| EAFSS | The strength increase varies between 42–100% & the increase in strength for mixtures containing additional cementing ingredients varies between 70–80%. | CaO, FeO, and SiO2 are the three principal oxides that account for over 75% of the EAFSS produced in the UAE. EAFSS may be used to create concrete mixtures with workability that can be used in pumps. The ductility for EAFSS concrete may be enhanced by adding sufficient steel fibres to the mixture. | Abu-Eishah S. I., 2012 |
| EAFS | The 28days compressive strength of mixed CDW and EAFS aggregates was 30 MPa, which is suitable for low grade applications. | Recycled waste bricks have weaker mechanical qualities than standard concrete, yet compressive strength is nearly the same at lower ratio replacement. | Anastasiou E., 2014 |
| EAFS | Comparing the compressive strength to the reference combination, it was 35% greater. | A modest amount of CO2 emissions can be reduced by using EAFS aggregates, but significant reductions can be made by using less cement. The use of EAFS aggregate in place for crushed limestone aggregates in industrial pavement concrete makes this possible. | Anastasiou E. K., 2017 |
| GGBS | Strengths rose as GGBS replacement level grew, up to 100% replacement. | The values of compressive and split-tensile strength were compared with actual and predicted values using the back-propagation ANN training procedure. All data's MSE and R2 values ranged from 0.00566 to 0.9983, showing significant agreement between the anticipated outcomes and the suggested ANN model. | Awoyera P. O., 2018 |
| SSA | 100% SSA in concrete after curing of 28days. | (270days) relative humidity were detected in SS concrete & shrinkage were higher. | Aparicio S., 2020 |
| SSA | The combination with 60% substitution of CA by SSA was chosen as the strongest. | Stronger concrete was created when SSA was used instead of dolomite aggregate. Compressive, flexural, and tensile strength all increased by 5%, 35%, & 10%, respectively. | Alharthy S. E., 2021 |
| EAFSS | The control mixes 50% EAFSS produced the greatest gain in strength at all ages. | EAFSS increased compressive, tensile split, & flexural strength, & modulus of elasticity by 9.0%, 46.5%, 9.2%, and 3.2%, respectively, when compared to the control mix. EAFSS also significantly affected the observed mechanical, physical, & thermal characteristics of concrete, according to statistical analysis using ANOVA. | Abd El-Hakim R. T. et al., 2022 |
| SS | The slag replacements of 50% and 65%, cube strength 35–60 MPa reached after 28 days. | Maximum carbonation penetration is achievable when using an indoor drying environment using any water curing and concretes with 65% slag replacement consistently showed stronger carbonation penetration than concretes with 50% slag. | Bouikni A., 2009 |
| BOFS EAFS LMFS | 100% replacement of EAFS as CA in concrete for 28days. | Three Slag coarse aggregate samples were examined using ethylene glycol extraction and thermogravimetric analysis: BOFS, EAFS, and an LMFS. The total free CaO concentration of the BOFS, EAFS, and LMFS slags was 3.4%, 0.1%, and 0.4%, respectively. The expansion ranged from 0.1–8.8% for the three sources and was related to the free CaO and MgO levels. | Brand A. S., & Roesler J. R., 2015 |
| SS | The compressive strengths of the samples ranged from 86.8 MPa, 78.57 MPa, 64.67 MPa to 74.49 MPa, 70.5 MPa, whereas 63.24 MPa over High Performance Concrete (HPC) with the same aggregate and GGBFS mineral admixture. This concrete (HPC) used SS, crystallized slag, and limestone aggregate, along with silica fume minerals admixture. | In comparison to HPC made with limestone aggregates, HPC created using SS and crystallized slag aggregates exhibited a slightly greater water porosity and gas permeability. | Biskri Y. et al., 2017 |
| SSP | The best SSP mass proportion in metakaolin geopolymer is 10%. | 10% was the optimal mass proportion for the amount of SSP in MGP, which sped up the process of creating geopolymer strength. The fact that the SSMG's ultimate bending strength was 8% higher than MGP's suggests that the bonding process between the SS and MGP was successful. | Bai T. et al., 2018 |
| IFSS | 50% replacement of CA by IFSS in concrete for 28days. | In comparison to standard concrete, the density of concrete blocks containing 50% IFSS rose by 2.81 g/cm3, and the compressive strength increased by 29.11 N/mm2. A gamma attenuation experiment revealed that concrete blocks with IFSS replaced worked better than standard concrete blocks for shielding 50% of the time. | Baalamurugan J. et al., 2019 |
