Table. I. Composition of standard diet for rearing of M. vitrata
Ingredients (g or ml)
|
D-JR
|
D-B
|
D-J
|
D-NEW
|
Distilled water
|
3,600.00
|
1000.00
|
200.00
|
1,500.00
|
Agar
|
59.2
|
15.62
|
40
|
60
|
Cowpea flour
|
400
|
----
|
10
|
----
|
Blackgram flour
|
-----
|
55.5
|
----
|
-----
|
Blackgram leaf factor
|
-----
|
54
|
----
|
----
|
Soybean flour
|
----
|
----
|
15
|
400
|
Cowpea leaf factor
|
100
|
----
|
----
|
----
|
Blackgram flower powder
|
---
|
15.62
|
----
|
----
|
Wheat germ
|
127.2
|
----
|
10
|
130
|
Brewer’s yeast
|
----
|
12.5
|
10
|
25
|
Sugar (glucose or sucrose)
|
----
|
----
|
6
|
40
|
Ascorbic acid (vitamin c)
|
16.8
|
3.436
|
----
|
10
|
Methyl –parahydroxybenzoate
|
6.32
|
1.562
|
0.63
|
3.5
|
Sorbic acid
|
3.84
|
0.78
|
0.25
|
3.5
|
Aureomycin
|
10.4
|
----
|
----
|
----
|
Formaldehyde
|
16
|
0.312
|
----
|
2
|
Wesson salt mix
|
42.4
|
----
|
4.5
|
43
|
Choline chloride
|
29.6
|
----
|
----
|
4.5
|
Cellulose
|
----
|
----
|
1.5
|
----
|
KOH (4M)
|
21
|
----
|
----
|
----
|
Acetic acid (25%)
|
40
|
----
|
2.3
|
----
|
Vitamin suspension
|
20
|
----
|
----
|
----
|
Vitamin mixture
|
-----
|
0.468
|
----
|
1.5
|
Vitamin and antibiotic mixture
|
----
|
----
|
3
|
----
|
Ingredients (mg) in 1 g of Wesson salt mix (g): CaCO3 (210), CuSO4·5H2O (0.39), FePO4·4H2O (14.7), MnSO4 (0.20), MgSO4 (90), K2Al2(SO4)4·24H2O (0.09), KCl (120), KH2PO4 (310), KI (0.05), NaCl (105), Ca3(PO4)2 (149). b Ingredients (mg) in 1 g of Vitamin mixture (g): Nicotinic acid (306.99), Calcium pantothenate (306.99), Riboflavin (153.50), Aneurine hydrochloride (76.78), Pyridoxine hydrochloride (76.78), Folic acid (76.78), D-biotin (0.63), Cyanocobalamine (0.63).
Table II. Influence of different semi-synthetic diets on total developmental period (days) of M. vitrata for three generations
Semi-synthetic Diet
|
*Egg incubation period (days)
|
*Larval duration (days)
|
*Pre-Pupal duration (days)
|
*Total larval duration
(larval + prepupal)
(days)
|
*Pupal duration (days)
|
*Adult duration
(days)
|
*Total developmental duration
(days)
|
Instar
|
I
|
II
|
III
|
IV
|
V
|
D J
|
2.97
|
2.25 a
|
3.33e
|
2.70b
|
2.94b
|
3.42de
|
1.70a
|
16.34c
|
6.08a
|
6.50b
|
31.89c
|
D JR
|
3.01
|
2.38ab
|
2.38a
|
2.97c
|
3.16cd
|
2.38a
|
1.83b
|
15.12b
|
6.73b
|
6.50b
|
31.35b
|
D NEW
|
2.98
|
2.97e
|
3.08d
|
3.14d
|
3.12c
|
3.34cd
|
1.82b
|
17.47e
|
6.17a
|
6.28a
|
32.90d
|
D B
|
2.75
|
2.55c
|
2.55ab
|
2.47a
|
2.50a
|
2.49ab
|
1.68a
|
14.24a
|
6.05a
|
6.33ab
|
29.37a
|
BLACK GRAM NATURAL DIET
|
3.17
|
2.72d
|
2.75c
|
3.22de
|
3.32e
|
3.24c
|
1.83b
|
17.08d
|
7.04c
|
7.20c
|
34.48e
|
SEm±
|
0.06
|
0.05
|
0.06
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
0.04
|
0.03
|
0.07
|
0.09
|
0.07
|
0.07
|
CD
(P = 0.05)
|
0.18
|
0.15
|
0.18
|
0.11
|
0.09
|
0.11
|
0.11
|
0.22
|
0.30
|
0.21
|
0.22
|
CV (%)
|
3.41
|
3.13
|
3.46
|
2.02
|
1.64
|
2.06
|
3.41
|
0.75
|
2.54
|
1.78
|
0.38
|
* Means of observations with three replications in each generation (N=20); Means followed by same alphabet in a column are not significantly different by LSD (P=0.05). D-B: blackgram based semi synthetic diet.
