Design and study of Solid Waste Management in Ranchi, Jharkhand

Solid waste management (SWM) have becomes a very serious concern globally. The lack of individual responsibilities as well as proper attitude and approach leads to this issue. Rapid industrialization, increase in population and further increase in standard of living and poor waste management have increased the serous health issue. Ranchi city need to be taken care by various new SWM techniques, proper management skill and adequate care the diseases and improve medical conditions. This paper deals with the proper description of the current MSWM process and the real time scenario where every individual is a source of waste creation. The effect of growing population of last ten years outcome of waste quality and quantity generated throughout these years have been discussed. It is observed that more than 4000 tons of waste per month is being generated. Researches shows that the disposal of solid waste requires 2,700,000 m 2 area for the landll up to the year 2030. Far sustainable development and effective management it is suggested that implementation of newer technologies, training of common people, and effective implementation of government policies will help to come out of these current issues.


Introduction
Today effective management of solid waste generation is one of the potential issue of developing countries. The increase in the waste throughout the year is a signi cant problem due to urbanization and population growth. There are several local bodies involved in the waste collection, disposal and nally processing. However the current growth of population led to improper management and processing of waste. Ranchi city is located at 85.30 east and 23.3 0 north to the topic of cancer, its municipal area is around 650.02 km2, and 653 m above sea level [1]. Ranchi considered as the hill station has the composite climate. Ranchi city is located in a Chota Nagpur Plateau, which has forest scenery around it.
The growing population, urbanization, improper management of solid waste and lack of environmental training caused this place to its degradation, therefore the reliable waste management technology is required. Municipal solid waste (MSW) considered as trash, garbage and rubbish in United States and Britain. The composition of solid waste can be categorized from its processing properties and different states. Municipality waste also described as a domestic waste released from houses, hospitals, markets, and many service providing sectors.
The waste is categorized as Biodegradable waste, which can undergo degradation by microorganisms or microbes; Recyclable waste such as paper polythene which can withstand the recycling process; Construction waste from the construction site like debris rocks; Electrical and electronic waste such as light bulbs, batteries; Extra composite wastes such as leather clothes, plastic toys; Hazardous waste, which are mostly from the chemical industry converted into spray cans, tires, and fertilizers and; Toxic waste which is basically from fungicide, pesticides and herbicides. SWM from the municipality undergo treatment by recycling, composting, energy recovery and incineration.
The generation of waste in India has increased enormously since three decades. Extensive researches are needed for the fruitful waste organization in urban India which involve by 1.3 billion individuals, produces about 1.5 lakh metric ton waste daily where only 70 percent are gathered, and rest are still in the environment. Approximately 31 million tons (48 percent) are dumped at land ll destinations [2]. CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) in India is offering RMC (Ranchi Municipal Corporation) guidelines for gathering, transportation, and disposal of stable waste from the city. Ranchi is evaluated to make more than 400 tons of trash/waste each day. The per capita waste generation are 450-500 gm for every person/day. The promotion of public awareness, legislation, nancial and economic calculations, strengthen institutional capacity and regulations enforcement and establishment of a proper sanitary land ll are considered to be principal remedial measures to ensure sound environmental maintenance.

Methodology
The study is conducted to nd the status and challenges of MSWM in Ranchi. An assessment of MSWM parameter conducted through survey to nd MSW age, assortment, and treatment alternatives drilled in Ranchi city. The sample of waste is weighed and through simple calculation the percentage of different waste composition is measured. The types of solid waste produced, how it is produced, overseen, disposed is studied in this article. The research was directed in Ranchi town around 35 kilometers area.
The investigation manages to present di culty to control squanders provoking irrational dumping; poor administration prompting biological de lement, the spread of diseases, land debasement, and appalling living. The RMC is spread over a zone of 652.02 km2 and data is accessible in the website. The examination presumes that the establishment of decentralized solid waste handling units in the city improve the formal recycling industry. The rag picker has a signi cant in uence during the management process since they recover signi cant recyclable waste. The waste management system in Ranchi lacks superior sorting devices therefore the individuals ought to be instructed to understand the signi cance of source isolation at the rst point as biodegradables, non-biodegradable, and recyclable material.
Simultaneously a land ll is designed to check the waste management procedure. The ultimate aim should be to incorporate the zero-waste system therefore suggested recommendation provided that could be incorporated to reduce waste.

