Annual and geographical variations in the specific composition of jassids and their damage on cotton in Ivory Coast

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3227980/v1

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Annual and geographical variations in the specific composition of jassids and their damage on cotton in Ivory Coast

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3227980/v1

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published 24 Jan, 2024

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The aim of this study was to highlight the diversity of jassid species and their impact on cotton growing in Ivory Coast. The collections carried out in 2021 identified three species. Jacobiasca lybica (Bergevin & Zanon, 1922) is the most abundant, with proportions ranging from 73.3–93.3% depending on the site. The other two species are Empoasca papayae (Oman, 1937) (8.3%) and Empoasca facialis (Jacobi, 1912) (5%). In 2022, collections revealed the invasion of a new species, Amrasca biguttula (Shiraki, 1913), which became dominant with proportions of 90 to 100% depending on the site. Two other species, J. lybica (2.7%) and E. facialis (1.3%), cohabit with A. biguttula. Thus, while the damage noted in 2021 was attributable to J. lybica, that observed in 2022 is essentially due to A. biguttula, with incidences exceeding the economic impact threshold. The North-East of the cotton basin was the area most affected by attacks by these two species. The results of the study reveal significant changes in jassid species composition and climatic conditions in the cotton-growing areas of Ivory Coast, from one year to the next. This situation also explains the variations in damage levels.

Biological sciences/Zoology/Entomology

Biological sciences/Ecology/Biodiversity

Ivory Coast

jassid

seasonal dynamics

damage

cotton leafhopper

Cotton growing is a major source of income for the people living in the Ivorian cotton basin. It is the main economic component and engine of development for this part of Côte d'Ivoire. It plays an important role in the socio-economic development of the populations living there (Koné et al., 2017). However, it is subject to numerous pests, among which jassids are playing an increasingly important role.

Jassids are stinging, sucking insects in the Cicadellidae family. Cicadellidae belong to the order Hemiptera. This order contains a diversity of species with a major economic impact on cotton growing. Once relegated to the ranks of minor pests on cotton in Côte d'Ivoire, jassids have been a real concern for cotton cultivation for over a decade (Koné et al., 2017 ; Malanno et al., 2021).

Indeed, before the 2000s, jassids were considered as emergence pests. Pullulations of these insects were generally observed during the first 40 to 50 days of cultivation. Populations dropped considerably with the start of insecticide treatments on the 45th day after emergence or as soon as the rains began (Koné et al., 2017). However, since 2012 these leafhoppers have become emerging pests. Population levels and damage remain consistently high on cotton plants throughout the growing season, despite the control measures us by farm (Koné et al., 2017). These attacks are much more pronounced in the northeastern part of the cotton production zone (Malanno et al., 2021). These findings have prompted research into crop protection programs adapted to these areas, where sucking biting insects are predominant (Kouadio, et al., 2022a).

Despite these actions, during the 2022–2023 crop year, more severe attacks than in previous years were observed throughout the cotton production zone in Ivory Coast and in several neighboring countries (PR-PICA, 2022).

Climatic factors (temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity) have an impact on the development cycle of pests. They force the latter to adapt to changing conditions (Iqbal et al., 2010). Koné et al (2017) have shown that, drought pockets from Jun to July favor jassid outbreaks. However, other factors such as substitutions or the appearance of new species could also explain these constantly observed changes in behavior. Indeed, for a long time now, only one species of jassid has been cited on cotton in Ivory Coast. This was Empoasca facialis (Jacobi, 1912) (Cauquil, 1986 ; Viot et al., 1999 ; Koné et al., 2017). Nowadays, it is not known whether this species is still alone, or the main one responsible for the damage observed. Could the emergence noted in the field be the consequence of the invasion of new species?

The aim of this work is to contribute to understanding the causes of regular outbreaks of jassids in cotton crops. Through the determination of the annual and geographical variations in the specific composition of jassids.

1.1. Materials

The study focused on leafhopper specimens collected on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in a production environment. The main cotton varieties collected were CI 128, CI 123, Gouassou and Sicama. They were developed by the Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA). They are hybrid varieties.

The protection program popularized by growers is the six-treatment insecticide window program. This program reduces the use of pyrethroid-based insecticides by positioning alternatives in the first window. The main active ingredients used for crop protection are listed in Table I.