Table III. Cumulative influence of different semi-synthetic diets on the mean larval weight of M. vitrata for three generations
Semi-synthetic diet
|
*Larval weight (mg)
|
III Instar
|
IV Instar
|
V Instar
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
Mean
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
Mean
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
Mean
|
D J
|
22.49 d
|
22.48 e
|
19.91 e
|
21.63 e
|
37.38 ab
|
36.71 ab
|
36.83 ab
|
36.97 ab
|
45.48 d
|
47.05 c
|
42.98 de
|
45.17 cd
|
D JR
|
22.27 e
|
23.39 cd
|
21.95 d
|
22.54 d
|
36.18 cd
|
35.51 bc
|
34.51 bc
|
35.40 bc
|
46.44 c
|
45.10 d
|
45.11 c
|
45.55 c
|
D NEW
|
24.63c
|
24.07 c
|
23.74 c
|
24.15 c
|
36.40 bc
|
36.40 ab
|
35.40 ab
|
36.07 ab
|
43.47 e
|
44.14 e
|
44.47 cd
|
44.03 e
|
D B
|
25.13b
|
26.23b
|
25.17b
|
25.51 b
|
37.88 a
|
37.21 a
|
37.55 a
|
37.55 a
|
47.89b
|
48.99b
|
49.06b
|
48.64 b
|
BLACK GRAM NATURAL DIET
|
29.05 a
|
29.28 a
|
28.72a
|
29.02 a
|
37.49 ab
|
36.82 ab
|
36.16 ab
|
36.82 b
|
55.18 a
|
54.18 a
|
57.84 a
|
55.73 a
|
SEm±
|
0.06
|
0.21
|
0.22
|
0.17
|
0.33
|
0.48
|
0.62
|
0.48
|
0.22
|
0.26
|
0.51
|
0.33
|
CD
(P = 0.05)
|
0.20
|
0.68
|
0.69
|
0.52
|
1.04
|
1.52
|
1.97
|
1.51
|
0.71
|
0.83
|
1.61
|
1.05
|
CV (%)
|
0.45
|
1.48
|
1.59
|
1.18
|
1.55
|
2.28
|
2.99
|
2.27
|
0.82
|
0.95
|
1.84
|
1.20
|
*Mean of observations (F1, F2 & F3: 1st, 2nd &3rd generations) with three replications in each generation (N= 20); Means followed by same alphabet in a column are not significantly different by LSD (P=0.05). D-B: blackgram based semi synthetic diet
Table IV. Cumulative Influence of different semi-synthetic diets on the mean pupal weight of M. vitrata for three generations
Semi-synthetic diet
|
*Pupal weight (mg)
|
Female
|
Male
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
Mean
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
Mean
|
D J
|
38.63de
|
41.63cd
|
41.96cd
|
40.74d
|
36.96e
|
37.29de
|
36.63e
|
36.96de
|
D JR
|
41.99c
|
42.33c
|
42.57c
|
42.30c
|
39.47c
|
41.14bc
|
40.14c
|
40.25c
|
D NEW
|
39.98d
|
39.98e
|
41.21cd
|
40.39de
|
38.51cd
|
38.11d
|
38.85d
|
38.49d
|
D B
|
47.00b
|
47.33b
|
47.00b
|
47.11b
|
44.55b
|
43.72b
|
45.89b
|
44.72b
|
BLACK GRAM NATURAL DIET
|
49.61a
|
48.38a
|
50.28a
|
49.43a
|
48.36a
|
47.70a
|
48.70a
|
48.25a
|
SEm±
|
0.53
|
0.29
|
0.65
|
0.49
|
0.42
|
0.85
|
0.39
|
0.55
|
CD
(P = 0.05)
|
1.66
|
0.90
|
2.05
|
1.54
|
1.34
|
2.67
|
1.22
|
1.74
|
CV (%)
|
2.10
|
1.13
|
2.52
|
1.92
|
1.77
|
3.52
|
1.60
|
2.30
|
*Mean of observations with three replications in each generation (N= 20). Means followed by same alphabet in a column are not significantly different by LSD (P=0.05); D-B: black gram based semi synthetic diet
Table V. Cumulative Influence of different semi-synthetic diets on sex ratio and fecundity of M. vitrata for three generations
Semi-synthetic diet
|