Setting of the study
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Ranchi a part of eastern India is still under development. The topic of cancer passes from Ranchi district. It is capital of Jharkhand state India. Ranchi annual average temperature has increased from 31 o C to 37 o C within the span of last 10 years from 2009 to 2019 [1]. The population of Ranchi district is around 23 lakh people. The people work in the government organization and private sector. The city have dominant economy based on businesses in hotel, restaurant, stall, food truck, repair shop, furniture shop, automobile centre, carpentry, and other sectors. Illiteracy and unemployment are high therefore most people take up jobs as driver, cleaning service, and other low skilled job [3]. A private vehicle tempo/car run on diesel/petrol are the primary mode of the transportation. The research survey was done in 4 central posh locations and one slum area. Four signi cant posh places in Ranchi subjected for investigation are Hinoo, Ashok Nagar, Harmu, and Mahatma Gandhi Road. These places with signi cant shopping centre, local food stall and vendor shop are major source of waste generation. The slum area considered for study in Latma, Hatia are approx 35 kilometer of radius.

Data Collection
Images and information in form of data is collected from proper interaction with the municipality people.
The current waste transportation details from the various locations obtained from the website. The data is appropriately incorporated in this paper through the documentation. The signi cant factors of waste generation are the economic activities, population growth, drain off local water bodies, improper land use and deforestation.

Survey Procedure
The surveys has been done through questionnaire prepared in form of systematic waste report and the study is done by consulting people about the approximate waste generation throughout the month. The questions about the current living standard was also included. The form was lled by the people who are majorly working in the municipality, local vendor, garbage collector and house owner. Through eld survey it is found that dustbin at busy roads are adequate but less in signi cant locality having dense population. A typical photograph of bins represented in Fig. 1. The systematic waste question is lled up every day in the morning by asking questions about the signi cant waste generation from the locality.
The approx. percentage of garbage is measured by categorizing and segregated the waste separately and then measuring in the weighting scale. The segregated waste measured is simpli ed in form of percentage by simple calculation. Systematic waste report questions are prepared in Hindi (local language of Ranchi) and then translated into English. Two sets of the report are ready one from the technical person and one for the local people.

Results And Discussion
The following data collected are simulated in the table. The report prepared is characterized into three groups that are recyclable waste, disposal waste, and other hazardous waste. One of the signi cant land lls in the Ranchi district is the Lohardaga land ll located 15 km away from Ranchi. The Lohardaga land ll is located near the Jhiri village, also termed as Jiri Sanitary Land ll. Other Sterile Land ll sites in Ranchi are Nav Kendra Bharat Jagriti, where many people work, and are the major wastes disposal area.
The local people do not have any knowledge to deal with the waste management, and its framework. By visiting and inspecting, it is found that waste management is incompetent in reducing this ample amount of trash. These can be seen over the years where the local water bodies that are harmu river ultimately declined and drained, with solid waste oating all over the water bodies. The Subarnarekha River has dried, and formation of algae has taken place. The photograph of Harmu River and Subarnarekha River can be seen in Fig. 2(a) and 2(b). There is no signi cant data available for Ranchi regarding waste management techniques. World Bank report shows that low income countries achieve waste collection about 48% from urban areas and 26% in rural areas [4]. Ranchi comes in a class of low-income district. RMC report suggests that 912 grams per capita waste are generated from the city. Sanitary land ll is a signi cant waste processing way for dumping place. Most of the waste that does not t in tractor trumpet drills are left and dumped locally. The Hinoo location have Mecon dumping ground where an organic waste converter plant is built, but it is in the non-working condition these photographs are represented in Fig. 3. Figure 4 shows the photograph of leftover dumping in Hinoo, phd Colony. From the gure, it can be seen that the waste collection trailer is entirely distorted. The survey report of monthly transportation is represented in the table. The proper survey result shows the tractor transportation and Dumper trip movement for dumping the collected waste. Total monthly waste received is also represented in the Table 1. Table 1 Monthly waste collection report of tractor, dumper tipper, dumper placer and total weight received in on ton.  Table 1 represent the simulated data in the tabular form. Table 1 Monthly waste collection report of tractor, dumper tipper, dumper placer and total weight received in on ton.

