Predatory efficacy of three predatory mites against Megalurothrips usitatus

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3211355/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Predatory efficacy of three predatory mites against Megalurothrips usitatus

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3211355/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Megalurothrips usitatus is a major insect pest of leguminous crops in southern China which causes great economic losses every year. Predatory mites are well known insect natural enemies which have been applied to control different insect pests including thrips species. The functional response and intraspecific interference of one native predatory mite species (Lasioseius youcefi) and two exotic species (Neoseiulus californicus, and Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans) feeding on first instar nymph of M. usitatus were examined under laboratory conditions to identify the control potential of above-mentioned mite species. The results showed that the functional responses of the three predatory mites against M. usitatus fitted to Holling-Ⅱ equation. The extent of predation gradually stabilized with increasing prey densities. L. youcefi was the strongest predator with highest searching efficiency whereas A. cucumeris was the weakest. At fixed M. usitatus density, the average predation of all mite species decreased gradually with the increase of their density showing an intraspecific interference. The findings of our study confirmed that native species of L. youcefi has certain advantages and higher control potential over other predatory mites for M. usitatus management.

Megalurothrips usitatus

Neoseiulus californicus

Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans

functional response

intraspecific interference

Cowpea is an important cash crop in tropical and subtropical regions of China (mainly cultivated in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, and Yunnan) with a total planting area of more than 670000 hm² and an annual output of about 1.5 million tons (Huan et al. 2015; Huan et al. 2016). Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a main pest of cowpea which attacks the leaves, flowers, and pods of cowpea (Mound et al. 1987; Tang et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2020). At present, the control measures of M. usitatus mainly rely on chemical pesticides. However, due to the characteristics of small size, cryptic nature, short development time, strong reproduction, high pupation rate, and strong migration ability of thrips, pesticides are unable to control this pest (Kumar et al. 2002; Cuthbertson et al. 2012). Overuse of chemicals has also led to harmful risks of pesticide resistance and residues (Cuthbertson et al. 2005; Cubillos-Salamanca et al. 2020). Therefore, search for effective natural enemies of M. usitatus and accelerating the research and development of organic control technologies, such as biological control, will have a profound impact on ensuring the quality and safety of cowpea and the healthy development of the agricultural industry.

Predatory mites have been used as an alternative biological control agent against several mites and small insect pests in fruits, vegetables, and other crop species worldwide in recent years (Juan-Blasco et al. 2012; Wu et al. 2017). Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) have been found on a variety of crops and deciduous trees in Europe, America, Asia, and other continents (Schausberger et al. 2000), which can effectively control pests such as spider mite and thrips on crops such as corn and grape (Zhang et al. 2012; Qin et al. 2013; Jiang et al. 2015). Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has the characteristics of a broad prey range and low environmental impact (La et al. 2009). It has been used to control thrips and mites on vegetables, fruits, and flowers in Europe and America (Nyasani et al. 2015; Cheng et al. 2013). Lasioseius youcefi (Acari: Ascidae) is a predatory mite species distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, and Jiangxi Province of China (Liu K. 2022). Lasioseius sp. has been found to exhibit predation control on various pest mites, including bulb mites, bran mites and spider mites, root-knot nematode and insect pests (mealybug larvae, housefly (Musca domestica) eggs, mycetophilids nymphs) (Tjying IS 1971; Tseng YH 1978; Lawson-Balagbo et al. 2008; Abou-Awad et al. 2001; Enkegaard et al. 2000). However, its predation and control effect on thrips remains unreported.

Functional responses are important parameters for assessing predator predation rates and the ability of predators to control pest populations (Skalski et al. 2001; Song et al. 2016; De Sousa Neto et al. 2019). It can be used to predict the potential mechanism of predator-prey interaction behavior to improve the potential of predators to control prey (Delong et al. 2022). Intraspecific interference can indicate the response of predators to the presence of other conspecific individuals within a certain spatial range, and the intensity of intraspecific interference is often used as an indicator (Fathipour et al. 2020). Although Neoseiulus californicus, and Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans are now commercially available and widely used (Gotoh et al. 2006; Ghazy et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2001), there is no report on the control of M. usitatus by these two predator mites. In this study, we evaluated the predation potential of two commercial predator mites and one native predator mite to M. usitatus using functional responses and conducted intraspecies interference experiments to provide the theoretical basis for the control of M. usitatus using predator mites and the biological control of local effective natural enemies.