$# Sex ratio (F:M)
|
* Fecundity
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
Mean
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
Mean
|
D J
|
1.42
(1.56)cd
|
1.40
(1.55)de
|
1.47
(1.57)cd
|
1.43
(1.56)cd
|
22.92d
|
24.59d
|
23.21e
|
23.57d
|
D JR
|
1.47
(1.57)cd
|
1.48
(1.58)cd
|
1.50
(1.58)c
|
1.48
(1.58)cd
|
24.94d
|
25.61d
|
25.27d
|
25.27d
|
D NEW
|
1.52
(1.59)c
|
1.52
(1.59)c
|
1.49
(1.58)cd
|
1.51
(1.58)c
|
40.38c
|
41.05c
|
41.38c
|
40.94c
|
D B
|
1.83
(1.68)b
|
1.79
(1.67) b
|
1.81
(1.68) b
|
1.81
(1.68)b
|
43.83b
|
43.83b
|
44.17b
|
43.94b
|
BLACK GRAM NATURAL DIET
|
2.35
(1.83)a
|
2.43
(1.85)a
|
2.30
(1.82)a
|
2.36
(1.83)a
|
51.37a
|
52.37a
|
52.37a
|
52.03a
|
SEm±
|
0.04
|
0.04
|
0.03
|
0.04
|
0.73
|
0.71
|
0.50
|
0.65
|
CD
(P = 0.05)
|
0.12
|
0.13
|
0.08
|
0.11
|
2.29
|
2.24
|
1.59
|
2.04
|
CV (%)
|
3.97
|
4.21
|
2.57
|
3.58
|
3.44
|
3.29
|
2.34
|
3.02
|
$ Means of observations with three replications in each generation (N=20); * Means of observations with three replications in each generation. # values in parentheses are sqrt transformed. Means followed by same alphabet in a column are not significantly different by LSD (P=0.05). D-B: Blackgram based semi synthetic diet
Table VI. Cumulative Influence of different semi-synthetic diets on Life survivorship of M. vitrata larvae by the end of three generations
Semi-synthetic diet
|
Per cent pupation
|
*Per cent pupal mortality
|
*Per cent adult emergence
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
*Mean
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
*Mean
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
*Mean
|
D J
|
61.75 e
|
63.08 e
|
59.55 e
|
61.46 e
|
38.25e
|
36.92e
|
40.45e
|
38.54e
|
57.33 e
|
56.29 e
|
58.00 e
|
57.21 e
|
D JR
|
78.02 c
|
78.68 c
|
76.32 c
|
77.67 c
|
21.98c
|
21.32c
|
23.68c
|
22.33c
|
72.58 c
|
73.58 c
|
72.58 c
|
72.92 c
|
D NEW
|
67.33 d
|
68.67 d
|
67.33 d
|
67.78 d
|
32.67d
|
31.33d
|
32.67d
|
32.22d
|
63.92 d
|
62.69 d
|
63.01 d
|
63.21 d
|
D B
|
80.87 b
|
80.67 b
|
82.53 b
|
81.36 b
|
19.13b
|
19.33b
|
17.47b
|
18.64b
|
78.17 b
|
78.37 b
|
78.12 b
|
78.22 b
|
BLACK GRAM NATURAL DIET
|
86.33 a
|
84.46 a
|
85.37 a
|
85.39 a
|
13.67a
|
15.54a
|
14.63a
|
14.61a
|
84.50 a
|
83.83 a
|
83.50 a
|
83.94 a
|
SEm±
|
0.45
|
0.56
|
0.62
|
0.54
|
0.45
|
0.56
|
0.62
|
0.54
|
0.62
|
0.74
|
0.56
|
0.64
|
CD
(P = 0.05)
|
1.40
|
1.77
|
1.94
|
1.70
|
1.40
|
1.77
|
1.94
|
1.70
|
1.95
|
2.32
|
1.76
|
2.01
|
CV (%)
|
1.03
|
1.29
|
1.44
|
1.25
|
3.07
|
3.90
|
4.14
|
3.70
|
1.51
|
1.80
|
1.36
|
1.55
|
* Means of observations with three replications in each generation (N=100); Means followed by same alphabet in a column are not significantly different by LSD (P=0.05); D-B: Blackgram based semi synthetic diet
Table VII. Cumulative Influence of different semi-synthetic diets on growth indices of M. vitrata larvae for three generations