| SSA | 20% replacement of CA & FA by SSA in concrete for 28days. | Improved fracture resistance and reduced early crack development. Replacement of E-Waste does not affect the strength. | Bharani S. et al., 2020 |
| IFSS | 40% replacement of CA & 100% replacement of FA by IFSS in concrete for 28days. | Concrete specimens constructed using IFSS composites as 100% of the FA & 40% of the CA had higher density, compressive strength, and radiation shielding than concrete specimens manufactured with standard concrete. | Baalamurugan J. et al., 2021 |
| SSA | The strongest concrete had a compressive strength that was 40% higher than the lowest. | In concrete samples containing silico-calcareous aggregates, the micro-level examination revealed the separation from the cement paste matrix with SSA. The strength of the SSA is reduced as a result of cement paste and aggregate separation. | Boquera L. et al., 2022 |
| EAFS | The maximum proportion of NA substituted with EAFS should be 15%. | As the amount of granulated slag in the mixture rises, the density, elastic modulus in compression, and compressive strength of the concrete also rises. The concrete shrinks more when additional EAFS is applied while the weather is dry, though. | Coppola L. et al., 2016 |
| FS | The compressive strength at all ages was significantly affected by the percentages of 25%, 50%, and 100%. | The results that stand out the most are those formulations that had more FS sand 0–4 mm substituted for crushed granitic sand after 28 days, with an average increase of 31%, 35%, and 40%, respectively. At younger ages, the total replacement of sand with FS did not improve compressive strength; however, at older ages, this improvement was 1.6%. | Cardoso C. et al., 2018 |
| SSA | The compressive strength of SSA pervious concrete was 24 MPa and 3 MPa after 28 days compared to 18 MPa and 2 MPa for limestone pervious concrete. | SSA pervious concrete had an ITZ modulus & adjacent cement paste hardness that were, respectively, 44% and 68% greater compared to that of limestone concrete. In addition to having more hydration products and denser flower-shaped polyhedral crystals that included CSH, CH, and Aft, the ITZ and its surrounding paste matrix turned out to be more compressed. | Chen X. et al., 2020 |
| SSA | 60% replacement of gravel by SSA in concrete for 56 days. | 60 percent, concrete's residual compressive strength is boosted by 10.1%, 17.5%, and 20.7%. | Cheng X. et al, 2022 |
| BFSA | BFSA concretes showed compressive strengths that were around 60–80% higher than those of conventional concretes for all w/c ratios (0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45 & 0.50). | BFSA concrete had a low water absorption rate, a high splitting tensile strength, & a high elasticity modulus. | Demirboga R. & Gul R., 2006 |
| GGBFS | For 20% and 40% ratios of replacement at 28 days, the wet-cured compressible strength of GGBFS is greater than that of the reference standard Portland cement concrete. | As the replacement ratio for GGBFS increased, there was a noticeable impact of dry conditions for curing on GGBFS concrete. For both wet and dry drying conditions, concrete built with or without GGBFS exhibits a linear relationship. | Duran Atis. & Bilim C., 2007 |
| SS | After drying, compressive strengths are lowered by 15%, and after fire at 800°C or 1000°C, the mechanical qualities are reduced by as much as 80%. | Although it was discovered that the examined slag was unstable at high temperatures, the irreversible conversion of FeO into magnetite allowed it to be employed in the refractory sector up to 1000°C. | Ducman V. & Mladenovic A., 2011 |
| BOFS | Cement mortars manufactured with BOFS have compressive & flexural strengths between 45.4 MPa and 7.1 MPa. | The flexural and compressive strengths of oxalic acid-treated cement mortar may reach 31.8 MPa & 5.4 MPa during 180 days of curing, respectively. Oxalic acid-treated BOFS reduced the linear expansion of concrete samples by more than 0.95–0.03%. | Ding Y. C. et al., 2017 |
| SS | The results show that the resistance of concrete containing complex graphite and SS increases under uniaxial compression as strain increases, and the process displays concordant monotonicity. | In the uniaxial compression vs strain experiment, the resistance and the fractional change of resistance of the SSC blocks displayed uniform monotonicity. | Ding Y. et al., 2019 |
| EAFS | EAFS enhances the strength and durability of concrete without the need for any mineral additions, reaching C60/75 strength class. | Concrete's elastic modulus, compressive strength, and tensile strength are all improved by EAFS. In instances requiring high density concrete, it is suitable for assessing chloride intrusion. It also makes concrete more durable in areas where chloride is present. | Faleschini F. et al., 2015 |