2.1 Colony of predatory mites and preys

The laboratory population of L. youcefi and M. usitatus used in this study were all obtained from Engineering Research Centre of Biological Control, South China Agricultural University. The N. californicus, and A. cucumeris were purchased from Hangzhou Guoyou Ecological Environment Technology Co., Ltd. The cultures were maintained at the laboratory conditions (26 ± 1℃; 60% ± 5% RH; and L: D = 16 h: 8 h).

2.2 Functional response

First instar M. usitatus nymphs was transferred into the rearing cells (3.5cm × 2.5cm × 0.5cm rectangular plexiglass, with holes of 1cm in diameter in the middle, and sealed with 2cm × 1.5cm × 0.1cm glass pieces at the top and bottom, overlay rectangular filter paper and fresh cowpea leaves between the lower plate and the middle plate) with five densities (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 individuals). Then, 1 newly emerged female of mites starved for 24 h was individually transferred into the cell that contained preys. Each treatment contained 5 replicates. The tests were conducted for a 24 h period. The number of first instar nymphs consumed was examined under a stereomicroscope (Stemi 508, Carl Zeiss SuZhou Co., Ltd.).

2.3 Intraspecific interference

First instar M. usitatus nymphs (15 individuals) were placed in the rearing cells, and then the newly emerged female adult mites starved for 24 h was individually transferred into the cell with five densities (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 individuals), the number of first instar M. usitatus nymphs consumed was recorded after 24h. Set 3 repetitions for each treatment. All of the tests were carried out at 26 ± 1℃; 60% ± 5% R.H.; L:D = 16h: 8h in an artificial climate chamber (RXZ-500D, Ningbo Jiangnan Instrument Factory).

2.4 Statistical analysis

A logistic regression analysis of the proportion of prey consumed as a function of initial prey density was used to determine the type of functional response of three species of predatory mites to first instar nymph of prey M. usitatus (Juliano SA 2001):

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{{N}_{a}}{{N}_{0}}=\frac{{exp}\left({P}_{0}+{P}_{1}{N}_{0}{+P}_{2}{{N}_{0}}^{2}+{P}_{3}{{N}_{0}}^{3} \right)}{1+{exp}\left({P}_{0}+{P}_{1}{N}_{0}{+P}_{2}{{N}_{0}}^{2}+{P}_{3}{{N}_{0}}^{3}\right)}\left(1\right)\end{array}$$

Where N₀ is the initial number of prey and N_a is the number of preys consumed, the four parameters P₀, P₁, P_2, and P₃ are the maximum-likelihood estimates of the intercept, linear, quadratic, and cubic coefficients, respectively. The type of functional response was determined by the parameter values P₁ and P₂. If P₁ = 0, the predator's predation increases linearly with the increase of prey density, which belongs to the Holling-I type. If P₁ < 0, and the amount of predator predation increases with the increase of prey density and then reaches a stable state, which belongs to the Holling-Ⅱ type. If P₁ > 0, the predation amount of the predator fluctuates in the shape of "S" with the prey density, which belongs to the Holling-ⅡI type (Juliano et al. 2001; Li et al. 2006).

Further analysis was performed by carrying out non-least-squares regression to estimate the attack rate (a) and handling time (T_h) when the predator displayed a type Ⅱ functional response. The Holling disk model was used to establish the model equation of the relationship between the prey consumed N_a and the initial prey density N₀ (Holling CS 1965):

$$\begin{array}{c}{N}_{a}=\frac{aT{N}_{0}}{1+a{T}_{h}{N}_{0}}\left(2\right)\end{array}$$

Where a is the attack rate; T is the total time of prey processing by the predator (1 d). T_h is the time it takes to find and hunt prey.