Semi-synthetic diet
|
* Larval growth index
|
* Pupal growth index
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
*Mean
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
*Mean
|
D J
|
4.23d
|
4.34d
|
4.06e
|
4.21de
|
9.43d
|
8.54e
|
9.54e
|
9.17e
|
D JR
|
5.85b
|
5.92b
|
5.75b
|
5.84b
|
10.79c
|
10.83bc
|
10.79c
|
10.81c
|
D NEW
|
4.29d
|
4.43d
|
4.28d
|
4.33d
|
10.37c
|
9.65d
|
10.23cd
|
10.08d
|
D B
|
6.50a
|
6.51a
|
6.50a
|
6.50a
|
12.93a
|
12.75a
|
12.92a
|
12.86a
|
BLACK GRAM NATURAL DIET
|
5.58c
|
5.55c
|
5.62bc
|
5.59c
|
12.01b
|
11.01b
|
11.87b
|
11.63b
|
SEm±
|
0.05
|
0.08
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
0.16
|
0.26
|
0.20
|
0.20
|
CD
(P = 0.05)
|
0.17
|
0.24
|
0.19
|
0.20
|
0.51
|
0.81
|
0.62
|
0.64
|
CV (%)
|
1.73
|
2.48
|
2.00
|
2.07
|
2.52
|
4.20
|
3.07
|
3.26
|
*Means of observations with three replications in each generation (N=20); Means followed by same alphabet in a column are not significantly different by LSD (P=0.05). D-B: blackgram based semi synthetic diet; # Larval growth index = Per cent pupation/Larval period (days); $ Pupal growth index = Per cent Adult emergence/Pupal period (days)
Table VIII. Cumulative Influence of different semi-synthetic diets on food consumption parameters of M. vitrata larvae for three generations
Semi-synthetic diet
|
* Food consumed (mg)
|
* Fecal weight (mg)
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
*Mean
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
*Mean
|
D J
|
53.62 c
|
54.08 c
|
53.79 c
|
53.83 c
|
18.16 d
|
17.16 e
|
18.16 d
|
17.82 de
|
D JR
|
54.09 c
|
54.62 c
|
52.86 c
|
53.85 c
|
17.31 d
|
19.18 d
|
17.31 e
|
17.93 d
|
D NEW
|
53.91 c
|
53.94 c
|
54.01 c
|
53.95 c
|
23.74 a
|
24.72 a
|
23.74 a
|
24.06 a
|
D B
|
64.67 b
|
63.81 b
|
64.14 b
|
64.21 b
|
20.82 bc
|
20.85 c
|
20.82 c
|
20.83 c
|
BLACK GRAM NATURAL DIET
|
70.37 a
|
69.66 a
|
66.36 a
|
68.80 a
|
21.38 b
|
22.72 b
|
21.71 b
|
21.94 b
|
SEm±
|
0.33
|
0.28
|
0.40
|
0.34
|
0.28
|
0.32
|
0.25
|
0.28
|
CD
(P = 0.05)
|
1.05
|
0.88
|
1.27
|
1.07
|
0.88
|
1.01
|
0.80
|
0.90
|
CV (%)
|
0.97
|
0.82
|
1.20
|
1.00
|
2.37
|
2.66
|
2.16
|
2.40
|
* Means of observations with three replications in each generation (N=20); Means followed by same alphabet in a column are not significantly different by LSD (P=0.05). D-B: blackgram based semi synthetic diet
Table IX. Nutritional indices of M. vitrata Larvae fed on different semi-synthetic diets
Semi-synthetic diet
|
* RCR gg-1day-1
|
* RGR gg-1day-1
|
* RMR gg-1day-1
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
*Mean
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
*Mean
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
*Mean
|
D J
|
0.17c
|
0.17c
|
0.19b
|
0.18c
|
0.075c
|
0.078b
|
0.081b
|
0.078bc
|
0.041cd
|
0.039 d
|
0.041 b
|
0.040 cd
|
D JR
|
0.18b
|
0.19b
|
0.19b
