Cocooning with Cassava: Exploring the commercial rearing and seed production potential of Samia ricini Donovan on different Cassava varieties

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3237806/v1

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Cocooning with Cassava: Exploring the commercial rearing and seed production potential of Samia ricini Donovan on different Cassava varieties

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3237806/v1

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Different cassava varieties’ differential preferences and performance of eri silkworm Samia ricini (Donovan), seed cocoon rearing and its reproductive performance were studied. In the current study, seven foliage rich cassava varieties were selected and evaluated as feed for Samia ricini in comparison with the primary food plant castor (NBR1). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. A significant difference was observed in rearing performance of eri silkworms when fed to leaves of different cassava varieties. Majuli var fed worms recorded mature larval weight (7.01 ± 0.62); pupation percentage (95.93 ± 0.37),effective rate of rearing (81.76 ± 1.24%), single cocoon weight (3.96 ± 0.17g), pupal weight (3.44 ± 0.21g) better than all the other varieties of cassava used for rearing followed by Sree Raksha and Tura. Shell ratio percentage of all cassava varieties were on par with control. Based on the eri seed production data, cassava varieties Majuli and Sree Raksha were found to be much superior to all other foliage-rich cassava varieties considered for the study. Overall, the better-performing varieties on par with control are as follows Majuli, Sree Raksha and Tura. These varieties can be recommended for the farmers in Assam for eri cocoon production besides tuber production.

Cassava

eri silkworm

Samia ricini

rearing and reproductive performance

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) of Euphorbiaceae family is an indigenous crop to South America which is copiously cultivated in tropical countries globally. It is the third-largest food source rich in carbohydrates in the tropics, after rice and maize, and is grown in 105 countries. The adventitious roots of this plant produce starch-rich tuber, which is regarded as a staple food for more than 800 million people globally (Chimphepo et al., 2021; Blagbrough et al., 2010). Cassava is vital as feed and industrial raw material, as well as an energy source, making it ideal for cascade use (Reilly et al., 2004; Latif and Muller, 2014; Rahman and Awerije, 2016). Cassava has a higher starch accumulation capacity (121 mJ ha^− 1 day^− 1), drought tolerance and resistance to low soil nutrient levels than other starchy crops, allowing it to be produced in regions where other crops fail to survive (Horton and Fano, 1985; Edison, 2006; Howeler, 2012, Li et al., 2017). Global production of Cassava in 2021 extends to 314 million tons. Africa is the leading producer contributing 64.7%, Followed by Asia 26.8%, America 8.5% and Oceania 0.1%. The leading producers are Nigeria, Congo, Thailand, Ghana, Indonesia, Brazil, Vietnam, Angola, Cambodia and Côte d'Ivoire. India produced 6.94 million tons and stands 15th in global production of Cassava (FAOSTAT, 2021). Cassava has some medicinal properties, and it boosts energy level, ensures healthy weight gain, helps prevent Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular diseases and useful for muscle growth and development maintaining optimal blood pressure (Chandrasekara and Kumar, 2016). Besides tuber, the foliage of Cassava has gained importance as human food and is consumed as a vegetable in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa as well as in Asian countries like Indonesia, Phillippines and Malaysia (Latif and Mulker, 2015). In recent years, Cassava has been used as an alternate feed source for the Eri silkworm, a sericigenous lepidopteran insect which produces ‘Eri silk’.

Samia ricini (Donovan) is an economically important insect in many parts of the world, especially in Asia and Africa, for production of Eri silk. Eri silkworm, feeds primarily on castor (Ricinus communis Linn.). Eri silkworm is polyphagous with multiple host plants like Heteropanax fragrans, Manihot esculenta Crantz, Ailanthus grandis Baiu, Ailanthus excelsa Roxb, Plumeria acutifolia, Gmelina arborea, Evodia fraxinifolia etc. Bindroo et al. (2007) reported 24 plant species as host of eri silkworm. At the same time, Arora and Gupta (1979) reported that eri silkworm is known to feed on more than 30 host plant species. Research studies reveal that the growth, development, silk production and egg production depend on the host plant quality and nutritional composition consumed. The deficit in the host plant consumption will be reflected in the silkworm’s physiological development (Sarkar et al., 2015).