Tableau I Insecticide products and their characteristics

Active substances	Dose (g/ha)	Chemical family
Cypermethrin 72 + Abamectin 28	36 − 14	Pyrethroid / Avermectin
Dinotefuran 14% + Alphacypermethrin 22%	11.2–17.6	Neonicotinoid / Pyrethroid
Spinetoram 200 + Sulfoxaflor 200 (g/Kg)	14–14	Spinosyn / sulfloximin
Spiromesifen 240 g/l	144	Tetronic and Tetramic acid derivatives
Deltamethrin + Chlorpyrifos ethyl	12–200	Pyrethroid / Organophosphate
Emamectin + Acetamiprid	12–16	Avermectin / Neonicotinoid
Cypermethrin + Profenofos	36–300	Pyrethroid / Organophosphate
Alphacypermethrin + Acetamiprid	18 − 8	Pyrethroid / Neonicotinoid
Buprofezin	200	Buprofezin
Chlorantraniliprol	20	Diamide

1.2. Study site

The leafhopper specimens used for species identification were collected in 10 localities in the cotton basin (7°5N to 12°N : 3°W to 8.5°W), namely Tienko, Madinani, Boundiali, Ferké, Kani, Kong, Korhogo, Nambingué (Ouangolo), Niakara, and Bouaké (Fig. 1).

1.3. Sample collections

Specimens were collected for identification during the 2021 and 2022 seasons, from June to November each year. They were collected using the diagonal method (Nibouche et al., 2002). Adult jassids were collected using a mouth aspirator, then preserved on naphthalene. A total of 600 individuals were identified, including 300 during the 2021 season and 300 during the 2022 season.

1.4. Identification of individuals

Individuals were identified based on taxonomic keys consolidated by (Dmitriev & Dietrich, 2009) available at the following web address: http://dmitriev.speciesfile.org/key.asp ?key = Erythroneura&lng = En&i = 1&keyN = 12 from various resources (McKamey, 2001 ; Mozaffarian & Wilson, 2016 ; Xu et al., 2017). They were dissected and then meticulously observed using a Panthera L Motic microscope at 4X and 10X magnifications respectively, and a Motic SMZ-171-TLED magnifying glass.

1.6. Observation of jassid damage on cotton plants

Data as collected in collaboration with the cotton companies' Research and Development (R&D) departments. Each year, the monitoring system covered around 320 plots in farming areas. These plots were selected in 3 localities, with ten (10) plots per locality. The plots were chosen according to the most representative sowing dates in each locality (Table II). An area of 0.25 ha was delimited in the Centre of the plot for data collection. Each plot was subjected to the technical practices recommended for cotton production in Ivory Coast (variety, sowing density, fertilization, weeding, etc.).

On each plot, weekly observations were made from the 30th to the 128th JAL (Jour Après Levée), i.e., for 14 weeks. Plant damage was observed plant by plant, on a sample of 30 plants in six groups of five consecutive plants, using the diagonal method (Nibouche et al., 2002). A plant is considered attacked when one of its five terminal leaves shows damage or symptoms of jassid attack. Data were collected using the SySParCotCI collection application developed by the Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (Téhia et al., 2022). Data from 2012 to 2020 were collected using the same method, based on the data collection sheets that were used prior to the development of the SySParCotCI data collection application.

Table II Choice of the number of plots according to the sowing decade

Seeding dates	North Region	South Region
D1 (May 20–31)	1
D2 (June 01–10)	2	1
D3 (June 11–20)	3	3
D4 (June 21–30)	2	3
D5 (July 01–10)	1	2
D6 (July 11–20)	1	1
Total by locality	10	10

1.7 Climatic data collection

Rainfall data were provided by the central soil, water, and plant laboratory of the Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA). These (in-situ) data are taken every day of the year, from weather stations installed not far from the farmers' plots. As for temperature and relative humidity data, we mobilized them from the Nasa power platform, which provides access to a range of climatic data available at daily, monthly, and annual time steps. For this study, we focused on data from June to July, during the 2021 and 2022 season.

1.8. Data analysis

After identification, the proportions of individuals belonging to the different species were calculated according to the crop year, and an average was determined for both years. The same analyses were carried out according to locality. Geographical and seasonal damage levels were determined from data collected in 2021 and 2022. An existing database also determined the average annual damage levels for the last decade. Seasonal variation curves were produced using Excel software from the Office 2016 Windows package (Microsoft Corporation, 2023). Analyses and graphical representations were carried out using the free Rstudio development environment of the R 4.2.2 software package (R Core Team, 2021) from the questionr and ggplot2 packages. Spatialization of damage and average levels of rainfall, relative humidity and temperature were carried out using Arc Gis 10.3.1 software (ESRI, 2023).

