HSP22 (HSPB8) positively regulates PGF2α-induced synthesis of interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor in osteoblasts

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-32089/v1

Download PDF

Research article

HSP22 (HSPB8) positively regulates PGF2α-induced synthesis of interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor in osteoblasts

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-32089/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Journal Publication

published 21 Jan, 2021

Read the published version in Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research →

You are reading this older preprint version

Read the latest preprint version →

Background: Heat shock protein 22 (HSP22) belongs to class I of the small HSP family that displays ubiquitously expression including in osteoblasts. We previously demonstrated that prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), a potent bone remodeling factor, induces the synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and p38 MAP kinase in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In the present study, we investigated whether HSP22 is implicated in the PGF2α-induced synthesis of IL-6 and VEGF, and the mechanism in MC3T3-E1 cells.

Methods: MC3T3-E1 cells were transfected with HSP22-siRNA. IL-6 and VEGF release was assessed by ELISA. Phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase was detected by Western blotting.

Results: The PGF2α-induced release of IL-6 in HSP22 knockdown cells was significantly suppressed compared with that in the control cells. HSP22 knockdown also reduced the VEGF release by PGF2α. Phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase was attenuated by HSP22 down-regulation.

Conclusions: Our results strongly suggest that HSP22 acts as a positive regulator in the PGF2α-induced synthesis of IL-6 and VEGF in osteoblasts.

Orthopedics

Orthopedic Surgery

HSP22

PGF2a

IL-6

VEGF

Osteoblast

Bone tissue is continuously remodeled to maintain bone homeostasis through bone remodeling, and the bone metabolism is tightly coordinated by two types of functional cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts [1]. The former cells contribute to bone resorption, whereas the latter cells are responsible for bone formation. The process of bone remodeling is initiated with the osteoclastic resorption of old bone, and osteoblasts subsequently migrate into the resorption lacuna, leading to the formation of new bone [2]. Various bone remodeling factors including cytokines and growth factors regulate the bone metabolism [3]. It is well recognized that interleukin–6 (IL–6), a proinflammatory cytokine, is a potent bone resorptive agent, which stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption in bone metabolism [4]. On the other hand, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells as a specific mitogen [5]. Evidence is accumulating that the microvasculature provided by capillary endothelial cells is essential for bone remodeling [6]. Thus, it is currently recognized that the functions of osteoclasts, osteoblasts and capillary endothelial cells are strictly coordinated by one another, and the three types of cells cooperatively drive bone metabolism. In our previous studies [7,8], we have shown that prostaglandin F2 (PGF2), a potent bone remodeling mediator [9], induces the synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Regarding the intracellular signaling of PGF2, we demonstrated that p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and p38 MAP kinase are involved in the synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF in these cells [8,10–12]

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) recognized as molecular chaperones, are induced in the cells in response to environmental stresses including heat and oxidation [13]. It is generally established that HSPs act as key regulators of proteostasis under the stress conditions [13]. The HSP family is classified into seven groups, namely HSPA (HSP70), HSPB, HSPC (HSP90), HSPD/E (HSP60/HSP10), HSPH (HSP110), DNAJ (HSP40) and CCT (TRiC) [13,14]. Among seven groups, HSPBs are known as small molecular weight HSPs with molecular mass in the range of 12–43 kDa, and ten small HSP have been identified [13]. Accumulating evidence indicates that the small HSP family is classified into class I (ubiquitous expression) and class II (tissue-restricted expression) [13,15]. Thus, it is currently recognized that ubiquitously expressed small HSPs are involved in various cellular processes such as vasoconstriction and cancer in addition to protein folding [13].

HSP22 (HSPB8) that belongs to class I, is expressed abundantly in muscle, heart and brain [16–18]. With regard to HSP22 in diseases, it has been reported that neuromuscular diseases including distal hereditary motor neuropathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease are caused by the dysfunction of HSP22 [19,20]. Additionally, HSP22 reportedly regulates the progression of cancer such as glioblastoma, melanoma and breast cancer [21,22]. As for HSP22 in osteoblasts, we have previously demonstrated that HSP22 exists in quiescent osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells and plays a limiting role in the cell migration stimulated by transforming growth factor-β [23]. In our recent study, we have shown that downregulation of HSP22 reduces tumor necrosis factor—stimulated IL–6 synthesis [24]. However, the exact roles of HSP22 in osteoblasts remain to be clarified.