Searching efficiency equation (S):

$$\begin{array}{c}S=\frac{a}{1+a{T}_{h}{N}_{0}}\left(3\right)\end{array}$$

The results of the intraspecific interference experiment were analyzed by following (Hassell et al. 1969; Liu et al. 2018):

$$\begin{array}{c}E=\frac{{N}_{a}}{NP}\left(4\right)\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{c}I=\frac{{E}_{I}{-E}_{P}}{{E}_{I}}\left(5\right)\end{array}$$

Where E is the predation rate, P is the density of predators, N_a is the number of preys killed by predators and N is the density of the prey. The E_I is the predation rate of a predator and E_P is the predation rate of a predator when the density is P.

Excel 2019 was used for data recording, the parameter analysis of the predation ability of three predatory mites against M. usitatus was carried out by SPSS 26.0, and the statistical map was made using GraphPad Prism 8.0.2. Duncan’s multiple range test was used for significance analysis.

3.1 Functional response of predatory mites

The logistic regression analysis of the functional response on the females of three species of predatory mites led to a negative value of P₁ (R² = 1(L. youcefi), R² = 0.991(N. californicus), R² = 0.992(A. cucumeris)) indicating that all three species displayed type-Ⅱ functional response (Table 1). The results showed that with the increase in prey density, the asymptotically declining proportions of prey killed by three predatory mites, and the predation amount gradually stabilized. The functional response data fitted by Holling's disk model are shown in Table 2.

Table 1

Maximum-likelihood estimate (P₁) from logistic regressions of the proportion of prey consumed by three species of predatory mites
Predatory mites	P₁	SE	R²
Lasioseius youcefi	-0.591	0.085	1.000
Neoseiulus californicus	-0.814	0.518	0.991
Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans	-1.378	0.357	0.992

Table 2

Functional response of three predatory mite feeding on *M. usitatus*
Predatory mites	Na = aTN₀/(1 + aT_hN₀)	Attack rate (a)	Handling time (T_h, day)	Predation capacity (a/T_h)	Predation number (1/T_h)	R²
Lasioseius youcefi	Na = 0.637N₀/(1 + 0.112N₀)	0.637 ± 0.051	0.176 ± 0.019	3.615	5.675	0.995
Neoseiulus californicus	Na = 0.505N₀/(1 + 0.117N₀)	0.505 ± 0.081	0.231 ± 0.048	2.188	4.333	0.978
Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans	Na = 0.497N₀/(1 + 0.194N₀)	0.497 ± 0.152	0.390 ± 0.100	1.274	2.562	0.911
Note: Date were mean ± SE

The ratio of instantaneous attack rate (a) and handling time (T_h) can measure the predation capacity of predator. The larger the value of a/T_h, the stronger the predation capacity of predator. It can be seen from Table 2 that the three species of predatory mites have the ability to prey on the first instar nymph of M. usitatus. The predation capacity (a/T_h) of L. youcefi (3.615, R² = 0.095) against the first instar nymph of M. usitatus was greater than that of N. californicus (2.188, R² = 0.978) and A. cucumeris (1.274, R² = 0.911), among which A. cucumeris had the weakest predation capacity. The maximum daily predation (1/T_h) of L. youcefi, N. californicus and A. cucumeris on first instar nymph of M. usitatus were 5.675 (R² = 0.995), 4.333 (R² = 0.978) and 2.562 (R² = 0.911). The predation amount of M. usitatus was the highest, and that of A. cucumeris was the lowest. The ratio of instantaneous attack rate (a) of L. youcefi, N. californicus and A. cucumeris against the first instar nymph of M. usitatus were 0.637 (R² = 0.995), 0.505 (R² = 0.978), and 0.497 (R² = 0.911). The value (a) of L. youcefi was the highest, and that of A. cucumeris was the lowest. The handling time (T_h) of the three predatory mites for the first instar nymph of M. usitatus was 0.176 (R² = 0.995), 0.231 (R² = 0.978), and 0.390 (R² = 0.911) days. The handling time of L. youcefi was the shortest, and that of A. cucumeris was the longest. A comprehensive comparison of the parameters of the three predatory mites on the first instar nymph of M. usitatus showed that the control ability of L. youcefi on M. usitatus was stronger.

