Vaccination Status, Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Toward Hepatitis B Infection Among Students of Medical Laboratory Sciences at Sudan International University


 Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness about Hepatitis B infection, and the HBV testing and vaccination history among students of medical laboratory sciences (MLS) at Sudan international university.Results: A total of 271 students responded to the questionnaire. Among them, 67% were females, and 33% were males with a mean age of 20.93 ± 1.6 years. Only 66 (24.4%) students were vaccinated against hepatitis B, whereas 205 (75.6%) students had never been vaccinated. Out of all study participants, 121 (44.6%) had never been tested for HBV. Among the study participants, 60.4% had good knowledge about HBV, 85% had a positive attitude toward HBV, and 85% had good practices related to HBV. The mean awareness score was 18.3, with 64% of participants having satisfactory awareness about HBV. Moreover, this awareness was significantly predicted by the study level of the student (P = .000). Being on the fourth year of study was associated with satisfactory awareness about HBV (OR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.188–0.889).

designed consisting of four parts (Supplementary le). Part I was designed to obtain sociodemographic characteristics. Part II (Q1- 19) was designed to test the participants' knowledge across multiple domains, including etiology of the disease, signs and symptoms, modes of transmissions, preventive measures, treatment, and vaccination. The participants could choose between three predetermined options, namely, "Yes," "No," and "Do not know." Part III (Q20-22) was designed to assess participants' attitudes toward hepatitis B infection. Part IV (Q23-Q26) was designed to identify participants' practices related to hepatitis B infection. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23.0. In parts II, III, and IV of the questionnaire, participants' responses were compared with a standard template, and one mark was assigned for each correct response. The knowledge score was calculated by summing the marks of questions (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Good knowledge was de ned by answering ≥ 70% of the knowledge questions correctly, whereas poor knowledge was de ned as < 70% of correct answers. The attitude score was calculated by summing the marks of questions (20)(21)(22). Positive attitude was de ned by answering ≥ 70% of the attitude items correctly, whereas negative attitude was indicated by < 70% of correct answers.
The practice score was calculated by summing the marks of questions (23-26). Good practice was de ned by answering ≥ 70% of the practice items correctly, whereas malpractice was indicated by < 70% of correct answers. Pearson's correlation test was used to determine the correlations between mean KAP.
Students' overall awareness about HBV was obtained by summing the total number of correct answers (right knowledge, good attitude, and practice). Therefore, the maximum possible score was 26. Then, this score was used to categorize participants into satisfactory (≥ 70%) and unsatisfactory (< 70%) awareness. Logistic regression was carried out to predict the overall awareness (satisfactory or unsatisfactory) as a dependent variable based on demographic characteristics (age, gender, residence, and study level) as explanatory variables. For all tests, P < 0.05 was considered statistically signi cant.