In this study, we investigated whether HSP22 is involved in the PGF2-induced synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. We herein demonstrate that HSP22 acts as a positive regulator in the synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF through p44/p42 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase in these cells.

Materials

PGF2 was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The ELISA kits for mouse IL–6 and mouse VEGF were purchased from R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Phospho-specific p44/p42 MAP kinase antibodies, p44/p42 MAP kinase antibodies, phospho-specific p38 MAP kinase antibodies and p38 MAP kinase antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). Glyceraldehyde–3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). An ECL Western blotting detection system was obtained from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Buckinghamshire, UK). Negative control-small interfering RNA (siRNA) (Silencer Negative Control #1 siRNA (Neg)) and HSP22-siRNA (s206904 (#1) and s96094 (#2)) were purchased from Ambion (Austin, TX, USA). Other materials and chemicals were obtained from commercial sources.

Cell culture

Cloned osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells which had been derived from newborn mouse calvaria [25] were maintained as described previously [7]. In brief, the MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in -minimum-essential medium (-MEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were seeded into 35-mm diameter dishes or 90-mm diameter dishes in 10% FBS, and incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂/95% air for 48 h.

siRNA transfection

In order to knockdown HSP22 in MC3T3-E1 cells, the cells were transfected with HSP22-siRNA (#1 and #2) or negative control siRNA (Neg) utilizing siLentFect Lipid Reagent (Bio Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The cells were incubated with 50 nM siRNA (Neg, #1 or #2)-siLentFect complexes for 24 h at 37°C. The medium was then exchanged to -MEM containing 0.3% FBS before experiments.

Assay for IL–6 or VEGF

The siRNA transfected MC3T3-E1 cells were stimulated by 10 M of PGF2 or vehicle in 1 ml of -MEM containing 0.3% FBS. The conditioned medium was collected after 48 h, and the concentration of IL–6 or VEGF was measured using the mouse ELISA kit for IL–6 or VEGF, respectively, according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The levels of IL–6 or VEGF were adjusted for the total protein levels of whole-cell lysates.

Western blotting

The MC3T3-E1 cells transfected with siRNA were stimulated by 10 M of PGF2 or vehicle in 1 ml of -MEM containing 0.3% FBS for the indicated periods. The cells were then washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline, and then lysed, homogenized and sonicated in a lysis buffer containing 62.5 mM Tris/HCl, pH 6.8, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 50 mM dithiothreitol and 10% glycerol. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was performed by the method of Laemmli [26] in 10% polyacrylamide gels. The protein was fractionated and transferred onto an Immun-Blot polyvinyl difluoride sheet (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The sheets were blocked with 5% fat-free dry milk in Tris-buffered saline-Tween (TBS-T; 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 137 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20) for 1 h before incubation with primary antibodies. Western blot analysis was performed as described previously [27] using phospho-specific p44/p42 MAP kinase antibodies, p44/p42 MAP kinase antibodies, phospho-specific p38 MAP kinase antibodies, p38 MAP kinase antibodies or GAPDH antibodies as primary antibodies with peroxidase-labeled antibodies raised in goat against rabbit IgG used as secondary antibodies. The primary and secondary antibodies were diluted at optimal concentrations with 5% fat-free dry milk in TBS-T. The peroxidase activity on the sheet was visualized on X-ray film using an ECL Western blotting detection system as described in the manufacturer’s protocol. The densitometric analysis was performed using a scanner and image analysis software package (image J version 1.48; NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). The background-subtracted signal intensity of each phosphorylation signal was normalized to the GAPDH signal.

Determination

Concentrations of protein in soluble extracts were estimated with a protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA).

Statistical Analysis

The data were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni method for multiple comparisons between pairs. The values of p < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Each data are presented as the mean ± S. E. M. of triplicate determinations from three independent cell preparations.

