Technoeconomic energy system data for modeling of India and the GCC countries

India has seen rapid increases in GDP, energy access, and population in recent decades, more than doubling its overall energy consumption since 2000. Meanwhile, India produces approximately 70% of its electricity from coal. With electricity demand only projected to grow in the coming years, the Government of India has pledged to install 450 GW of renewable energy by 2030. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries[1], meanwhile, have comparatively small populations with excellent renewable energy resources, particularly solar. The ability to trade power between these two regions could potentially provide India with a highly reliable carbon-free power source. At the same time, it can motivate the shift to low carbon economy in the GCC and add a new market for its solar power. The provided data in this article relate to the current makeup of the energy systems of both regions, renewable resource potentials, and projections of future demand. The data have been compiled from numerous sources, mainly government and international agencies.

planned generation and transmission capacity, renewable resource potentials, relevant costs, current and projected power demand, and other techno-economic parameters. Most datasets for India are region-speci c. The regions used are according to regional power grids, as shown in Figure 1.
For the GCC countries, the data are on the national level except for Saudi Arabia which is split into four regions (R1: Central region, R2: Eastern region, R3: Southern Region and R4: Western Region). These four regions re ect the structure of the electricity system in Saudi Arabia and Saudi Electricity Company's (SEC's) classi cation as shown in Figure 2. Table 1. Description of datasets provided in the article Title Description Table 2 Installed non-renewable generation capacity in India Table 3 Renewable installed capacities in India by state and region Table 4 GCC installed capacity by fuel type Table 5 GCC installed capacity by technology Table 6 Planned coal generation capacity in India to 2025 Table 7 India planned nuclear generation capacity to 2025 Table 8 Planned nuclear power capacities in UAE and Saudi Arabia Table 9 Renewable energy targets in GCC countries Table 10 Estimated renewable resource potential in India by state and region Table 11 Inter-regional transmission links in India Table 12 Transmission capacity in India   Table 13 GCC interconnector capacity per country Table 14 Annual electricity demand projection for India Table 15 Annual electricity demand projection for GCC countries Table 16 Capital cost of new transmission in India Table 17 Availability factors Table 18 Hydropower capacity factors in India Power generation Non-renewable capacity in India Table 2 displays non-renewable power generation capacity by region as of September 30, 2020 from [3]. Large hydro refers to hydropower plants greater than 25 MW. The data do not include captive capacity.  Table 3 displays installed renewable capacity in India as of December 31, 2019 (except biomass), according to [4]. Biomass capacities are as of October 31, 2020 according to [5]. Biomass includes independent power plants, bagasse cogeneration, and non-bagasse cogeneration. Small hydro includes hydropower plants below 25 MW.

GCC installed capacity
The power installed capacity data were obtained from [6] and calibrated with data from o cial agencies in each country for the base modeling year 2015 [7]- [9]. Table 4 shows a summary of installed capacity, while Table 5 elaborates on these gures, breaking them down by technology and, in the case of Saudi Arabia, by region. Planned capacity Table 6 shows new coal power plant capacity in India expected to go online in each region by 2025 according to [10]- [32].
Due to data gaps, some expected years of commissioning have been assumed. In these cases, which have been marked with an asterisk in Table 6, planned capacity can be considered to be allocated to a speci c year. Total values of planned capacity to 2025 remain accurate (i.e. without regard to commissioning year).  Table 7 displays all planned nuclear capacity to 2025, according to [33]- [37]. Each value is a capacity addition in the given year and region.   Table 8 displays all planned nuclear capacity in the GCC with annual additions to 2025, according to [38], [39].    Transmission Table 11 displays transmission capacity between India's regional grids as reported by the National Electricity Plan (NEP), 2017-2022 [42]. Installed transmission capacity for all of India was obtained from India's NEP [42]. Regional transmission capacities listed below have been inferred based on the proportion of installed generation capacity in each region, and should be used for reference purposes only [3]. Country-level data remain accurate. Kuwait -GCC [2] 1200 KSA -GCC 1200