The number of preys consumed by three predatory mites on the first instar nymph of M. usitatus is shown in Fig. 1. With the increase in prey density, the number of preys consumed gradually becomes stable. The number of preys consumed by L. youcefi on the first instar nymph of M. usitatus is the highest, and the number of preys consumed by A. cucumeris was the lowest. When the prey density was 7 and 9, there was a significant difference between the predation amount of L. youcefi and that of A. cucumeris. At prey densities below 7, there was no significant difference in predation among the predatory mites. The results showed that when prey density was higher, the control ability of L. youcefi was better than that of N. californicus and A. cucumeris.

3.2 Searching efficiency

At higher prey densities, the predator searching efficiency (per predator per d) declined (Fig. 2), showing that as prey density increases, the three species of predatory mites needed to spend less time searching for prey at higher prey densities. At all tested prey densities, the searching efficiency of L. youcefi on first instar nymph of M. usitatus was greater than that of N. californicus and A. cucumeris, the searching efficiency of the A. cucumeris was the lowest.

3.3 Intra-specific interference

The results of intra-specific interference of the three species of predatory mites are shown in Table 3. Under the condition of constant prey density and predation space, the total predation of the three species of predatory mites on M. usitatus as a whole increased with their own density, the predation number per predator gradually decreased with their own density, and the intra-specific interference parameters also increased. These results indicated that all three species of predatory mites had intraspecific interference.

Table 3

Intra-specific interference of three species of predatory mites in different densities
Predatory mites	Density of predators	Predation number (± SE)	Predation number per predator (± SE)	E	I
Lasioseius youcefi	1	4.333 ± 0.333 a	4.333 ± 0.3330	0.289	0.000
	2	4.333 ± 0.333 a	2.167 ± 0.1670	0.144	0.500
	3	4.667 ± 0.333 a	1.556 ± 0.1110	0.104	0.641
	4	4.667 ± 0.333 a	1.167 ± 0.0833	0.078	0.731
	5	4.667 ± 0.333 a	0.933 ± 0.0667	0.062	0.785
Neoseiulus californicus	1	1.667 ± 0.333 b	1.667 ± 0.3330	0.111	0.000
	2	2.000 ± 0.577 b	1.000 ± 0.2890	0.067	0.400
	3	2.333 ± 0.333 b	0.778 ± 0.1110	0.052	0.533
	4	2.667 ± 0.333 b	0.667 ± 0.0833	0.044	0.600
	5	2.667 ± 0.333 b	0.533 ± 0.0667	0.036	0.680
Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans	1	0.667 ± 0.333 b	0.667 ± 0.3330	0.044	0.000
	2	1.333 ± 0.333 b	0.667 ± 0.1670	0.044	0.000
	3	1.000 ± 0.577 b	0.333 ± 0.1920	0.022	0.500
	4	1.333 ± 0.333 c	0.333 ± 0.0833	0.022	0.500
	5	1.667 ± 0.333 b	0.333 ± 0.0667	0.022	0.500
Note: Differences in predation number were compared according to same predator density, and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences tested by Duncan's new multiple range test (P < 0.05).

When the density of A. cucumeris reached 3, the intensity of intraspecific interference (I) did not change. The intensity of intraspecific interference of L. youcefi and N. californicus increased with the increase of self-denseness. Although the intraspecific interference of L. youcefi was higher than that of other predatory mites, the predation amount and predation rate (E) of the first instar nymph of M. usitatus was also higher than that of other predatory mites, and the predation number is significantly different (P < 0.05).

The experimental results showed that all three predatory mites could prey on the first instar nymphs of M. usitatus and their functional responses of the three predatory mites were fitted to the Holling-Ⅱ equation. These results are in line with previous studies on A. cucumeris, Neoseiulus barkeri, and Neoseiulus bicaudus feeding on different species of thrips (Zhi J et al. 2006; Shang et al. 2016; Wu et al. 2009; Zhou et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2022; Wang et al. 2023; Dalir et al. 2021). These results suggest that the Holling-Ⅱ can well reflect the predation ability of predator mites on M. usitatus.