Effect of PGF2-on the IL–6 release in HSP22-knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells

In our previous study, we have shown that PGF2 induces the IL–6 synthesis in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells [7]. In order to investigate whether or not HSP22 is implicated in the IL–6 synthesis by PGF2 in these cells, we examined the effect of HSP22-knockdown on the PGF2-elicited IL–6 release. We have already found that HSP22 was truly expressed in quiescent MC3T3-E1 cells, and the protein levels were markedly suppressed by the transfection of HSP22-siRNA (#1 and #2) [23]. The PGF2-elicited IL–6 release was significantly reduced in the HSP22-siRNA (#1 and #2) transfected MC3T3-E1 cells compared with that in the control cells (Fig. 1).

Effect of PGF2-on the VEGF release in HSP22-knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells

We have demonstrated that PGF2 stimulates the synthesis of VEGF in addition to IL–6 in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells [8]. To clarify the involvement of HSP22 in the PGF2-elicited VEGF synthesis, we examined the effect of PGF2 on the VEGF release in the HSP22-knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. The levels of PGF2α-elicited VEGF release from the cells transfected with HSP22-siRNA (#1 and #2) were significantly lower than that from the control cells (Fig. 2).

PGF2-stimulated phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase or p38 MAP kinase in HSP22-knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells

We have previously shown that p44/p42 MAP kinase positively regulate the PGF2-elicited synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells [8,10]. Therefore, to investigate whether or not HSP22 affects the PGF2-induced activation of p44/p42 MAP kinase in these cells, we examined the effect of HSP22 knockdown on the phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase by PGF2. The PGF2-induced levels of phosphorylated p44/p42 MAP kinase in the HSP22-siRNA (#1 and #2) transfected cells were markedly decreased compared with those in the control cells (Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B).

With regard to the intracellular signaling of PGF2α in osteoblasts, we have reported that p38 MAP kinase in addition to p44/p42 MAP kinase plays as a positive regulator in the synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF in MC3T3-E1 cells [11,12]. We further examined the effect of PGF2α on the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase in the HSP22-knockdown cells. The HSP22-siRNA (#1 and #2) transfection remarkably reduced the PGF2α-stimulated levels of phosphorylated p38 MAP kinase compared with those on the control cells (Fig. 4A and Fig. 4B).

In the present study, we showed that the PGF2-stimulated release of IL–6 and VEGF was reduced by HSP22-knockdown in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. We have previously demonstrated that PGF2 induces the expression of IL–6 mRNA [28] and VEGF mRNA [8] in these cells. In addition, we have confirmed that the transfection of HSP22-siRNA downregulates the expression levels of HSP22 protein in MC3T3-E1 cells [23]. Based on these results, it seems likely that HSP22 positively regulates the PGF2-induced synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF in MC3T3-E1 cells. As for the intracellular signaling of PGF2 in osteoblasts, we have reported that PGF2 stimulates the synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF through the activation of p44/p42 MAP kinase in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells [8,10]. We showed herein that the level of phosphorylated p44/p42 MAP kinase induced by PGF2 was markedly attenuated in the HSP22-knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. Thus, it seems likely that HSP22 is involved in the activation of PGF2-induced p44/p42 MAP kinase in MC3T3-E1 cells. Additionally, we have reported that p38 MAP kinase acts as a positive regulator not only in the IL–6 synthesis by PGF2 but also in the VEGF synthesis in MC3T3-E1 cells [11,12]. The HSP22 knockdown remarkably downregulated the PGF2-stimulated level of phosphorylated p38 MAP kinase. Thus, these results suggest that HSP22 positively regulates the PGF2-induced activation of p44/4p2 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase. Taking our findings into account as a whole, it is most likely that HSP22 functions at a point upstream of p44/p42 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells, resulting in the regulation of PGF2-stimulated synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF. The possible mechanism of HSP22 in PGF2-induced synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF in osteoblasts shown here is summarized as Fig. 5.