|
0.19b
|
0.082b
|
0.075c
|
0.081b
|
0.079b
|
0.043c
|
0.047 c
|
0.037 c
|
0.042 c
|
D NEW
|
0.16d
|
0.17c
|
0.16c
|
0.16e
|
0.057e
|
0.062d
|
0.063d
|
0.061e
|
0.034e
|
0.028 e
|
0.026 d
|
0.030 e
|
D B
|
0.24a
|
0.23a
|
0.23a
|
0.23a
|
0.085a
|
0.081a
|
0.085a
|
0.084a
|
0.079 a
|
0.071 a
|
0.069 a
|
0.073 a
|
BLACK GRAM NATURAL DIET
|
0.17c
|
0.17c
|
0.16c
|
0.17d
|
0.062d
|
0.062d
|
0.069c
|
0.064d
|
0.054 b
|
0.055 b
|
0.037 c
|
0.049 b
|
SEm±
|
0.001
|
0.002
|
0.002
|
0.002
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
0.0011
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
CD
(P = 0.05)
|
0.003
|
0.005
|
0.005
|
0.005
|
0.002
|
0.002
|
0.003
|
0.002
|
0.003
|
0.004
|
0.002
|
0.003
|
CV (%)
|
0.84
|
1.41
|
1.53
|
1.26
|
1.373
|
1.450
|
2.488
|
1.770
|
3.488
|
4.065
|
2.596
|
3.383
|
* Means of observations with three replications in each generation (N=20); Means followed by same alphabet in a column are not significantly different by LSD (P=0.05) RCR-Relative consumption Rate; RGR-Relative Growth Rate; RMR- Relative Metabolic Rate. D-B: Blackgram based semi synthetic diet
Table X. Nutritional indices of M. vitrata larvae fed on different semi-synthetic diets
Semi synthetic diet
|
*AD%
|
*MEAN
|
*ECI%
|
*MEAN
|
*ECD%
|
*MEAN
|
*CM%
|
*MEAN
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
D J
|
66.14cd
|
68.27a
|
64.45c
|
66.29bc
|
42.86b
|
45.43a
|
42.89ab
|
43.73a
|
64.81a
|
66.54b
|
66.56c
|
65.97ab
|
35.19d
|
33.46c
|
33.44c
|
34.03c
|
D JR
|
68.01b
|
64.89c
|
63.65cd
|
65.52cd
|
44.68 a
|
39.75b
|
43.81ab
|
42.75a
|
65.70a
|
61.25c
|
68.83b
|
65.26ab
|
34.30de
|
38.75b
|
31.17d
|
34.74c
|
D NEW
|
55.97 e
|
54.18d
|
54.23d
|
54.79e
|
34.96de
|
37.21c
|
38.38c
|
36.85c
|
62.46b
|
68.67 a
|
70.77 a
|
67.30 a
|
37.54 c
|
31.33 d
|
29.23 e
|
32.70 cd
|
D B
|
67.81bc
|
67.13ab
|
67.53a
|
67.49ab
|
35.20d
|
35.86d
|
37.23cd
|
36.09c
|
51.91cd
|
53.43d
|
55.12 e
|
53.49d
|
48.09 a
|
46.57 a
|
44.88 a
|
46.51 a
|
BG
|
69.62a
|
67.40ab
|
67.27ab
|
68.10a
|
37.13c
|
35.74de
|
43.88a
|
38.92b
|
53.34c
|
53.03d
|
65.21 d
|
57.19c
|
46.66ab
|
46.97a
|
34.79b
|
42.81b
|
SEm±
|
0.43
|
0.50
|
0.56
|
0.50
|
0.26
|
0.32
|
0.53
|
0.37
|
0.47
|
0.45
|
0.36
|
0.43
|
0.47
|
0.45
|
0.36
|
0.43
|
CD
(P=0.05)
|
1.37
|
1.58
|
1.76
|
1.57
|
0.83
|
1.00
|
1.66
|
1.16
|
1.49
|
1.43
|
1.14
|
1.35
|
1.49
|
1.43
|
1.14
|
1.35
|
CV%
|
1.15
|
1.35
|
1.53
|
1.34
|
1.17
|
1.41
|
2.21
|
1.60
|
1.37
|
1.30
|
0.96
|
1.21
|
2.03
|
1.99
|
1.80
|
1.94
|
* Means of observations with three replications in each generation (N=20); #Means followed by same alphabet in a column are not significantly different by LSD (P=0.05) AD- (Approximate Digestibility), ECI-(Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested Food), ECD-(Efficiency of Conversion of Digested Food), CM- Metabolic Costs; D-B: Blackgram based semi synthetic diet.