Increasing grain farmers' income is essential to mobilize their enthusiasm. Based on the survey data of 2032 wheat growers in Anhui Province, China, this paper uses the Logit model, multinomial Logit model and entropy balance-OLS regression method to empirically analyze the influencing factors of wheat growers' participation in agricultural industrial organization mode and the impact of their participation in decision-making on planting income. The research found that: (1) The richer the resource endowment of wheat growers, the higher the probability of their participation in the agricultural industrial organization model. The householder's education level, training experience, family-cultivated land quality, operation scale and labour endowment are essential factors influencing the wheat growers' participation in the decision-making of industrial organization mode. (2) The participation of wheat growers in agricultural industrial organizations can significantly improve their income. In comparison, the income increase effect of industrial organizations participating in the "smallholder farmer + farmer cooperatives / agricultural enterprises" model is more obvious. (3) There are differences in the influence mechanism of wheat growers' participation in different agricultural industrial organization models on their planting income. The income growth effect of wheat growers participating in the industrial organization of "smallholder farmer + farmers cooperatives / agricultural enterprises" model mainly comes from the improvement of land productivity and market bargaining power. The income growth effect of participating in the industrial organization of "smallholder farmer + village collectives + farmers cooperatives / agricultural enterprises" model mainly comes from the improvement of market bargaining power. The policy implication is that the government should give priority to cultivating and developing the industrial organization of the "smallholder farmer + farmers cooperatives / agricultural enterprises" model in areas with rich resource endowments of farmers, and supplement the development of the "smallholder farmer + village collectives + farmers cooperatives / agricultural enterprises" model depends on different local conditions, and actively guide farmers to participate.