2.1. Results

2.1.1. Main leafhopper species identified over the period 2021–2022

The leafhopper species identified on cotton are divided into three genera (Table III). These are the Empoasca, Amrasca and Jacobiasca genera. The main species encountered are: Empoasca papayae (Oman, 1937), Jacobiasca lybica (Bergevin & Zanon, 1922), Empoasca facialis (Jacobi, 1912) and Amrasca biguttula (Shiraki, 1913).

Table III: Main leafhopper species identified on cotton during 2021-2022 season

Genus	Species	Relative proportion (%)
Empoasca	Empoasca papayae	4.3
Empoasca	Empoasca facialis	3.2
Jacobiasca	Jacobiasca lybica	43.5
Amrasca	Amrasca biguttula	48

2.1.2. Annual variation in overall species composition of leafhopper species

The proportion of species identified varied from one season to the next (Table IV). In 2021, the majority of species identified were J. lybica with an overall proportion of 84.7%. It was followed by E. papayae and E. facialis. Their average proportions were 8.7% and 5% respectively. In 2022, A. biguttula was the most abundant species, with an overall proportion of 96.6%. It was followed by J. lybica and E. facialis. Their overall proportions were 2.7% and 1.3% respectively. The species E. papayae was not found in the samples collected in 2022. The same applies to A. biguttula, which was not observed during the 2021 season.

Table IV Annual variation in the overall species composition of leafhoppers

Genus	Species	Overall proportion (%)
Genus	Species	2021	2022
Empoasca	Empoasca papayae	8.7	0
Empoasca	Empoasca facialis	5	1.3
Jacobiasca	Jacobiasca lybica	84.3	2.7
Amrasca	Amrasca biguttula	0	96.6
	Unidentified	2	0

2.1.3. Geographic variation in overall species composition

The proportions of different species varied among localities (Table IV). Two species were found to be in the majority: A. biguttula and J. lybica. Their proportions varied respectively from 45 to 50% and from 40 to 50% according to the localities. However, A. biguttula was the most abundant.

Table IV Overall geographical distribution of leafhoppers during the seasons 2021–2022

Locality	Amrasca biguttula	Empoasca papayae	Jacobiasca lybica	Empoasca facialis	Unidentified
Bouaké	45	0	41.7	13.3	0
Boundiali	46.7	8.3	40	3.3	1.7
Ferké	46.7	11.7	40	1.7	0
Kani	48.3	5	40	3.3	3.3
Kong	50	5	41.7	1.7	1.7
Korhogo	48.3	1.7	48.3	0	1.7
Madinani	46.7	1.7	45	5	1.7
Nambingué	50	5	43.3	1.7	0
Niakara	48.3	0	50	1.7	0
Tienko	50	5	45	0	0

2.1.4. Dynamics of geographic variation in species composition between 2021 and 2022

From 2021 to 2022, leafhopper species encountered on cotton varied by locality and crop year (Table V). However, in both crop years, three main species were identified. In 2021, J. lybica was the most dominant species with a proportion ranging from 73.3 to 96.7%. However, in 2022 it was reduced to a proportion ranging from 0 to 6.7% depending on the locality, making it the second most dominant species during this season. E. papayae increased from 0 to 23.3% in 2021, then decreased to 0% in 2022, depending on locality, making it an extinct species in this season. E. facialis was the minority species in 2021, with a proportion ranging from 0 to 16.7% and decreased in 2022 to a proportion ranging from 0 to 10% depending on the locality. It remained the minority species. However, this survey identified it in only two localities, including Bouaké and Boundiali. A. biguttula went from being absent from the samples collected in 2021 (0%) to the most abundant species in 2022, with a proportion ranging from 90 to 100%, depending on the locality.

Table V Geographic dynamics of leafhopper species by crop year

Locality	2021				2022
Locality	Empoasca papayae (%)	Unidentified (%)	Jacobiasca lybica (%)	Jacobiella fascialis (%)	Amrasca biguttula (%)	Jacobiasca lybica (%)	Jacobiella fascialis (%)
Bouaké	0	0	83.3	16.7	90	0	10
Boundiali	16.7	3.3	76.7	3.3	93.3	3.3	3.3
Ferké	23.3	0	73.3	3.3	93.3	6.7	0
Kani	10	6.7	76.7	6.7	96.7	3.3	0
Kong	10	3.3	83.3	3.3	100	0	0
Korhogo	3.3	3.3	93.3	0	96.7	3.3	0
Madinani	3.3	3.3	83.3	10	93.3	6.7	0
Nambingué	10	0	86.7	3.3	100	0	0
Niakara	0	0	96.7	3.3	96.7	3.3	0
Tienko	10	0	90	0	100	0	0
Annual proportion	8.7	2	84.3	5	96.6	2.7	1.3

2.1.5. Geographic variation in infestation levels

The levels of leafhopper damage varied among localities in the two crop years (Fig. 2). In the 2021 season, attacks were significant in the northern part of the cotton basin. However, they were particularly pronounced in the northeast of the cotton basin. During the 2022 season, attacks were widespread throughout the cotton basin. However, the highest infestations were observed in the northern part of the cotton basin, with higher levels in the northeastern part.

