalytic degradation

4. Conclusions

Declarations

References

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1

A Novel Z-Scheme Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI Visible Light Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

2.2. Synthesis of Ni₃V₂O₈ photocatalyst

2.4 Synthesis of Ni₃V₂O₈/AgI nanocomposite