| SSA | After 90 days, concrete with SSA had a higher compressive strength than concrete with NA. | SS concretes reinforced with metallic or synthetic fibres performed best in terms of water penetration, tensile, compressive, toughness, first-crack strength, LOP, post-cracking behaviour, impact strength, and abrasion resistance. | Fuente-Alonso J. A. et al., 2017 |
| SS | The compressive strengths of concrete slabs built using SS as an alternative to aggregate were on par with those of commercial granite & Litex lightweight aggregates. | The granules' absorption capability improved to 17% of the unit's weight after double carbonation, significantly increasing the carbon sequester capacity in concrete. | Ghouleh Z., 2017 |
| SSA | 20% replacement of FA by SSA in concrete for 28days. | In concrete, SSA can improve the material's static compressive strength, stiffness, brittleness, Poisson's ratio, failure mode, and dynamic compressive strength. It is suggested that adding 20% SSA without any pretreatment can improve SSC's ability to withstand monotonic & impact compression. | Guo Y. et al., 2018 |
| EAFS | Specimen having less admixture content (polyfunctional plasticizer) gets high strength for EAFS after 90days. | It is shown that iron nodules are mobilized from EAFS particles by water and transported and deposited on the surface of HS specimens in cycles of wet and dry conditions. In terms of resistance to freeze-thaw cycles, HS is similar to HC, but its dimensional stability is a little bit greater. | Gonzalez-Ortega M. A. et al., 2019 |
| SS | The compression strength for non-supplementary cementitious components in 50% and 100% concrete mixes Compared to the control mixes, recycled CA made up 9.4% and 18% less of the total. | Ternary concrete mixes' slump flow values rose as supplementary cementitious materials content rose, but quaternary mixes' slump flow values dropped as a result of silica fume. The slump flow value and J-ring flow value showed a clear linear connection. | Guo Z. et al., 2022 |
| GGBFS | After 90 days, GGBFS concrete using a 0.42 W/B ratio had compressive strength that was extremely comparable to OPC concrete. | GGBFS lowering the W/B ratio to 0.42 results in better activation and good mechanical properties. Water capillary absorption coefficients rise at 28 and 90 days with increasing GGBFS concentration. Similar permeability coefficients are found in concrete mixes containing 15% and 30% GGBFS. | Hadjsadok A. et al., 2012 |
| GBFS | The compressive strength for Green artificial reef concrete (GARC) reaches 71.4 MPa after just 28 days, and 92.5 MPa after 240 days of further saltwater curing. | About 98% of the solid raw materials in GARC are industrial waste, which has higher density & compressive strength than ordinary concrete. Hydration aids include ettringite and C-S-H gel. | Huang X. et al., 2016 |
| SFS | Geopolymer concrete using SFS aggregate has a higher compressive strength. | The depletion of free CaO and free MgO in SFS aggregate, which results in a large calcium migration towards the geopolymer matrix, reduces the risk of delayed expansion in geopolymer concrete. | Khan M. S. H. et al., 2016 |
| EAFSS | The control mix 50% EAFSS produced the greatest gain in strength at all ages. | SSA increased compressive, tensile split, & flexural strength, & modulus of elasticity by 9.0%, 46.5%, 9.2%, and 3.2%, respectively, when compared to the control mix. EAFSS significantly affected the observed mechanical, physical, & thermal characteristics of concrete, according to statistical analysis using ANOVA. | Kim S. W. et al., 2016 |
| EAFS | 25% of EAFS shows high strength for 5/10mm and 5/144mm sizes, while 100% EAFS gets high strength for 5/19mm sizes after 28 days. | While larger EAFSA creates concrete with comparable qualities, smaller EAFSA diminishes the mechanical properties of the material. EAFSA improves durability by decreasing capillary absorption and increasing overall water absorption. | Kolawole J. T. et al., 2020 |
| EAFS | As FA and CA, EAFS with 0 ~ 5 and 5 ~ 25 continuous gradations provide great strength. | EAFS concretes have greater compressive and flexural strength than traditional concrete, partial replacement of FA with waste tyre particles reduces strength performance. | Liu C., 2011 |
| EAFS | 100% replacement of CA by EAFS in concrete for 91days. | These models may provide projected values with extremely low error rates. The FL model outperforms the ANN model in terms of performance. | Lam M. N. T., 2018 |