2.1.6. Seasonal and annual variation in infestation levels

Seasonal incidence of leafhoppers varied in both crop years (Fig. 3). In both years, attacks increased throughout the cropping season, but with higher levels in 2022.

Leafhopper attacks varied by year from 2012 to 2022 (Fig. 4). From 2012 to 2021, average attack levels ranged from 2.3 to 6.04 plants attacked per 30 plants observed. These levels were relatively low compared to those observed in 2022. Indeed, the average level of attacks was more than nine attacked plants per 30 plants observed in 2022. This level had never been reached in the previous ten years (Fig. 4).

2.1.7. Geographical variation in rainfall

Cumulative rainfall from June to July varied downwards from 2021 to 2022 (Fig. 5). During the 2021 season, cumulative rainfall varied between 290 mm and 530 mm, following the North-East/South-West gradient. In 2022, however, the cumulative rainfall varied between 260 mm and 410 mm, a drop ranging from 30 to 120 mm. In addition to the drop in rainfall, a geographical peculiarity can be observed in that the lowest values were recorded in the Tangrela-Mankono-Kong triangle, covering the North-Central-East zone, with an extreme of less than 260 mm recorded in Tengrela.

2.1.8. Geographical variation in relative humidity

In the cotton basin, average relative humidity from June to July generally varied downwards from south to north, from 2021 to 2022 (Fig. 6). Over the two crop years, it varied between 77% − 87% (2021) and 75% − 87% (2022), a decrease of 2% from Tengrela (North) to Bouaflé (South). However, beyond the 9th parallel, the 2021 season recorded average relative humidity levels varying between 77% and 80%, following a North-East/South-West gradient, while in 2022, the variation was between 74% (Tengrela) and 80%, with the exception of the Kong zone, which recorded an average humidity level of 82%.

2.1.9. Geographical temperature variation

From 2021 to 2022, the average temperature from June to July fell from 25°C to 27°C, following a north-east/south-west gradient (Fig. 7). Beyond the 9th parallel, there was a reduction in the high-temperature zone from 2021 to 2022. In 2021, the zone is dominated by an average temperature of over 26.6°C, compared with 26.2°C in 2022.

2.2. Discussion

Analysis of the annual and geographical variation of jassids revealed the cohabitation of at least three jassid species. This study highlights the dynamics of the leafhopper complex both between localities and between agricultural campaigns. It also showed a damage dynamic according to locality, crop year and dominant species. However, damage is more pronounced in the northeast of the cotton basin. This observation was also made by (Koné et al., 2017). Indeed, these authors showed that from 1993 to 2007, jassid damage was at a low level throughout the cotton basin. At that time, the jassid species known on cotton was the endemic E. facialis (Cauquil, 1986 ; Viot et al., 1999 ; Koné et al., 2017). Whereas from 2011 to 2015, damage was mainly evident in the northeast of the cotton basin. (Malanno et al., 2021) also confirmed the location of heavy infestations in the northeast of the cotton basin. Changes in the parasitic complex could partly explain this jassid outbreak.

During the 2021 cropping season, identifications revealed the arrival of two new jassid species. These were J. lybica and E. papayae. However, the first species proved to be the most dominant and invasive, occupying a larger proportion of the plant than the endemic species. It accounted for over 80% of all jassid species. The attacks observed during the 2020–2021 crop year could therefore be attributed mainly to J. lybica.

A change in the cotton pest complex was also observed in the 2022 season. It was marked by the arrival of a new species, identified as A. biguttula. Depending on the locality, it represented 90–100% of the leafhopper species. This species, more invasive and virulent, was the basis of the infestation levels observed. Indeed, in 2022, damage was more remarkable and widespread throughout the cotton basin, with levels higher than in 2021. Throughout the growing season, infestation levels were constantly above the economic damage threshold (ten plants attacked out of 30 observed). At some periods, levels reached 100% of plants. This species had a very significant negative impact on the producer's income.

