Expansion of Thermoelectric Effect

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3140872/v1

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Expansion of Thermoelectric Effect

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3140872/v1

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The thermoelectric effect of two metals was discovered by T. J. Seebeck, a German physicist. This research extends the thermoelectric effect of Seebeck's two metals. In this research, the thermoelectric effect of 16 materials, including soil, was tested. As a result of the test, electromotive force was generated when there was a temperature difference in all of them. Due to this electromotive force, current flows. This current creates a magnetic field (framing's left-hand rule). As no material has infinite electric resistance, an electromotive force is expected to be generated under a temperature difference in all materials. In conclusion, the thermoelectric effect generates an electromotive force. This electromotive force causes an electric current to flow, thereby generating a magnetic field. This magnetic field creates the Earth's magnetic field, Triboelectricity, Sunspots, Lightning, Earth's rotation, and the Kinetic Energy of Celestial Bodies. And it creates an ionosphere that reflects radio waves.

Physical sciences/Physics/Applied physics

Physical sciences/Physics/Astronomy and astrophysics/Astrophysical magnetic fields

Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Thermoelectric devices and materials

Thermoelectric effect

Temperature differential electromotive force

Triboelectricity

Geomagnetism

Sunspots

Earth rotation

Celestial motion

Earth electric generator

Meteorological

The thermoelectric effect of two metals was discovered by T. J. Seebeck, a German physicist [1].

In this research, the thermoelectric effect of 16 materials was tested. And the thermoelectric effect was studied.

An electromotive force (voltage) was generated in all the materials used in the experiment under a temperature difference.

As no material with infinite electric resistance exists, an electromotive force is expected to be generated under a temperature difference in all materials.

Under a temperature difference between two points of all materials, an electromotive force is generated because electric charges migrate.

This electromotive force causes an electric current to flow, thereby generating a magnetic field (Framing’s left-hand rule).

The thermoelectric effects of these materials include triboelectricity, Generation of geomagnetism [4], Generation of kinetic energy of celestial bodies [5], Causes of reverse rotating planets [6], Generation of magnetic fields in sunspots, and Generation of lightning.

Figure 1 shows the temperature difference and charge transfer state of materials.

The materials that are charged positively on the high-temperature side are de ned as “positive temperature polarity materials” and those that are charged negatively on the high-temperature side are de ned as “negative temperature polarity materials.”

For example, water and iron, are positively charged on the high-temperature side and negatively charged on the low-temperature side.

Contrarily, the negative temperature polarity materials, such as soil and ice, are negatively charged on the high-temperature side and positively charged on the low-temperature side.

At the temperature difference between the two points of the material, electric charges move, resulting in electromotive force.

This electromotive force generates an electric current and produces a magnetic field (framing's left-hand rule).

In this research, a temperature difference was generated between two points of a material such as soil and the potential difference was measured.

As a result of the experiment, negative temperature polarity materials are in table1, and positive temperature polarity materials are in table2.

When the temperature of the soil increased, as shown in Fig. 2, the voltage was gradually increased from − 46.9 mV, − 57.5 mV, − 70.6 mV, − 85.9 mV, − 93.5 mV, − 110 mV, − 126.3 mV.

This shows that an electromotive force is always generated if there is a temperature difference, even in non-metallic materials.

Figure 2 shows the voltage was measured by increasing the temperature of the soil by using an electric heater.

As a result of this experiment, negative temperature polarity materials were soil, Soil–Ice,

Soil–Stainless steel–Ice, Soil–stainless steel, Stainless steel–Ice–Stainless steel, Stone–Ice–Stainless steel, Ice, Stainless steel–Ice–stainless steel (Table 1).

Ice is a Negative temperature polarity material, and Water is a Positive temperature polarity material.

This appears to be related to Lightning and Cloud discharge phenomena.

Therefore, since Ice and Water are different, meteorological research are needed.

Figure 3 is an experiment with positive temperature polar materials {(a) Water, (b) Water (Water from melted snow), (c) Snow}.

Table 2 shows the results of the positive temperature polarity experiment.

Positive temperature polarity materials were Water, Water (Water from melted snow), Snow, Soil–Iron, Stainless steel–Water, Stone–Steam–Stainless steel, Stainless steel–Ice–Iron plate, Steam (Table 2).

Snow is a positive temperature polarity material, and ice is a negative temperature polarity material. This appears to be related to lightning and cloud discharge phenomena.

Therefore, since snow and ice are different, meteorological research are needed.

Under a temperature difference between two points of all materials, an electromotive force is generated because electric charges migrate.

This electromotive force causes current to flow.

This current creates a magnetic field.