The searching efficiency is a behavioral effect in which predators attack prey, it is related to prey density, attack rate (a), and handling time (T_h), and the searching efficiency generally decreases with the increase of prey density (Ding Y 1994). In this experiment, the searching efficiency of the three species of predatory mites decreased with the increase in prey density. The results are consistent with those of Dalir et al (2021), Zhou et al (2020), and Luo et al (2018), who reported that the searching efficiency of A. cucumeris and Amblyseius swirskii on Frankliniella occidentalis, and N. barkeri on Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood decreased with the increase of prey density. However, the maximum search efficiency can vary with increasing host densities. This can be related to the small rearing arena used in this experiment as the space inside the experimental device can affect the predator's attack rate (a) and handling time (T_h) (Delong et al. 2022). Our results showed that the searching efficiency of L. youcefi on the first instar nymphs of M. usitatus was higher than that of N. californicus, and N. californicus was higher than that of A. cucumeris. In this experiment, differences in the size of predatory mites may be responsible for such findings. In general, the larger predator size can result in stronger attack rate, shorter searching and handling times ultimately resulting in higher searching efficiency (Delong et al. 2022; He et al. 2023).

For different prey, different predators have different levels of control effect (Zhou et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2022; Wang et al. 2019; Yu et al. 2019), which was in line with the result from this experiment. Attack rate (a) and handling time (T_h) are important indicators of functional response, and predator with high attack rate and short handling time times are generally considered to be more effective biocontrol agents (Pervez et al. 2006; Fathi et al. 2010; Salehi et al. 2016). In this experiment, the predation ability of native species L. youcefi was higher than that A. cucumeris, and the predation ability of N. californicus was between them. Attack rate of L. youcefi, N. californicus, and A. cucumeris on the first instar nymph of M. usitatus was different with the result from attack rate (1.195, 0.061, 0.520 and 2.250) and handling time (0.056, 0.704, 0.180 and 0.080 d) of A. cucumeris, A. swirskii, N. bicaudus and N. barkeri on F. occidentalis nymphs (Zhi et al. 2006; Shang et al. 2016; Dalir et al. 2021; Yu et al. 2019). The inconsistency in the results may be due to the greater resistance of M. usitatus (Reitz et al. 2006). In addition, the predator's predation preference for prey may also play a role (Yu et al. 2019).

The probability of predators encountering each other increases with the increase in predator density, which leads to the corresponding increase in their handling time, the decline of the predation effect, and the increased of interference effect (Zhao et al. 2022; Moffat et al. 2020). Our results showed that all three predatory mites had intraspecific interference. These results are consistent with those of Shang et al (2016) and Wang et al (2019), who reported that N. barkeri had intraspecific interference with F. occidentalis and Tetranychus urticae, and N. californicus had intraspecific interference with T. urticae. But the intensity of interference is different. The differences in results may be caused by differences in predators, prey, and experimental environment and conditions.

The results of this experiment showed that the predation ability of native species L. youcefi was the most predatory, and as native species do not require risk assessment or adaptation to new environments (Liu K 2022; Bao et al. 2021). Suggesting that it may be a good idea to use local predation mites for biological control of M. usitatus. Finally, this study only completed the experiment on the predation ability of predator mites on first instar nymph of M. usitatus under laboratory conditions, and the experiment of predator mites on other instars of M. usitatus, other species of prey, and the effect on pest control in the field needs further research.

Funding This research was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2021A1515011058).

Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.