| SS | When vibration moulding was used, the maximum 28-day compressive and flexural strengths were achieved, at 41.5 and 8.0 MPa, respectively. | The mechanical characteristics of magnesium phosphate cement SS pervious concrete (MSPC) were influenced by the aggregate size and moulding process. When hydrostatic moulding was utilised, the mechanical strength dropped as the aggregate size increased. The porosity varied between 23.8 and 26.5%. | Lang L., 2019 |
| FSSA | Applied compressive stress range of between 20 and 100 MPa, the electrical resistivity of smart concrete (MSF) in brilliant concretes containing just FSSA, steel fibers, and both multiwalled carbon nanotubes & steel fibers fell by 9.62, 12.37, and 9.30%, respectively. | In terms of self-stress sensing, smart concrete with FSSAs and steel fibers outperformed concrete with only FSSAs or steel fibers and both MWCNTs and steel fibers. A smart concrete anchoring made of MSF showed a linear piezoelectric reaction up to 60 MPa when compressed. | Lee S. Y., 2019 |
| EAFS | The amount of the whole CA is replaced by 20–80%, resulting in GGBS-PFA concrete with improved mechanical strength after 28 days. | In ternary mixed concrete, EAFS can be used as a CA alternative to enhance mechanical performance, especially after 28 days. | Lim J. S., 2019 |
| SSA | Since the stress is under 30% of the maximal compressive strength, a linear connection between FCR and compressive stress may be derived for smart UHPCs. | Smart UHPCs with finer SSAs and greater SSA and fiber content had higher electrical conductivity under compression, whereas those with 2% fiber had higher FCR. | LE H. V., 2020 |
| SSA | 50% replacement of CA by SSA in concrete for 28days. | SSA increases the quantity of hydration products, tightening and decreasing the porosity of the structure. Also enhances cement's ability to connect and interact electrostatically. | Liu J., 2020 |
| EAFS | The best replacement ratios for both FA and CA are 50% and 30%, respectively. | Compressive strength were improved by 5.32%, 5.76% & 19.32% compared with ordinary concrete. | Lai M. H. et al., 2020 |
| EAFS | 100% replacement of CA by EAFS in concrete for 91days. | These models may provide projected values with extremely low error rates. The FL model outperforms the ANN model in terms of performance. | Lam N. T. M., 2022 |
| EAFSS | 100% (Fresh water mixed SSA concrete) | Clean, seawater-mixed concrete was prepared using 100% CA manufactured of EAFSS to increase unit weight and compressive strength. Utilising the local saltwater for nuclear concrete production improves radiation protection and sustainability. | Lardhi M. & Mukhtar F., 2023 |
| EAFS | Expanded EAFS aggregate's compressive strength remains unchanged. | The pH of unaged slag aggregate is greater than that of ageing in steam and hot water. Although the aggregate generated from converter slag has the same specific gravity, absorption, and unit weight as crushed stone, it has a greater compressive strength. | Moon H. Y., 2002 |
| EAFS | The finest EAFS concrete obtains strengths that are equivalent to those of the reference concrete after 90 days or one year in a wet environment. | To ensure durability, it's crucial to create the right mixes, which have a high compressive strength and little water penetration. It is advised to conduct systematic testing to confirm the effectiveness of the slag stabilisation treatment since the high porosity of EAFS makes it difficult to make concrete freeze-resistant. | Manso J. M. et al., 2006 |
| EAFS | Strength increased by 30% when the w/c was 0.54 and by 40% when the w/c was 0.45. | The results showed there was a beneficial influence on mechanical performance, however, there was no substantial improvement in bending strength or modulus of elasticity. The metals discharged met environmental guidelines. | Monosi S., 2016 |
| SSA | - | The density of the slag aggregates from the electric arc furnace resulted in samples of heavyweight concrete that were thicker, which improved the radiation shielding properties. Slag concrete shielding barriers with thicknesses of 104.5mm, 156mm and 176mm have a transmission factor equivalent to 2mm of lead. | Maharaja D. & Mwasha A., 2016 |
| SSA | Compressive strength rose dramatically after CO2 curing, by 4.3–5.3 times more than the concrete that had been wet-cured for 28 days. This is because carbonate-based compounds cause concrete to become denser. | The compressive strengths for concrete cast using binding mixes including just 20% Portland cement, 60% SSP, and lime and magnesia were low during typical wet curing. | Mo L. et al., 2017 |