The species and damage dynamics observed between localities, seasons and years could be due to climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity. Indeed, from the 2021 crop year to the 2022 crop year, climatic conditions have varied. Average rainfall levels fell sharply across the cotton-growing basin, with an accentuation in the Northern zone, particularly in the North-Eastern part of the basin. The Northern zone also recorded the lowest relative humidity and the highest temperatures. (Ashfaq et al., 2010 ; Gogoi & Dutta, 2000) showed that low rainfall combined with high temperatures and low relative humidity contribute to the development of jassids. Studies carried out by Koné et al (2017) attest to the positive impact of low rainfall on jassid outbreaks. Indeed, these authors have shown that rainfall of less than 320 mm between June and July favors jassid outbreaks, leading to higher levels of infestation and damage. These authors also showed that the north-east of the cotton basin was particularly prone to low rainfall, with levels below 320 mm between June and July. The results obtained in this study corroborate these authors' findings. Indeed, the northern zone, particularly the north-east, recorded the lowest rainfall in both crop years. The damage levels accentuated in this part of the cotton basin could be attributed to climatic conditions that favor the pullulation and virulence of jassid attacks. Climatic factors therefore play an essential role in the composition of jassid populations (Gogoi and Dutta, 2000) and in the manifestation of damage. These dynamics could also be explained by migrations from host crops, cross-border migrations, and exchanges of plant material without phytosanitary controls.

Indeed, collections carried out in 2022 by (Kouadio, et al., 2022b) revealed the presence of J. lybica and A. biguttula species on okra and eggplant crops in proportions similar to those observed on cotton. These species can reproduce on several host plants in the same environment, notably eggplant and okra (Bernardo and Taylo, 1990; Kouadio et al., 2022b). A. biguttula was first reported in Africa in Ghana on okra as a minor pest (Obeng-Ofori and Sackey, 2003).

The appearance of these new species in the parasitic facies of cotton would explain the emergence of jassids in recent years. It would also explain the inadequacy of control programs observed in the field.

The present study has highlighted the presence of at least three species of jassid in the cotton basin. This abundance follows a geographical and annual dynamic according to the crop year, resulting in the appearance of more invasive and virulent species with an adaptability that is favored by low rainfall coupled with low humidity and high temperatures.

The most abundant species observed during this study period were J. lybica, identified during the 2021 cruise, and A. biguttula, identified during the 2022 cruise. A. biguttula appears to be the most invasive and virulent. Its appearance has disrupted the pest complex in cotton growing, causing damage throughout the cotton basin at levels exceeding the economic impact threshold. Low rainfall coupled with low relative humidity and high temperatures are thought to favor the outbreak of jassid in the northeastern part of the cotton basin.

It is planned to continue identifying species using molecular tools to extend knowledge of possible species that could not be identified using conventional taxonomy. Bio-ecological studies on the life cycle of A. biguttula, its natural enemies and the susceptibility of cotton varieties and vegetable crops to jassids are also envisaged, in order to contribute to the implementation of an ecological control strategy.

Ethics

The method of collecting insect specimens was approved by the entomology laboratory of the cotton program of the Centre Nationale de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA). Specimens were collected from non-endangered species. Specimens are kept in the CNRA laboratory. They were collected in cotton growers' fields, in strict compliance with IUCN procedures and regulations.

Approval and consent to participate

The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.

Consent for publication

The authors agree to the publication of this manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

Data and materials are available on request from the author Houphouet KOUADIO at the following addresses: [email protected] ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8238-1091

Competing interests

I declare that the authors have no competing interests or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.

Funding

Not applicable.

Authors' contributions

All HK, MK, and KKNB authors contributed to the design, implementation, data analyses, and writing of the study. Author KJIK contributed to the development of the maps. Authors CLO, PWEK, ABA-G and OGO contributed to the manuscript review.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the interprofessional association of the cotton sector (INTERCOTON), through the interprofessional fund for agricultural research and advice (FIRCA) of Côte d’Ivoire.

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Annual and geographical variations in the specific composition of jassids and their damage on cotton in Ivory Coast

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Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Material and methods

1.1. Materials

1.2. Study site

1.3. Sample collections

1.4. Identification of individuals

1.6. Observation of jassid damage on cotton plants

1.7 Climatic data collection

1.8. Data analysis

Results and discussion

2.1. Results

2.1.1. Main leafhopper species identified over the period 2021–2022

2.1.2. Annual variation in overall species composition of leafhopper species

2.1.3. Geographic variation in overall species composition

2.1.4. Dynamics of geographic variation in species composition between 2021 and 2022

2.1.5. Geographic variation in infestation levels

2.1.6. Seasonal and annual variation in infestation levels

2.1.7. Geographical variation in rainfall

2.1.8. Geographical variation in relative humidity

2.2. Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1