Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population according to TyG index
|
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
|
P-value
|
N
|
1180
|
1179
|
1179
|
1180
|
|
Age (years)
|
66.93 ± 9.38
|
65.30 ± 9.48
|
63.86 ± 9.16
|
61.56 ± 9.07
|
<0.001
|
Male, n (%)
|
765 (64.83)
|
588 (49.87)
|
493 (41.82)
|
500 (42.37)
|
<0.001
|
Education, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
0.001
|
< high school
|
1080 (91.53)
|
1079 (91.52)
|
1061 (89.99)
|
1030 (87.29)
|
|
≥ high school
|
100 (8.47)
|
100 (8.48)
|
118 (10.01)
|
150 (12.71)
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
21.43 ± 3.04
|
22.71 ± 3.35
|
23.85 ± 3.31
|
24.95 ± 3.23
|
<0.001
|
WC (cm)
|
77.05 ± 8.85
|
80.74 ± 9.29
|
83.69 ± 8.85
|
86.78 ± 8.43
|
<0.001
|
Physical activity, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
0.283
|
mild
|
610 (51.69)
|
625 (53.01)
|
642 (54.45)
|
651 (55.17)
|
|
moderate
|
293 (24.83)
|
258 (21.88)
|
273 (23.16)
|
275 (23.31)
|
|
vigorous
|
277 (23.47)
|
296 (25.11)
|
264 (22.39)
|
254 (21.53)
|
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
147.10 ± 20.54
|
147.45 ± 19.01
|
147.26 ± 16.91
|
147.93 ± 17.39
|
0.717
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
87.79 ± 14.53
|
88.85 ± 13.80
|
89.00 ± 10.59
|
91.05 ± 10.82
|
<0.001
|
FPG (mmol/L)
|
5.36 ± 0.60
|
5.71 ± 0.71
|
6.05 ± 0.99
|
6.93 ± 2.09
|
<0.001
|
TC (mmol/L)
|
4.58 ± 0.89
|
5.04 ± 0.93
|
5.39 ± 1.04
|
5.57 ± 1.23
|
<0.001
|
TG (mmol/L)
|
0.80 ± 0.16
|
1.21 ± 0.18
|
1.71 ± 0.30
|
3.24 ± 1.65
|
<0.001
|
SUA, ummol/L
|
407.56 ± 111.40
|
415.11 ± 117.35
|
432.64 ± 119.33
|
468.18 ± 125.63
|
<0.001
|
Serum homocysteine, μmol/L
|
18.79 ± 11.99
|
19.34 ± 12.78
|
18.24 ± 11.70
|
17.72 ± 10.27
|
0.006
|
HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.63 ± 0.43
|
1.55 ± 0.39
|
1.47 ± 0.35
|
1.34 ± 0.36
|
<0.001
|
LDL-C (mmol/L)
|
2.43 ± 0.58
|
2.82 ± 0.64
|
3.16 ± 0.75
|
3.34 ± 0.84
|
<0.001
|
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)
|
85.63 ± 19.62
|
86.00 ± 19.25
|
86.88 ± 18.28
|
87.77 ± 19.39
|
0.017
|
TyG index
|
8.11 ± 0.23
|
8.59 ± 0.11
|
8.99 ± 0.12
|
9.68 ± 0.41
|
<0.001
|
Current smoking, n (%)
|
455 (38.56)
|
322 (27.31)
|
276 (23.41)
|
294 (24.92)
|
<0.001
|
Current drinking, n (%)
|
359 (30.42)
|
291 (24.68)
|
249 (21.12)
|
282 (23.90)
|
<0.001
|
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)
|
26 (2.20)
|
37 (3.14)
|
47 (3.99)
|
122 (10.34)
|
<0.001
|
Antihypertensive drugs, n (%)
|
657 (55.68)
|
710 (60.22)
|
721 (61.15)
|
731 (61.95)
|
0.009
|
Antiplatelet drugs, n (%)
|
18 (1.53)
|
29 (2.46)
|
29 (2.46)
|
20 (1.69)
|
0.226
|
Data are the mean± SD, or number (percentage).
BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, SUA serum uric acid, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFRestimated glomerular fltration rate, TyG triglyceride glucose, ba-PWV brachial to ankle pulse wave velocity.
Table 2 The correlation between TyG index and cardiometabolic risk factors after adjusted for age and sex
|
r
|
P value
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
0.335
|
<0.001
|
WC (cm)
|
0.373
|
<0.001
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
0.030
|
0.042
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
0.055
|
<0.001
|
TC (mmol/L)
|
0.316
|
<0.001
|
HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
-0.284
|
<0.001
|
LDL-C (mmol/L)
|
0.395
|
<0.001
|
SUA (umol/L)
|
0.291
|
<0.001
|
TyG triglyceride glucose, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SUA serum uric acid.
Table 3 Association between TyG index and baPWV in different models
TyG index
|
baPWV, m/s, β (95%CI)
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Per 1 unit increase
|
0.86 (0.70, 1.02)
|
0.94 (0.78, 1.10)
|
0.97 (0.78, 1.17)
|
Quartiles
|
Q1 (≥7.15, <8.40)
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
Q2 (≥8.40, <8.78)
|
0.56 (0.28, 0.84)
|
0.57 (0.31, 0.82)
|
0.55 (0.29, 0.81)
|
Q3 (≥8.78, <9.22)
|
0.72 (0.44, 1.00)
|
0.83 (0.56, 1.09)
|
0.83 (0.54, 1.12)
|
Q4 (≥9.22, ≤11.65)
|
1.37 (1.09, 1.65)
|
1.48 (1.21, 1.76)
|
1.44 (1.11, 1.78)
|
P for trend
|
0.021
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
Model 1: adjusted age
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, WC, physical activity, current smoking, current drinking, SBP, DBP
Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, WC, physical activity, current smoking, current drinking, SBP, DBP, TC, SUA, serum homocysteine, HDL-C, LDL-C, eGFR, diabetes mellitus, antihypertensive drugs, antiplatelet drugs.
Abbreviations: TyG triglyceride glucose, ba-PWV brachial to ankle pulse wave velocity, CI confidence interval
Table 4 Association between TyG index and elevated baPWV in different models
TyG index
|
Elevated baPWV, OR (95%CI)
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Per 1 unit increase
|
1.77 (1.57, 1.99)
|
2.03 (1.76, 2.34)
|
2.03 (1.70, 2.41)
|
Quartiles
|
|
|
|
Q1 (≥7.15, <8.40)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Q2 (≥8.40, <8.78)
|
1.33 (1.08, 1.63)
|
1.46 (1.16, 1.83)
|
1.43 (1.13, 1.81)
|
Q3 (≥8.78, <9.22)
|
1.63 (1.32, 2.00)
|
1.96 (1.55, 2.49)
|
1.96 (1.51, 2.53)
|
Q4 (≥9.22, ≤11.65)
|
2.47 (2.00, 3.05)
|
3.16 (2.46, 4.05)
|
3.03 (2.26, 4.08)
|
P for trend
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
Model 1: adjusted age
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, WC, physical activity, current smoking, current drinking, SBP, DBP
Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, WC, physical activity, current smoking, current drinking, SBP, DBP, TC, SUA, serum homocysteine, HDL-C, LDL-C, eGFR, diabetes mellitus, antihypertensive drugs, antiplatelet drugs.
Abbreviations: TyG triglyceride glucose, ba-PWV brachial to ankle pulse wave velocity, CI confidence interval