| GGBFS | When the percentages of RCA, GGBFS, or both increase, compression, split tensile, and flexural strength drop. | Concrete with 50% RCA and 40% GGBFS (RGC-22) is the best option for M25 grade sustainable concrete, but concrete with 50% RCA & 60% GGBFS (RGC-23) & 100% RCA & 60% GGBFS (RGC-33) may be utilised for lower grade concrete. The RAC performance of GGBFS increases over time and peaks at 90 days. | Majhi R. K., 2018 |
| GGBFS | For 65/35 of FA/GGBFS, the strength under compression reaches 37 MPa after 28 days. | Considering a reduction in the size of up to 30% for 2500 kg/m3 & 40% for 2600 kg/m3, used material can drastically decrease armour unit size while retaining structural performance. This would make it possible to build new coastal structures having smaller overall footprints, lower material costs, and placement costs. | Mahmood A. H., 2020 |
| SS | Concrete made with S60F30 had compressive strengths of 37.0 MPa, 45.5 MPa, & 51.5 MPa at ages 3, 28, and 90 days. | SS, Portland cement, and fly ash were carbonated to create up to 20.10wt% calcium carbonate, which resulted in dense microstructures, high mechanical strengths, with stable volumes. | Mo L. et al., 2020 |
| SSA | The results showed that the compressive and flexural strengths of the samples could be increased at 108.39 MPa and 37.22 MPa, respectively, by optimizing the quantity of RS to 5%, DG contents to 20%, GGBFS-HSSS ratio to 3:1, sand binder-sand ratio to 0.8. | In this study, clinker-free UHPC was produced utilizing HSSS, RS, GGBFS, & gypsum as binders and RSS as the fine aggregate. The ideal blend percentages were determined to be 5% RS, 20% DG, a 3:1 GGBFS-HSSS ratio, and a 0.8 binder-sand ratio. The bulk of the ettringite and C-(A)-S-H gels were produced by the synergistic hydration of GGBFS, HSSS, and DG, according to the microanalysis's findings. | Mu X. et al., 2023 |
| SS | 100% as replacement of CA & FA in concrete for 90days. | SS considerably increased the rate of ultrasonic wave propagation in concrete samples. | Mirnezami S., 2023 |
| EAFS | Combinations of concrete made with thermally treated slag, with relative residual strength improved up to 16% at 400°C. | Thermal treatment for slag may raise the cost of slag-based concrete, necessitating a cost-benefit study before its widespread adoption. | Netigner I., 2013 |
| GGBFS | Compressive strength of steel-making slag concrete (SSC) rises along with the strength indicator. Two strength indicators were utilised in this study: 2.17, which represented normal strength, and 3.50, which represented intermediate strength. | Steel-making slag aggregates have an impact on the fatigue strength & fracture morphology of SSC, having hot metal pre-treatment slag and converter slag having a lesser fatigue strength than traditional cement concrete. | Onoue K. et al., 2014 |
| BOFS | 100% as sand in cement mortar by BOFS. | BOFS increases the physicomechanical properties of cementitious mortars. For 90 days, full sand replacement has the maximum compressive strength. Heavy density mortar built entirely of slag has a major impact on the shielding efficacy of thin mortar shields. Radiation sources reduce collected gamma rays more effectively than standard mortar. | Ouda A. S. & Abdel-Gawwad H. A., 2017 |
| SSA | 40% of the natural sand may be substituted without impacting the durability of concrete paver blocks. | On the other hand, the tensile strength of concrete pavers with a 20% slag substitute for sand was the greatest. | Olofinnade O. et al., 2021 |
| EAFS | After 74 days, the compressive strength values were 30.4 MPa and 44.4 MPa (natural ageing). | This research looked at the use of black/oxidizing EAFS as a by-product in EAF plants for continuous steel production. It was demonstrated to have compressive & tensile strength, elastic modulus, and durability attributes in accordance with Fuller's ideal grading curve. | Pellegrino C., & Gaddo V., 2009 |
| FcS | The substitution of 100% FcS replacement was higher than the desired strength. | The results of the traditional leaching experiment showed that, at extremely low to undetectable levels, the leachable chromium is still successfully immobilised in the cement and concrete matrix. | Panda C. R. et al., 2013 |
| EAFS | Compressive strengths for all mixes are similar to those of traditional mix. | EAFS enhances compressive & tensile strength while decreasing workability thus compressive strength. Compressive strength is similarly impacted by environmental cycles, with a loss of 15% for conventional concrete as well as 15% for recycled concrete. | Pellegrino C. et al., 2013 |