Although Cassava is a secondary host plant for the eri silkworm, the leaves possess abundant/great economic traits regarding nutrient composition and the ability to produce abundant foliage quickly (Sakthivel, 2016). The Cassava bestows economic gain to the growers, by taking up ericulture as a subsidiary revenue source utilizing the foliage. However, the quality of cassava varieties varies, and their effect on the silkworm’s growth, development, and reproductive performance needs to be better understood. Further, the Eri pupae are consumed in Northeast India and other South Asian countries as a delicacy (Chutia et al., 2014). The level of α-linolenic acid content in the pupal oil of Cassava reared silkworms was 58.3% which is significantly higher than castor fed silkworm pupal oil content that is 42.9% suggesting the nutritional index of the pupae with predominant trilinolenin content (Shanker et al., 2006). The success of Eri silkworm rearing largely depends on the quality and quantity of the food provided to the larvae. However, only on few hosts, developmental biology and reproductive performance have been studied. The information on reproductive performance of eri silkworm on secondary hosts was sparse. Hence, an attempt was made to study the seed cocoon rearing and reproductive performance of eri silkworm when fed on different foliage rich cassava varieties.

Experimental Site

The experiment was conducted at Block-I (26°6'10.52"N 92°10'5.53"E) P2 Eri basic seed farm, Central Silk Board, Topatoli, Kamrup. Assam, India during 2021. The cassava plantation was raised during April 2021 and rearing and seed production trials were conducted during August to October 2021. The seasonal temperature and humidity were in line with the standard conditions.

Methodology

Seven foliage rich cassava varieties were selected for the study. The high yielding non-blooming red variety of castor was taken as control, being the primary host plant. The ICAR-Central Tuber Crop Research Institute (CTCRI, ICAR) at Sreekariyam, Trivandrum provided certain promising varieties like Sree Raksha (High yielding and resistant to cassava mosaic virus) and foliage rich breeding lines MNS-57, 58, 59,127 for eri silkworm rearing evaluation under ICAR-CTCRI NEH Programme. Apart from these varieties, the local cassava variety from Majuli, Assam and Tura, Meghalaya were also planted in the farm and grown adopting standard agronomical package of practices. Rearing was carried out, and the treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design C.R.D in three replications. The silkworm rearing room was disinfected prior to the rearing. Healthy hundred worms were used for rearing in each replication following the standardized methods of rearing (Sarmah, 2004). The eggs were incubated at room temperature 28 ± 2°C, 80 ± 5% RH and 10 hrs photoperiod. The experiment was conducted from newly hatched larvae to adult formation feeding with control and the selected cassava varieties. Mature worms were collected and allowed for spinning in the mountages. Rearing variables like mature larval weight, larval length, larva duration, pupation rate (%), and Effective rate of rearing (%) were recorded. After the sixth day of spinning, cocoons were harvested, economic parameters assessed and placed on trays for moth emergence. Cocoon parameters such as cocoon length, cocoon weight, shell weight, pupal weight and shell ratio was recorded. Seed production was also documented as per standard methods. The reproductive parameters such as seed cocoon yield per dfl, percentage of moth emergence, coupling percentage, fecundity, cocoon to dfl ratio and hatching percent were recorded.

Statistical analysis

The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the significance of variation among the different cassava varieties and control. Multiple comparison of mean values was made depending on the F ratio and the critical difference (CD) values based on the student t criteria at 5 and 1% levels of significance utilizing the standard methods (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