Disposal
Waste collected is disposed of in the dumping location. The dumping is dependent on the site condition. The disposal action is then carried forward with sanitary land ll treatment. Recycle waste, biodegradable waste, and hazardous waste that has not been separated are dumped together, which makes this dumping ground ineffective to reduce these waste. A major treatment of solid waste is achieved by segregating the waste. The advanced technique is required for separating these waste, or a proper training session should be done so that waste could be separated into a different color bin from home and from the source the waste is generated. The waste has the potential for energy production therefore effective management technique is followed. The dumpsite in Jhirri Ranchi is represented in from of google map in Fig. 6 (a) whereas 6 (b) represents the photograph of dumping site, where major waste up to 40 percent is disposed. Some of the wastes are disposed of in Mecon dumping site while remaining waste dumped locally by the unlicensed vendor. The waste without segregation are dumped altogether as shown in the photograph. The photograph of Ashok Nagar a posh location in Ranchi shows unorganized waste segregation in Fig. 7.   Table 2, 3, 4. The plastics and polythene are categorized in recyclable waste to simplify categorization. The survey result is obtained from different location in Ranchi and categorized into three subparts such that it can undergo effective processing. Table 5 represent data of overall waste generation along with its percentage and composition. Table 6 is percentage of physical composition and its graphical representation is shown in Fig. 8a and b      Page 12/32 Physical composition Constituent percentage (%) Waste management framework Table 2 Biodegradable waste percentage and survey   Table 3 Recyclable waste percentage and survey Table 4 Other waste survey and percentage (biomedical waste, hazardous waste) Table 5 Overall survey report Table 6 Physical composition percentage

Amount of solid waste generated
In India, 62 million tons yearly averages out to 450 grams of waste per person per day. In any case, there is a great deal of changeability in the per capita waste age in India. Day by day unit of MSW age ranges from 170 grams per person in rural communities to 620 grams per person in substantial urban areas.
Given that the population in Ranchi municipality is 1,126,741 and Ranchi district population is 2,914,253 the average waste generation rate is 0.45-0.5 kg/person/day. India is a lower-middle-income country; the waste generation rate is estimated at the range of 0.4-0.5 kg/person/day [5].
Generation rate per person for Ranchi municipality = Average ton of waste generated/ Population of Ranchi From

Squander age
The squander age rate is 0.4 kg/individual/day [6]. This information is discovered from the world bank of

Recommendation
The Fig. 9 represents a owchart or framework that could be incorporated for waste management in Ranchi City. The owchart shows the proper waste management techniques that can be carried out to minimize and reduce the waste.

Floatation:-
The waste is separated by oatation action by passing it into oatation tank after segregating it into a different bin. The waste that oats in water separated after allowing it to soak in properly while rest are separated differently by the action of density.

Eddy current method: -
When waste of similar size is collected, these waste can be separated by eddy current method, which separates the ferrous material from the lot bypassing the eddy current, which forms its magnetic eld leading separation from the conveyor belt. The current ow in the circular loop such that waste is eliminated into a different bin [7]. This type of shorting can be done in a stepwise process; thus, the particular advance system should be produced with smart manufacturing such that these shorting processes can be carried out in one system or a closed machine. Israel has the most advanced waste shorting technique and follows zero waste concept. The recycled waste segregated undergo recycling in the plant for the recovery process. The different waste according to its properties undergo various treatment process as categorized in the owchart.

Biodegradable waste treatment
The biodegradation is a process to breakdown complex compound to simpler compound these can be done by different process these are:-

Composting: -
The biological treatment which involves the degradation of organic compound into simplex form by the action of bacteria leading to the formation of humus, which add fertility to the plant's crops. These

Anaerobic composting: -
Composting in the absence of air by covering the waste to let anaerobic bacteria to undergo the degradation process.

Vermicomposting: -
The special types of worms used for example red and white worms to let the composting process to undergo.

Biogas plant: -
The process by which organic waste can be degraded in the digester by the action of microorganism by thermal decomposition, i.e., in the presence of temperature and pressure. Bacteria degrade organic waste in the absence of air (vacuum). Biogas is created by anaerobic assimilation with methanogen or anaerobic living beings, which digest material inside a shut framework, or maturation of biodegradable materials. This shut framework is called an anaerobic digester/ bio digester, or a bioreactor. Biogas principally lead to methane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and may have modest quantities of hydrogen sul de (H 2 S), dampness, and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This vitality discharge permits biogas to be utilized as a fuel; it very well may be used for any warming reason, for example, cooking. It can likewise be used in a gas motor to change over the vitality in the gas to thermal energy. At the initial stage, the waste is mixed with water to make a slurry.