UAE -GCC 900
Oman -UAE 400 Qatar -GCC 750 Bahrain -GCC 600 Demand Table 14 shows an annual demand projection for India and each region, with the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for All-India in each year. Year All-India [3] Eastern The electricity demand projections are based on the historical growth in demand in each of the GCC countries obtained from o cial reports [7]- [9], [49]- [57]. Further explanation of the approach is given in the 'Experimental Design, Material and Methods' section of the report.   Open cycle gas-red power plant 0.92 [59] Combined cycle gas-red power plant 0.92 [59] Diesel generator 0.92 [60] Nuclear power plant 0.95 [61] Pumped storage hydropower plant 0.98 [62] Small hydropower plant (SHP) 0.98 [62] Biomass cogeneration power plant 0.93 [63] Geothermal 0.9 [64] Waste to Energy 0.62 [65]  Oman is connected to GCCIA through the UAE grid. Non-renewable power generation capacity by region ( Table 2) was obtained from CEA [3]. Large hydropower is not considered among renewable capacity, while small hydropower is considered renewable. Renewable capacities (Table 3) were obtained from MNRE [4] and aggregated by region. Installed and planned transmission capacities (Tables 11 and 12) were obtained from the MoP National Electricity Plan (NEP), Volume II Transmission [42]. Renewable resource potentials were obtained from MOSPI Energy Statistics 2020 [41] and aggregated by region.
Capital cost of transmission in India ( The electricity demand projection for India in Table 14 was developed considering the effect of COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020. Historical demand data to 2019 was obtained from CEA [48]. The framework for the projection was obtained from CEA's Long Term Electricity Demand Forecasting Report Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) [45], with adjustments being made to re ect the effects of the pandemic. Using the relationship between GDP growth and demand growth from PAM as a reference, a 5% year-on-year (YoY) decrease in demand was assumed for 2020 based on an estimated 7.7% drop in GDP [46]. In 2021, the IMF predicts India's GDP to jump 11.5%, and 6.8% in 2022 [47]. Demand increases of 5.3% and 4.6% have been assumed for 2021 and 2022, respectively. Thereafter, the projection uses Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) of 5.1% to 2026 and 4.66% to 2036, according to the PAM's Business As Usual scenario with 7.3% annual GDP growth. From 2037-2050 the CAGR is assumed to decrease slightly to 4.5% due to continued decoupling of GDP from energy use.
To determine the demand by region, the All-India projection described above was split according to the regional proportions of total demand projected in the PAM. Because the PAM only includes years 2016-2036, year 2015 uses the regional breakdown ratio for 2016, and years 2037-2050 use the ratio for 2036.
Data for the GCC energy system were collected mainly from the utilities and institutes in each country as well as the publicly available datasets such as PLATTS database [6]. The latest reports by the GCC government agencies were also revised. To name a few examples: the ministry of energy in Saudi Arabia (moenergy.gov.sa), the ministry of energy and Infrastructure in the UAE (moei.ae), Oman Power and Water Procurement Company (omanpwp.om), Qatar General Electricity and Water Corporation "KAHRAMAA" (km.qa).
The residual capacities in each GCC country were compiled using the PLATTS database then calibrated with the data from local ministry and/or electricity utility in each country (Table 4 and Table 5). The power infrastructure in the GCC consists mainly of thermal power plants since the contribution of renewables is still insigni cant in the GCC. However, each country has its own sustainability roadmap which in some cases (i.e UAE) is translated into speci c capacity targets of renewable installations in the coming years ( Table 9).
The techno-economic characteristics of the power plants were based on the average values obtained from four subregions in Saudi Arabia [67]. This dataset was complemented by data from international sources such as IEA-ETSAP. The same values were assumed for the other GCC countries since no country-speci c data could be found from publicly available sources.
The data for the existing GCC interconnector were obtained from the GCC Interconnection Authority [6], [7]. This includes mainly the transmission capacity in each interconnector as shown in Table 13.
The electricity demand projections for the GCC countries were developed based on historical demand data and future projections obtained from local utilities in the six countries. For example in the case of the UAE, the historical data obtained from the Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure shows an average annual growth of electricity demand by 6% from 2008-2017 [8]. A moderate or a conservative growth of electricity demand was assumed for the period of 2018 -2050 at 3%. Which is half the historical growth and it is close to the growth rate assumed by Abu Dhabi utility. According to Oman's power utility (OPWP), the average annual growth in electricity demand was at a rate of 8% during 2011-2017 reaching a level of 125 PJ in 2017 [55], [68]. An annual average growth of 4% assumed for the period 2018-2050. A similar approach was followed for the other countries (Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar). For the case of KSA, electricity demand projections were segregated by the four regions to match the existing power infrastructure. The electricity demand for the period 2019-2030 was based on the projections developed in the study [67] then extrapolated for the other years. Declarations