| SS | No strength loss or reversal was seen in concrete mixtures containing and omitting SS. | Alkali-activated concrete containing natural aggregates have superior acid and sulfate resistance, but poorer EE, ECO2, and cost. | Palankar N., 2016 |
| SSA | 25% replacement of CA by SSA in concrete for 90days. | The workability of alkali activated slag fly ash concrete (AASFC) mixes somewhat declined when SS was substituted for natural coarse aggregates, while unit weights rose. With the use of natural aggregates in place of synthetic ones, the amount of permeable gaps and water absorption increased. The fatigue performance of SS covered in a thin coating of calcite was somewhat poorer than that of AASFC. | Palankar N., 2017 |
| SSP | 10% replacement ratio of SSP to ordinary Portland cement for 28days. | As the curing age increased the adverse effects on durability performance would become more prominent. | Pan Z. et al., 2019 |
| EAFS | EAFS is used as coarse aggregates, the strength increases to 63–65 MPa after 90 days. | Using EAFS in place of coarse limestone aggregates improved compressive strength by more than 10 MPa, according to the results of the concrete strength test. When 60 mm steel fibers were employed instead of 30 mm steel fibers, bending strength, and fracture toughness improved. In tests for durability, concrete with EAFS as the CA showed more resistance to abrasion than concrete with limestone aggregates. In every case, using 60 mm steel fibers yielded better results than 30 mm fibers. | Papachristoforou M., 2020 |
| SS | Mixtures with 15% and 30% slag generated stronger results than regular concrete after 180 days. | The use of SS as a FA has a detrimental effect on concrete's workability, especially at replacement ratios higher than 50%. | Qasrawi H. 2009 |
| SSA | When SSA is used in its entirety to replace the entire NA, the improvement in strength can reach a value of roughly 20% from the original value. | The air content, compressive strength, workability, & elastic modulus of concrete are all negatively impacted by the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Slag-containing mixtures can generate more durable structural concrete, although RCA negatively impacts workability and elastic modulus. The modulus of elasticity of RCA increased as a result of SSA with RCA. | Qasrawi H. 2014 |
| FSSA | The impact on the strength & drying shrinkage of conventional concrete is minimal when the substitution ratio of FSS is less than 20%. | Porosity, strength, and drying shrinkage were little affected by replacing 20% of the cement with FSS. High-strength concrete may have less autogenous shrinkage when FSS is added. | Qiang W., 2016 |
| SSA | 25% replacement of NA by SSA in concrete for 28days. | The flowability and resistance to segregation of SCC containing SSA must be ensured. The stability of SCC is adversely affected by hot weather. | Qasrawi H. 2018 |
| EAFS | 100% replacement of CA by EAFS in concrete for more than 350days. | It contains a low concentration of water-soluble chloride ions and complies with UNI 8520-2 standards. The durability of concrete mixtures including EAFS has been confirmed by long-term compressive testing. The thorough analysis of EAFS and concrete produced with 100% slag as aggregate has shown that recycled concrete is suitable for use as a building material over the long term. | Rondi L. et al., 2016 |
| SS | Due to the addition of 15% and 20% SS and sludge, concrete gains strength. | Although steel sludge has a higher reactivity than SS (72.9%), both lose electrical conductivity with time. TGA found that when the temperature increased, the weight of pastes containing 20% SS and 20% steel sludge dropped. The amounts of Ca(OH)2 in both materials dropped after 28 days of curing. | Roslan N. H. et al., 2016 |
| SS | The compressive and flexural strength is enhanced if stainless SS waste is used to replace 10% of the cement. | As the quantity of SS rises, the mortar's compressive and flexural resistance decreases. The compressive strength decreases by less than 25% when 30% of the cement is replaced with Sw-C, but it gets worse if the cement isn't treated. This use might add value to the enormous amount of waste produced while using fewer basic materials. | Rosales J., 2017 |
| SS | 20% glass powder is used instead of cement, and 80% SS is used in place of FA. | When making SCC, glass powder and granular SS may be used in place of cement and natural FA to enhance workability, reduce workability, and increase strength. | Rehman S. et al., 2018 |