In bone metabolism, IL–6 has been considered as a potent bone resorptive agent, which stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption [4]. On the other hand, accumulating current evidence indicates that IL–6 acts as an osteotropic factor under the condition of increased bone turnover in addition to the effect on bone resorption [29]. It is generally recognized that proinflammatory cytokines including IL–6 play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of bone metabolic diseases including osteoporosis [30]. In the patients with rheumatoid arthritis, IL–6 causes chronic inflammation and bone loss [4]. It has been reported that HSP22 is abundantly expressed in synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis [31]. We have found that HSP22 exists in the unstimulated osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells [23]. In the present study, we showed that HSP22 plays as a positive regulator in the PGF2-induced synthesis of IL–6. Furthermore, we recently reported that tumor necrosis factor—stimulated synthesis of IL–6 is suppressed by HSP22 knockdown in MC3T3-E1 cells [24]. Taking these findings into account, it is most likely that HSP22 affects the IL–6 production in osteoblast and the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, HSP22 inactivation in osteoblasts could suppress the loss of bone mass through the reduction of IL–6 synthesis. On the other hand, VEGF is a potent angiogenic factor which induces proliferation of endothelial cells [5]. It is currently recognized that the microvasculature provided by capillary endothelial cells is indispensable for bone remodeling [32]. In the present study, we demonstrated that HSP22 could positively regulate the PGF2-stimulated synthesis of VEGF in osteoblasts. Based on these findings, it seems that HSP22 activity in osteoblasts might modulate the microvasculature through VEGF, resulting in the regulation of bone metabolism. Further investigations are required to clarify the exact roles of HSP22 in bone metabolism. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that HSP22 acts as a positive regulator in the PGF2-induced synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF through p44/p42 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase in osteoblasts.

In conclusion, we are the first to demonstrate that HSP22 (HSPB8) positively regulates PGF2-induced synthesis of IL–6 and VEGF through p44/p42 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase pathways in osteoblasts. Our study showing that HSP22 could function as a stimulator of the PGF2-stimulated IL–6 and VEGF synthesis in osteoblasts, probably provides a novel insight with regard to HSP22 as an essential regulator of bone remodeling.

HSP22: Heat shock protein 22; PGF2: Prostaglandin F2; IL–6: Interleukin–6; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; MAP: Mitogen-activated protein; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde–3-phosphate dehydrogenase; -MEM: -minimum-essential medium; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate; TBS-T: Tris-buffered saline-Tween.

Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to Mrs. Yumiko Kurokawa for her skillful technical assistance.

Authors’ contributions

G. K., O. K., and H. T. designed the experiments. G. S., N. Y., K. F., T. K., R. M., performed experiments and analyzed data. G. K. and O. K. drafted the manuscript. T. O. and H. T. critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final submitted manuscript.

Funding

The present study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (26462289, 15K10487, 17K11002) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, and the Research Funding for Longevity Sciences (28–9, 29–12, 30–1) from National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Japan.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest with the contents of this paper.