Author contributions JianHui Wu and Shaukat Ali conceived and designed research. HaoLong Li and BiFeng Zhu conducted experiments, HaoLong Li analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Data Availability The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Huan Z, Xu Z, Jiang W, Chen Z, Luo J (2015) Effect of Chinese traditional cooking on eight pesticides residue during cowpea processing. Food Chem, 170: 118-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.052
Huan Z, Xu Z, Luo J, Xie D (2016) Monitoring and exposure assessment of pesticide residues in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) from five provinces of southern China. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 81: 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.09.012
Mound, LA.; Walker, AK (1987) Thysanoptera as tropical tramps: New records from New Zealand and the Pacific. N Z Entomol 9(1): 70-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779962.1987.9722497
Tang L, Yan K, Fu B, Wu J, Liu K, Lu Y (2015) The life table parameters of Megalurothrips usitatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on four leguminous crops. Fla Entomol 98(2): 620-625. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24587691
Yang B, Du C, Ali S, Wu J (2020) Molecular characterization and virulence of fungal isolates against the bean flower thrips Megalurothrips usitatus Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Egypt J Biol Pest Control 2020, 30(1): 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-020-00225-0
Kumar A, Nath P (2002) Evaluation of insecticides and their schedules against infestation of pod bug, Clavigralla gibbosa (Spinola) and flower thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) on pigeonpea. Pestic Res J 14(2): 258-262.
Cuthbertson AGS, Mathers JJ, Croft P, Nattriss N, Blackburn LF, Luo W, Northing P, Murai T, Jacobson RJ, Walters KFA (2012) Prey consumption rates and compatibility with pesticides of four predatory mites from the Family Phytoseiidae attacking Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Pest Manag Sci 68(9): 1289-1295. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3296
Cuthbertson AGS, Walters KFA.; Northing P (2005) The susceptibility of immature stages of Bemisia tabaci to the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium on tomato and verbena foliage. Mycopathologia 159: 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-004-3127-3
Cubillos-Salamanca YP, Rodríguez-Maciel JC, Pineda-Guillermo P, Silva-Rojas HV, Berzosa J, Tejeda-Reyes MA, Rebollar-Alviter Á (2020) Identification of Thrips Species and Resistance of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Malathion, Spinosad, and Bifenthrin in Blackberry Crops. Fla Entomol 102(4): 738-746. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.102.0411
Juan-Blasco M, Qureshi JA, Urbaneja A, Stansly PA (2012) Predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae), for bio-logical control of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Fla Entomol 95(3): 543-551. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.095.0302
Wu S, He Z, Wang E, Xu X, Lei Z (2017) Application of Beauveria bassiana and Neoseiulus barkeri for improved control of Frankliniella occidentalis in greenhouse cucumber. Crop Prote 96: 83-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.01.013
Schausberger P, Croft BA (2008) Nutritional benefits of intraguild predation and cannibalism among generalist and specialist phytoseiid mites. Ecol Entomol, 25(4): 473-480. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.2000.00284.x
Zhang Y, Ji J, Chen X, Lin J, Chen B (2012) Effects of temperature on reproduction and development duration of Neoseiulus californicus. Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 27(2): 157-161. https://doi.org/10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.02.011
Qin G, Li Q, Yang Q, Wang H, Jiang C (2013) Potential of predator mite Neoseiulus californicus in controlling citrus red mite Panonychus citri. Acta Phytophy Sin 40(2): 149-154. https://doi.org/10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2013.02.017
Jiang H, Wang E, Lv J, Wang B, Xu X, (2015) Preference of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseidae) and functional responses of N. californicu and Amblyseius pseudolongispinosus to prey developmental stages of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Chinese Journal of Biological Control 31(1): 8-13+27. https://doi.org/10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2015.01.002
La SY, Pailk CH, Lee CH, Kim DH (2009). Biological Control of Polyphagotarsonenmus latus (Acari: Tasonemidae) by Amblyseius cucumeris(Acari: Phytoseiidae). Korean journal of applied entomology 48(3): 347-354. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2009.48.3.347
Nyasani JO, Subramanian S, Poehling HM, Maniania NK, Ekesi S, Meyhöfer R (2015) Optimizing Western Flower Thrips Management on French Beans by Combined Use of Beneficials and Imidacloprid. Insects 6(1):279-96. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects6010279
Cheng X, Zheng W, Zhang H. (2013) Effects of foods on the development and fecundity of two predatory mites. Journal of Environmental Entomology 35(01): 72-76.