| EAFS | 100% replacement of CA by EAFS in concrete for 28days. | Mechanical and compressive tests revealed that coarse EAFS improved the mechanical qualities of concrete mixes because of stronger interlock. When 50% of the FA was employed, the compressive strength fell, but it rose as the concentration of coarse EAFS increased. | Rooholamini H. et al., 2019 |
| EAFS | Compressive strength was raised by 10% EAFS & steel sludge replacement with the proper workability. | EAFS and steel sludge replacement had an effect on concrete workability, although replacement up to 10% had no effect on strength. In a cement-based S/S system, steel by-products can safely solidify, enhancing permeability and water absorption when applied. | Roslan N. H. et al., 2020 |
| SSA | 30% replacement of CA & 40% replacement of FA by SSA in concrete for 28days. | Weight loss in cubes after immersion in acids. Penetration of chloride ion (RCPT) is low for CC and 40% FA replacement. | Subathra Devi V. & Gnanavel B. K., 2014 |
| EAFS | In comparison to the reference specimen, the EAFS showed somewhat better compressive strength in terms of indirect tensile strengths and elasticity moduli. | The influence of the EAFS surface irregularity was countered by the incorporation of particles with finely rounded morphologies (siliceous sandstone). | San-Jose J. T. et al., 2014 |
| SSOS | 100% strength at 91 days, SSOS concrete gained compressive strength. | SSOS-based concrete has higher compressive strength than controls at 91 days, possibly due to rough-textured particles and higher absorption capacity. | Sheen Y. N., 2015 |
| IS | 40% replacement of FA by IS in concrete for 365days. | With increased IS concentration, Slump flow, L-box, and U-box values fall while V-funnel time rises. Age and iron slag concentration affect the SCC mixes' compressive strength, which improves by 21% at 28 days. Under external sulphate attack, SCC mixtures with no iron slag perform a little bit better. The SCC with iron slag is in great condition, as the ultrasonic pulse velocity shows. | Sing G. & Siddique R., 2016 |
| SSOS | For 91 days, Portland cement in SCC strength is replaced with 100% SSOS and 30% SSRS substitutes. | The density, Rebound Hammer test results, and surface resistance of SS-SCC are the same as those of the control group, so they may prevent corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. Aggregates & Portland cement may be replaced with 100% SSOS & 30% SSRS, saving 43% of the cost and boosting economic value. | Sheen Y. N. et al., 2016 |
| EOFS | All M20, M30, & M40 concrete grades have good strength after 28 days with a replacement of 25% of EOFS. | It was found that mixing surface-modified slag aggregate with quarry dust might successfully address the slag aggregate's volume expansion problem. | Sabapathy Y. K. et al., 2017 |
| EAFS | The primary goal of creating structural concrete having a strength of greater than 40 MPa at 28 days and less than 360 kg of cement per cubic meter was reached. | Satisfactory findings are obtained from the numerical modelling of the viscous flow of self-compacting mixtures, and the hardened state analysis reveals a cohesive internal structure with potent mechanical properties. Significant properties are revealed by SEM study of fracture surfaces. | Santamaria A. et al., 2017 |
| SSA | 50% of aggregate replacement by SSA in concrete for 28days. | Results from the RCPT show that adding SSA to wastewater in amounts ranging from 15–100% decreased the permeability of chloride ions by 40–70% after 28 days. | Saxena S. & Tembhurkar A. R., 2018 |
| SSA | 22% replacement of FA by SSA in concrete for 28days. | Waste bricks can be converted into useable recycled aggregate, however compressive strength is essentially same to normal concrete at lower ratio replacement. CB keeps the lowest interlock surface while SS enhances shear strength and diagonal cracking stress. | Sharba A. A. K., 2021 |
| SSA | 100% of SSA as CA in concrete. | The design is significantly influenced by the characteristics of FA with high water absorption and CA with high specific gravity. The Bailey approach for gradation selection was employed to locate SSA blends with VMA equivalent to NA mixes. The high FA absorption, according to Marshall mix design studies, results in bitumen consumption for 100% SSA mixes being 1.2–1.3% higher. | Swathi M. et al., 2021 |