Karsenty G, Oury F. Biology without walls: the novel endocrinology of bone. Annu Rev Physiol 2012;74:87–105.
Sims NA, Gooi JH. Bone remodeling: Multiple cellular interactions required for coupling of bone formation and resorption. Semin. Cell. Dev Biol 2008;19:444–51.
Parfitt AM. Targeted and nontargeted bone remodeling: relationship to basic multicellular unit origination and progression. Bone 2002;30:5–7.
Kwan TS, Padrines M, Théoleyre S, et al. IL–6, RANKL, TNF-alpha/IL–1: interrelations in bone resorption pathophysiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004;15:49–60.
Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev 2004;25:581–611.
Brandi ML, Collin-Osdoby P. Vascular biology and the skeleton. J Bone Miner Res 2006;21:183–92.
Kozawa O, Suzuki A, Tokuda H, et al. Prostaglandin F2 stimulates interleukin–6 via activation of PKC in osteoblast-like cells. Am J Physiol 1997;272:E208-E211.
Tokuda H, Harada A, Hirade K, et al. Incadronate amplifies prostaglandin F2-induced vascular endothelial growth factor in osteoblasts: enhancement of MAP kinase activity. J Biol Chem 2003;278:18930–7.
Agas D, Marchetti L, Hurley MM, et al. Prostaglandin F2: a bone remodeling mediator. J Cell Physiol 2013;228:25–9.
Tokuda H, Kozawa O, Harada A, et al. p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is involved in prostaglandin F2-induced interleukin–6 synthesis in osteoblasts. Cell Signal 1999;11:325–30.
Minamitani C, Otsuka T, Takai S, et al. Involvement of Rho-kinase in prostaglandin F2-stimulated interleukin–6 synthesis via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in osteoblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008;291:27–32.
Tokuda H, Takai S, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, et al. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate enhances prostaglandin F2-induced VEGF synthesis via up-regulating SAPK/JNK activation in osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2007;100:1146–53.
Mymrikov EV, Seit-Nebi AS, Gusev NB. Large potentials of small heat shock proteins. Physiol Rev 2011;91:1123–59.
Kampinga HH, Hageman J, Vos MJ, et al. Guidelines for the nomenclature of the human heat shock proteins. Cell Stress Chaperones 2009;14:105–11.
Taylor RP, Benjamin IJ. Small heat shock proteins: a new classification scheme in mammals. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005;38:433–44.
Smith CC, Yu YX, Kulka M, et al. A novel human gene similar to the protein kinase (PK) coding domain of the large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10) codes for a serine-threonine PK and is expressed in melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2000;275:25690–9.
Benndorf R, Sun X, Gilmont RR, et al. HSP22, a new member of the small heat shock protein superfamily, interacts with mimic of phosphorylated HSP27 (3DHSP27). J Biol Chem 2001;276:26753–61.
Gober MD, Smith CC, Ueda K, et al. Forced expression of the H11 heat shock protein can be regulated by DNA methylation and trigger apoptosis in human cells. J Biol Chem 2003;278:37600–9.
Irobi J, Van Impe K, Seeman P, et al. Hot-spot residue in small heat-shock protein 22 causes distal motor neuropathy. Nat Genet 2004;36:597–601.
Tang BS, Zhao GH, Luo W, et al. Small heat-shock protein 22 mutated in autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2L. Hum Genet 2005;116:222–4.
MacLeod MC, Aldaz CM. Effects of estrogen on global gene expression: identification of novel targets of estrogen action. Cancer Res 2000;60:5977–83.
Modem S, Chinnakannu K, Bai U, et al. Hsp22 (HspB8/H11) knockdown induces Sam68 expression and stimulates proliferation of glioblastoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2011;226:2747–51.
Yamamoto N, Tokuda H, Kuroyanagi G, et al. Heat shock protein 22 (HSPB8) limits TGF—stimulated migration of osteoblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016;436:1–9.
Sakai G, Tokuda H, Yamamoto N, et al. Association of HSP22 with mTOR in osteoblasts: regulation of TNF—stimulated IL–6 synthesis. FEBS Lett 2018;592: 1202–1210.
Sudo H, Kodama HA, Amagai Y, et al. In vitro differentiation and calcification in a new clonal osteogenic cell line derived from newborn mouse calvaria. J Cell Biol 1983;96:191–8.
Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 1970;227:0–685.
Kato K, Ito H, Hasegawa K, et al. Modulation of the stress-induced synthesis of hsp27 and B-crystallin by cyclic AMP in C6 rat glioma cells. J Neurochem 1996;66:946–50.
Kondo A, Otsuka T, Kato K, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase inhibitor decreases prostaglandin F2-stimulated interleukin–6 synthesis through p38 MAP kinase in osteoblasts. Int J Mol Med 2012;30:1487–92.
Franchimont N, Wertz S, Malaise M. Interleukin–6. An osteotropic factor influencing bone formation? Bone 2005;37:601–6.
Mundy GR. Osteoporosis and inflammation. Nutr Rev 2007;65:S147-S151.
Roelofs MF, Boelens WC, Joosten LA, et al. Identification of small heat shock protein B8 (HSP22) as a novel TLR4 ligand and potential involvement in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 2006;176:7021–7.
Hu K, Olsen BR. The roles of vascular endothelial growth factor in bone repair and regeneration. Bone 2016;91:30–8.

Download PDF

Journal Publication

published 21 Jan, 2021

Read the published version in Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research →

Editorial decision: Major revision
02 Nov, 2020
Review #3 received at journal
27 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #4 agreed at journal
14 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed at journal
13 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed at journal
12 Oct, 2020
Review #2 received at journal
12 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received at journal
11 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed at journal
03 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited by journal
05 Jun, 2020
Editor assigned by journal
04 Jun, 2020
Editor invited by journal
03 Jun, 2020
Submission checks completed at journal
28 May, 2020
First submitted to journal
26 May, 2020

You are reading this older preprint version

Read the latest preprint version →

HSP22 (HSPB8) positively regulates PGF2α-induced synthesis of interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor in osteoblasts

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1