Tjying IS (1971) A new ascid mite (Laseioseius martini n. sp.) recovered from shallots in Taiwan (Acarina: Ascidae). Plant Prot B (Taiwan) 13(1): 1-5. https://eurekamag.com/research/000/005/000005340.php
Tseng YH (1978) The mite family Ascidae of Taiwan (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Part I. Genus Lasioseius Berlese. Plant Prot B (Taiwan) 20(2): 117-132. https://eurekamag.com/research/000/779/000779089.php
Lawson-Balagbo LM, Gondim MG, De Moraes GJ, Hanna R, Schausberger P (2008) Exploration of the acarine fauna on coconut palm in Brazil with emphasis on Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae) and its natural enemies. B Entomol Res 98(1): 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485307005421
Abou-Awad B, Korayem AM, Hassan MF, Abou-Elela (2001) Life history of the predatory mite Lasioseius athiasae (Acari, Ascidae) on various kinds of food substances: A polypeptide analysis of prey consideration. J Appl d Entomol 125(3): 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0418.2001.00523.x
Enkegaard A, Brødsgaard HF (2000) Lasioseius fimetorum: a soil-dwelling predator of glasshouse pests? BioControl 45(3): 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009981920402
Skalski GT, Gilliam JF (2001) Functional response with predator interference: Viable alternatives to the holling type Ⅱ model. Ecology 82(11): 3083-3092. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3083:FRWPIV]2.0.CO;2
Song Z, Zheng Y, Zhang B, Li D, (2016) Prey consumption and functional response of Neoseiulus califormnicus and Neoseiulus longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae). Syst Appl Acarol 21(7): 936-946. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.21.7.7
De Sousa Neto EP, Filgueiras RMC, Mendes JA, Melo JWS (2019) Functional and numerical responses of Neoseiulus idaeus and Neoseiulus californicus to eggs of Tetranychus urticae. Int J Acarol 45(6-7): 395-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2019.1638965
Delong JP, Uiterwaal SF (2022) Predator functional responses and the biocontrol of aphids and mites. BioControl 67(2): 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10526-021-10127-1
Fathipour Y, Maleknia B, Bagheri A, Soufbaf M (2020) Functional and numerical responses, mutual interference, and resource switching of Amblyseius swirskii on two-spotted spider mite. Biol Control 146: 104266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104266
Gotoh T, Tsuchiya A, Kitashima Y (2006) Influence of prey on developmental performance, reproduction and prey consumption of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp Appl Acarol 40(3-4): 189-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-006-9032-3
Ghazy NA, Suzuk T-Amano H. Ohvama K (2013) Humidity-controlled cold storage of Neoselulus califoricus (Acari: Phytosetiidae): effects on male survival and reproductive ability. J Appl Entomol 137(5): 376-382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2012.01752.x
Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Cheng C, Lin J (2001) Amblyseiusc ucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a biocontrol agent against Panonychus citri (Acari:tetranychidae ) on citrus in China. Syst Appl Acarol (6): 35-44. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.6.1.6
Juliano SA, Aaron M (2001) Nonlinear Curve Fitting: Predation and Functional Response Curve. In: Scheiner S (ed) Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments, 1rd edn. Chapman and Hall/CRC, New York, pp 24.
Li D. X, Tian J, Shen Z (2006) Effects of pesticides on the functional response of predatory thrips, Scolothrips takahashii to Tetranychus viennensis. J Appl Entomol 130(5): 314-322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2006.01056.x
Holling CS (1965) The functional response of predators to prey density and its role in mimicry and population regulation. Mem Entomol Soc Ca 97(S45): 5-60. https://doi.org/10.4039/entm9745fv
Hassell MP, Varley GC (1969) New inductive population model for insect parasites and its bearing on biological control. Nature 223(5211): 1133-1137. https://doi.org/10.1038/2231133a0
Liu P, Jia W, Zheng X, Zhang L (2018) Predation Functional Response and Life Table Parameters of Orius sauteri (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Feeding on Megalurothrips usitatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Fla Entomol 101(2): 254-259. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.101.0216
Zhi J, Ren S (2006) The Functional Response and Numerical Response of Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of South China Agricultural University 27(03): 35-38. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-411X.2006.03.009
Shang S, Liu P, Zhang X (2016) Predatory functional response of Neoseiulus barkeri on newly hatched nymphs of Frankliniella occidentalis. Plant Prot 42(03): 141-144. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0529-1542.2016.03.024
Wu S, Xu X, Wang E (2009) Comparison of the Functional Response for Adults of Predatory Mites, Euseius castaneau and Neoseiulus cucumeris on First Instar Larvae of Frankliniella occidentalis. Chinese Journal of Biological Control 25(04): 295-298. https://doi.org/10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2009.04.002