Results:
A total of 271 students responded to the questionnaire with a response rate of 97.8%. Among them, 181 participants were females (66.8%), while the remaining 90 (33.2%) were males. In terms of age, the participants were young adults aged between 18 and 26 years with a mean age of (20.93 ± 1.62) years.
In terms of the vaccination status, only 66 (24.4%) of the participants had been vaccinated at the time of the study, while 205 (75.6%) were never vaccinated.
All participants were residing in the three localities of Khartoum State, namely, Khartoum, North Khartoum, and Omdurman, with a distribution of 194 (71.6%), 40 (14.8%), and 37 (13.6%), respectively. In terms of the study level, 106 (39.1%) participants were in the second year of college, 79 (29.2%) were in the third year, and 86 (31.7%) were in the fourth year.
According to the score of correct answers for the 19 knowledge items, 60.4% of participants had good knowledge about HBV, while 39.6% had poor knowledge. For all participants, the mean knowledge score was 13.79 ± 2.99. The knowledge items, frequency, and percentages of correct responses of study participants are shown in Table 1. Overall, 80.5% of study participants had good practices related to the prevention and protection from HBV, while only 19.5% had poor practices. For all participants, the mean practice score was 2.41 ± 1.10. The practice items, frequency, and percentages of participants' responses are shown in Table 2. Regression analysis revealed that among the selected sociodemographic variables, only the study level was a statistically signi cant predictor of awareness about HBV (P = .000). In this model, being at the fourth year of study was associated with satisfactory awareness about HBV compared with the second and third years of study (OR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.188-0.889) ( Table 3).  [13], a study at Haramaya University showed that 56.5% of students were knowledgeable regarding HBV infection prevention [14]. Moreover, a study conducted in Pakistan reported that the knowledge level among medical students was 57.1% [15]. Our nding is slightly higher than that of a study conducted among health science students in Woldia University, Northeast Ethiopia; (52%) showed good knowledge about HBV [16]. In addition, our nding is greater than that reported by a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, in which 50% of medical students at the University of Dammam had good knowledge about HBV [17], also a study conducted among preclinical medical students of a medical college in Nepal reported that 50.8% had good knowledge regarding hepatitis B [18]. On the other hand, the level of knowledge observed in this study was lower than that observed in a study done in Ethiopia, wherein 80.1% of the participants had good knowledge about HBV [19]. Out of the 19 knowledge items used in the questionnaire, the mean knowledge score for the study sample was 13.79. This gure is similar to the Haramaya University study, in which the mean knowledge score was 11.52 out of 16 knowledge items [14]. In addition, the mean in this study was comparable with that of another study, in which 10 items were used to assess knowledge and the mean score was 7.35 [11]. However, this nding was not consistent with that of the study of medical college in Nepal, in which the median knowledge of participants was 61.00 (57.00-66.00) [18].
In terms of the attitude, the participants of this study showed a positive attitude toward HBV infection, while positive attitude was associated with good knowledge in other studies [9][10].
In terms of practices related to HBV, the majority of the study participants showed good practices toward HBV as indicated by their responses in the questionnaire. This combination of good knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice observed in this study is in accordance with a previous similar nding [9]. Good practice seems to be based on good knowledge, while poor knowledge is most probably associated with malpractices. Despite these associations, no signi cant correlation was observed in this study between knowledge and practice scores, while the knowledge and attitude scores were signi cantly correlated. This nding slightly differs from an Iranian survey, in which knowledge was positively correlated with both attitude and practice components [11]. This difference could be attributed to the difference in the number of knowledge and practice items in each study. In this study, 19 and 4 items were used to assess knowledge and practice, respectively. However, in the Iranian study, 10 and 9 items were used to assess knowledge and practice, respectively [11].
In the present study, only 66 (24.4%) of the participants had been fully vaccinated against HBV at the time of the study, while 205 (75.6%) had never taken the vaccine. These ndings were higher than those of a study conducted among students of medicine and health sciences in Northwest Ethiopia (only 5 (2%) students had completed the three doses of HBV vaccination) [10]. Similarly, a study conducted on medical and health science students in Haramaya University reported that 13.4% of the students received one or more doses of the hepatitis B vaccine, and only 4.7% of the students were fully vaccinated [14]. On the other hand, the vaccination status of the present study participants was lower than that of a study conducted on preclinical medical students of a medical college in Nepal (67 (37%) participants were fully vaccinated against hepatitis B, while 71 (39.2%) were never vaccinated) (18). In addition, the study conducted on undergraduate public health students in Ghana reported that 100 (44.2%) participants had received at least one dose of hepatitis B vaccine, while 30.5% completed the vaccination [20]. Another study conducted among medical students of Karachi, Pakistan reported that 79% of the students were vaccinated for hepatitis B; however, 70.6% of them were completely vaccinated [15].
In present study, less than half of the respondents (121, 44.6%) were previously screened for hepatitis B, which was agreed by previous studies, wherein 49.4% [15] and 49.6% had been tested for HBV infection [20].
In conclusion, the majority of MLS students included in this study had satisfactory awareness about hepatitis B infection. Additionally, progression in study level showed a positive impact on the level of students' awareness about HBV. Limitation: The study was conducted at a single Medical Laboratory Sciences College, so generalization cannot be insured.

Declarations:
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan International University Ethics Committee. Participation in the study was voluntary. Verbal consent was taken from each participant after clearly explaining the purpose and objectives of the study. They were informed to withdraw from the study at any time and/or to refrain from responding to questions if they were not interested to participate by any reason, Moreover, con dentiality was assured for all the information provided and personal identi ers were not included on questionnaire. Anyone who lled the form was understood to have given the consent.