Fermentation: -
A metabolic process that leads to chemical changes into organic substrates by the action of enzymes in biochemistry. It can be de ned as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of airethanol production from fermentation.

Land ll: -
The land ll is the term utilized to dump the waste in the broad area or ground to treat the waste and to remove from the environment, it also portrays the physical changes during the disposal of solid wastes and residue on the surface. Sanitary land ll requires a large facility for the disposal of MSW and operated to limit public health. The waste is to be covered daily by soil as an intent material in a scienti c manner. The precautions to prevent leachate leakage into the soil and groundwater therefore it should be away from the water bodies. To meet large disposal, large land lls are required to meet the disposal need with growing population leading to an increase in the garbage content. Thus adequate 3R techniques should be adopted from the municipality to every community with proper initiative. Land lls require signi cant land demand for waste treatment. Only hazardous waste can undergo land ll rest waste can be split up under biodegradable waste and biomedical waste treatment segment.

Incineration: -
Incineration is the thermal combustion process similar to some extent to gasi cation, anaerobic digestion, and pyrolysis. In incineration, the waste most commonly organic or biomedical waste will undergo combustion to release u gas and heat, which can be used for waste to energy conversion run a turbine to generate electricity directly with the gases or secondary gas. The leftover material, i.e., ash can be used to take the form of solid lumps or carried out through u gas. This ash can also be treated in

Autoclaving: -
Autoclave is a treatment in the pressure chamber requiring raised temperature and pressure. Autoclaves procedure are used in medicinal applications to perform cleansing and by action sterilization to vulcanize provide sterile coating to the material. Modern autoclaves are used in mechanical applications concerning composites. Many autoclaves are utilized to sanitize hardware and supplies by exposing them to pressurized soaked steam at 121 °C for around 18-20 minutes relying upon the size of the heap and the substance. In autoclaving with downward air, the use of a vacuum pump to undergo the autoclaving process.

Chemical Disinfectants: -
The pathogens, viruses, and bacteria are chemical disinfectants treated by chemical reaction. Chlorine bleach power used to kill pathogens, viruses, and bacteria. Ethylene oxide treatment used for the treatment of chemical disinfectants while microwave radiation used for the treatment of liquid biomedical waste, and it is less expensive compared to incineration.

Conclusion
Page 19/32 The population growth in the city have been increasing since last twenty years. Rapid urbanization and migrating from the villages to the main city for employment and business lead to the increase MSW. The population growth is directly proportional to the generation of MSW. Municipal solid waste is increasing with population growth of 2.2% every year. If the recommendation incorporated in systematic order the environmental mitigation and management standards would substantially increase. The present study shows that Polythene or plastic is 23.93%, bottles 4.7%, clothes 2.9%, metals 2.13%, glass 3.84%, leather 1.28%, grass 0.85%, cow dung 0.85%, ash 1.28%, vegetable peelings 28.205%, syringe, blood cotton and medical tablets 3.84%, construction debris 1.7%, waste food 16.23%, and papers 8.11% are being generated of total waste. Some of the waste can be converted into energy and then in form of electricity and further can be transferred to the grid. New advanced technologies such as global system for mobile (GSM), Global positioning system (GPS) technology could be used in the waste management process. GSM with application of GPS technology could be locate dustbin and garbage orbit. GSM Technology use the infrared sensor that might help in nding the quality the quantity of the waste for example if the waste is completed lled in dustbin the signal transmitted to vendor such that they could effectively plan waste collection from that particular location. GSM technology could further be optimized to connect different people and to send the noti cation to the person in charge of waste collection process [9]. The initiative in Mexico City where the people get free Wi-Fi if they dump waste in the dustbin moreover people get extra Wi-Fi if they dumb garbage near the road side area. Similar initiative in Ranchi would create awareness regarding waste disposal and reduction process.

Declaration
Availability of data and materials.
The data is obtained from Census India, and World Bank. While most of the dataset is prepared from the response of the local waste collection vendor and person in charge.