Zhou Y, Chen J, Cai D, Fu Y (2020) Functional Response of Neoseiulus barkeri to Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood of Mango. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops 41(05): 1001-1006. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2020.05.021
Zhu A, Wang Y, Fang C, Hu H, Wang J, Su J, Li H, Zhang J (2022) Functional response of predatory mite Neoseiulus bicaudus on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis at different temperatures. Journal of Environmental Entomology 44(02): 430-439. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2022.02.20
Wang J, Lan B, Fang C, Hu H, Yang R, Mu K, Su J, Lu Y, Zhang J (2023) Predation and Control of Franklinilla intonsa by Neoseiulus bicaudus. Chinese Journal of Biological Control 39(02): 271-279. https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2022.01.020
Ding Y, Blass B (1994) Mathematical Ecology of Insects. Science Press, Beijing
Dalir S, Hajiqanbar H, Fathipour Y, Khanamani M (2021) A comprehensive picture of foraging strategies of Neoseiulus cucumeris and Amblyseius swirskii on western flower thrips. Pest Manag Sci 77(12): 5418-5429. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6581
Luo C, Hu Y, Sun J, Fan Q, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Du G, Chen B (2018) Study on the functional response of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii on Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis as prey. Journal of Biosafety 27(04): 274-278+316. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1787.2018.04.009
Delong JP, Uiterwaal SF (2022) Predator functional responses and the biocontrol of aphids and mites. BioControl 67(2): 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10526-021-10127-1
He W, Ye Q, Wang F, Hu H, Liu J, Mao X, Zhang R, Wang X, Qiu B, Liu Y, Sang W (2023) Predatory Responses of Cheilomenes sexmaculata to Diaphorina citri. Chinese Journal of Biological Control 39(03): 514-522. https://doi.org/10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2023.05.001
Wang M, Li B, Hang J, Men X, Ji J, Liu Y, Yi S (2019) Comparison of Neoseiulus californicus and Neoseiulus barkeri as biological controls for Tetranychus urticae. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology 56(6): 1256-1263. https://doi.org/10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2019.136
Yu Y, Zhi J, Zeng G, Yue W, Ye M (2019) The functional predatory response of Amblyseius swirskii to Frankliniella occidentalis and Megalurothrips usitatus nymphs. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology 56(6): 1317-1323. https://doi.org/10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2019.143
Pervez A, Omkar O (2006) Ecology and biological control application of multicoloured Asian ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: A review. Biocontrol Sci Technol 16(2): 111-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150500335350
Fathi SAA, Nouri-Ganbalani G (2010) Assessing the potential for biological control of potato field pests in Ardabil, Iran: functional responses of Orius niger (Wolf.) and O. minutus (L.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). J Pest Sci 83(1): 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-009-0270-0
Salehi Z, Yarahmadi F, Rasekh A, Sohani NZ (2016) Functional responses of Orius albidipennis Reuter (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae) to Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) on two tomato cultivars with different leaf morphological characteristics. Entomol Gen 36(2): 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2016/0339
Reitz SR, Funderburk JE, Waring SM (2006) Differential predation by the generalist predator Orius insidiosus on congeneric species of thrips that vary in size and behavior. Entomol Exp Appl 119(3): 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00408.x
Zhao H, Liao X, Gao P, Xing K, Liang C, Wu G, Chen B, Gao X (2022) Functional response of Eocanthecona furcellata to the larvae of Ostrinia furnacalis. Journal of Environmental Entomology 44(2): 422-429. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2022.02.19
Moffat H, Hainy M, Papanikolaou NE, Drovandi C (2020) Sequential Experimental Design for Predator-Prey Functional Response Experiments. J R Soc Interface 17(166): 11-23. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1907.02179
Liu K (2022) Research on Species Diversity of Soil Gamasid Mites in Agricultural Region of Five South Provices of China. Dissertation Shandong Agricultural University.
Bao K, Luo L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wei K, Zhang Y, Yang Z (2021) Method for evaluating the comprehensive benefits of biological control of insect pests. Chinese Journal of Biological Control 37(1): 38-51. https://doi.org/10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.01.024

No competing interests reported.

Download PDF

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Predatory efficacy of three predatory mites against Megalurothrips usitatus

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1 Introduction

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Colony of predatory mites and preys

2.2 Functional response

2.3 Intraspecific interference

2.4 Statistical analysis

3 Result

3.1 Functional response of predatory mites

3.2 Searching efficiency

3.3 Intra-specific interference

4 Discussion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1