| GGBS | Strengths of around 30 MPa were attained by the large quantities of pozzolanic materials (80% GGBS, 20% FA). | The breaking strength provided by the beams was typically adequate. According to the states before and following shear cracking at an angle of nearly 45, shear-force testing revealed two primary zones. The concrete's reinforcing cage had a significant role in its resistance to shear, & its stiffness was a key factor in the material's ability to endure shear pressures and maintain a high ultimate strength. | Santamaria A. et al., 2022 |
| SSA | The samples using Adec steel aggregate had a 52% increase in compressive strength. | Slag enhances concrete's mechanical and electrical qualities, with Hormor and Adec slag improving resistance by 15% and Sidenor and Adec-SSA offering superior electrical behaviour. | Santillan N. et al., 2022 |
| GGBFS | The use of 25% GGBFS for 90 days produced the highest compressive strength. | The curing age and type are significant, and utilizing GGBFS mineral additive at a ratio of 25% can result in corrosion-resistant concrete. | Topcu I. B. & Boga A. R., 2010 |
| IS | 40% of CS, 40% of IS & 25% of RA posses more strength as replacement with sand & gravel. | The ideal replacement mix of FA and CA, particularly greatly improves the mechanical characteristics of concrete compared to conventional concrete, contains 40% copper slag, 40% IS, and 25% RCA. | Vijayaraghavan J., 2017 |
| SSA | 40% replacement of CA by SSA in concrete for 28days. | Cubes lost very little weight and strength after being submerged in salt (NaCl), acid (HCl), and sulphate (MgSO4). | Venkatesan B. et al., 2020 |
| SS | 100% as replacement of NA in concrete for 28days. | By employing SS as an aggregate, PCs' compressive, splitting tensile, & flexural strength, abrasion resistance, carbonation resistance, & microstructural analyses have all enhanced. After carbonation, CaCO3 densifies the matrix and fills in the voids. | Wang S. et al., 2020 |
| SSA | 100% replacement of NA by SSA in concrete for 28days. | The service requirement for the sidewalk and bicycle lane can be satisfied by well-designed SSA concrete. | Wang G. et al., 2020 |
| SS | When the concrete was cured at 30°C & 45°C, respectively, it was strengthened by 13.43 and 22.15 MPa. | The curing temperature has a substantial impact on both early strength and strength after 28 days. The SS: GBFS ratio had been 3:6, the DG composition was now 12.3%, the sand ratio was 0.43, & the water use was 140 kg/m3 with the SS component now at 29.3%. | Xu C. et al., 2019 |
| GGBFS | Up to 60% GGBFS or 40% FA substitution, compressive strength values remain over 200 MPa & 20% FA replacement & 40% GGBFS has little effect on strength. | By substituting Silica fume using a 1.30 M CaO/SiO2 ratio, FA and GGBFS can reduce the amount of cement & silica fume in RPC. This lessens the need for superplasticizers and improves the environment. After applying external pressure, the compressible strength for mineral additives rises to 324 MPa, resulting in a 22–63% reduction in Supper-plasticizer consumption. | Yazici H. et al., 2008 |
| GBFS | - | In terms of fluidity, strength development, hydration heat, and economic benefits, Non-sintering cement outperforms Ordinary Portland Cement and Blast-furnace slag cement. | Yoon S., 2015 |
| SS | After 28 days, replacing all of the sand with fine SS produced a c-value of 60.7 MPa, which was 20.7% higher than the equivalent compressive strength. | Concrete can be harmed by coarse SS of poor quality, whereas fine SS is not impacted by ageing. The replacement rate for used glass might rise to 17.5%. | Yu X. et al., 2016 |
| BOSS | At the age of 91 days, replacing 75% of the sand with BOSS resulted in an improvement in compressive strength. | When the sand was completely replaced with BOSS, the strength of the concrete containing the nano-silica & BOSS increased by the most amounts—21.4%, 20.3%, and 19.4%, respectively—over 28 days. This is because BOSS has a higher specific density than unprocessed sand. | Zareei S. A. et al., 2019 |
| SS | SS was used to substitute cement at a mass ratio of 30%. | SS inhibits cement hydration, however, the presence of unaffected cement particles in the UHPC matrix explains the minimal influence on long-term compressive strength. | Zhang X. et al., 2019 |
| SS | For all of the mixes, the compressive strength after 28 days ranges between 19.4 MPa and 24.2 MPa. | In permeable concrete, which is sensitive to the quantity of binder present, SS acts as the aggregate. This lessens connection porosity and lowers water permeability coefficient while increasing unit weight and 28-day compressive strength. The use of different binders that contain GBFS, FA, and/or SF can provide positive results. | Zhang G. et al., 2020 |