Such a thermoelectric effect of material explains the induction of static electricity by friction (Friction electricity), the generation of geomagnetic fields [4], celestial motion [5], the reverse rotation of planet [5], the electromotive force of lightning, the release of electromotive force through spark discharge between clouds, the generation of sunspots and the relevant magnetic field, the release of electromotive force through spark discharges in volcano eruptions, the release of electromotive force through spark discharge in large fires, the generation of electromotive force through spark discharge in nuclear explosions and the formation of the ionosphere that reflects electromagnetic waves.

Materials generate an electromotive force in the presence of a temperature difference between two points. The electromotive force is not easily measured in materials having a high electric resistance where the charge transfer is minimal or in materials having almost no electric resistance, such as metals, where the positive (+) charges and the negative (−) charges are immediately offset. However, despite the difference in magnitude, all materials generate an electromotive force in the presence of a temperature difference.

The cause of triboelectricity is the temperature difference caused by friction heat.

Figure 4 compares the current theory of triboelectricity with this research.

The current theory of triboelectricity is static electricity caused by the movement of electrons owing to friction [2].

According to the results of this research, it is argued that frictional electricity is the static electricity caused by electron migration owing to temperature difference, as the temperature of the portion subject to friction is increased by the heat generated owing to the friction.

Since triboelectric generating materials have very high electrical resistance, they appear in the form of static electricity.

Therefore, it is necessary to revise school textbooks.

The temperature of the sunspot part of the sun is approximately 3000°C-4000°C, and the temperature around it is approximately 6000°C [3].

The temperature difference between the sunspot and the surrounding area is “2000°C–3000°C.”

Therefore, when a sunspot occurs, an electromotive force is generated due to the temperature difference between the sunspot and its surroundings, and with this electromotive force, a current flows and a strong magnetic field is generated.

When a sunspot occurs, a strong magnetic field is generated due to the temperature difference.
Lightning occurs when there is a large temperature difference in the atmosphere.
Static electricity of triboelectric generated by frictional heat.
Earth’s magnetic field caused by global temperature difference [4].
Spark emission owing to temperature difference during volcanic eruption.
In case of a large fire, sparks are generated owing to the temperature difference.
In case of nuclear explosion, spark discharge owing to temperature difference.

The results of this research, an electromotive force was generated under a temperature difference between two points even in non-metallic materials.

Since there is no material of which electric resistance is infinite, an electromotive force is expected to be generated in the presence of a temperature difference between two points in all materials.

It is necessary to examine whether the heat transfer of materials is related to the movement of electrons.

Ice is a Negative temperature polarity material, Water and Snow is a Positive temperature polarity material.

Also, there are few lightning strikes when it snows, but there are many lightning strikes when hail (ice) falls.

This appears to be related to Lightning and Cloud discharge phenomena.

Therefore, meteorological studies are needed.

Data availability

Data supporting the ndings of this manuscript are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request ([email protected]).

Code availability

All code for data cleaning and analysis associated with the current submission is available at https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1137728/v5

Acknowledgement: I thank the reviewers for reviewing this paper. I would like to thank my wife, Yeongsuk Lee, who helped with the temperature difference experiment, and my daughter, Jihyeon Song, who reviewed the proofreading of the thesis. As a retired Meteorological Agency, I am submitting this thesis as an individual. Therefore, we have no interest in any institution or company. The expenses are planned to be spent with personal funds.

Author Contribution: The author (Dongil Song) con rms sole responsibility for the following: study conception and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and manuscript preparation.

Competing Interest: Author declares that there are no competing interests.

Seebeck effect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect#Seebeck_effect (Accessed on 8 September 2021)
Triboelectric effect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric_effect (Accessed on 27 October 2021).
Sunspots https://www.schoolsobservatory.org/learn/astro/solsys/sun/sunspots (Accessed on 6 November 2021).
Dong-il Song, Causes of Geomagnetion, Envi Scie Res & Rev, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33140/EESRR.06.02.07, (2023)
Dong-il Song, Causes of celestial motion, Envi Scie Res & Rev, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33140/EESRR.06.02.08, (2023)
Dong-il Song, Causes of celestial motion (Causes of reverse rotating planets, p443-444), Envi Scie Res & Rev, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33140/EESRR.06.02.08, (2023)

Tables 1 to 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section

There is NO Competing Interest.

ThermoelectricTable20230705.docx

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Expansion of Thermoelectric Effect

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Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Thermoelectric effect experiment

3. Negative temperature polarity materials

4. Positive temperature polarity materials

5. Electromotive force of the thermoelectric effect

6. Triboelectricity

7. The cause of the strong magnetic field when sunspots occur

8. Evidence that a temperature difference creates an electromotive force

9. Discussion

Declarations

References

Tables

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

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