Effect of Cassava varieties on rearing performance of eri silkworms

The data on rearing performance of eri silkworms fed on different cassava varieties are presented in Table 1. The results demonstrated that the control had the highest weight of fifth instar larva (7.74 ± 0.73 g), followed by the cassava varieties Majuli local (7.01 ± 0.62 g) and Sree Raksha (6.89 ± 0.57 g). Regarding larval length, the Sree Raksha had the highest value (6.78 ± 0.30 cm), while the lowest was observed in the MNS 127 (6.18 ± 0.18 cm). However, the larval length of the silkworms did not differ significantly between the cassava varieties and control. The shortest larval duration was recorded in the control (20.20 ± 0.84 days) followed by Sree Raksha (22.20 ± 0.84 days) and Majuli local (22.80 ± 1.64 days). The larval duration was the longest in the MNS 59 variety (25.40 ± 1.52 days) among the cassava varieties studied. The shorter development time for larval growth indicates more suitability of the host plant variety as food. On the contrary, relatively longer larval duration suggested lesser suitability of the host for rearing. Earlier, studies on eri silkworm fed with Cassava at Indonesia recorded a larval duration of 21 days indicating a good host (Dinata et al., 2019). The pupation percentage was highest in the control (96.99 ± 0.55%), followed by the Majuli variety (95.93 ± 0.37%) and Sree Raksha variety (95.05 ± 0.58%). The lowest pupation percentage was observed in the MNS 58 variety (92.31 ± 1.35%). However, all the cassava varieties studied, were observed to have pupation more than 90%, signifying their suitability as hosts.

Table 1

Rearing performance of eri silkworms fed on different cassava varieties
Cassava Var	Weight of fifth instar larva (g)	Larval length (cm)	Larval duration (days)	Pupation (%)	ERR (%)
Tura	6.65 ± 0.43	6.64 ± 0.30	23.80 ± 1.30	94.89 ± 0.66	63.92 ± 1.00
Majuli	7.01 ± 0.62	6.42 ± 0.23	22.80 ± 1.64	95.93 ± 0.37	81.76 ± 1.24
Sree Raksha	6.89 ± 0.57	6.78 ± 0.30	22.20 ± 0.84	95.05 ± 0.58	80.60 ± 1.06
MNS 57	6.38 ± 0.45	6.40 ± 0.41	24.80 ± 0.84	92.34 ± 1.32	70.57 ± 1.33
MNS 58	6.26 ± 0.38	6.24 ± 0.28	25.00 ± 0.71	92.31 ± 1.35	69.68 ± 1.37
MNS 59	6.15 ± 0.24	6.30 ± 0.41	25.40 ± 1.52	92.94 ± 0.59	67.88 ± 0.57
MNS 127	6.18 ± 0.22	6.18 ± 0.18	24.20 ± 1.48	92.48 ± 0.61	71.58 ± 0.66
Control	7.74 ± 0.73	6.58 ± 0.32	20.20 ± 0.84	96.99 ± 0.55	83.42 ± 0.47
CV	0.57**	NS	1.41**	0.97**	1.20**
P value	0.00011	0.0589	.000001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Table 2

Cocoon parameters of eri silkworms fed on different cassava varieties
Cassava Var	Cocoon length (cm)	Single cocoon weight (g)	Single shell weight (g)	Single pupal weight (g)	Shell ratio (%)
Tura	5.28 ± 0.48	3.12 ± 0.48	0.42 ± 0.04	2.70 ± 0.50	13.77 ± 2.92
Majuli	5.52 ± 0.22	3.96 ± 0.17	0.52 ± 0.06	3.44 ± 0.21	13.18 ± 1.89
Sree Raksha	5.60 ± 0.16	3.82 ± 0.20	0.50 ± 0.04	3.32 ± 0.22	13.03 ± 1.41
MNS 57	4.98 ± 0.13	2.96 ± 0.33	0.40 ± 0.00	2.56 ± 0.33	13.64 ± 1.47
MNS 58	5.08 ± 0.28	2.74 ± 0.19	0.38 ± 0.04	2.36 ± 0.18	13.73 ± 1.10
MNS 59	5.02 ± 0.13	2.60 ± 0.42	0.34 ± 0.04	2.26 ± 0.39	13.13 ± 1.48
MNS 127	5.20 ± 0.45	2.78 ± 0.27	0.37 ± 0.04	2.41 ± 0.26	13.53 ± 1.96
Control	5.36 ± 0.27	4.20 ± 0.24	0.59 ± 0.02	3.61 ± 0.25	14.08 ± 0.97
CV	0.30**	0.36**	0.05**	0.36**	NS
P value	.000787	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.98

Effective Rate of Rearing (ERR), an economic parameter, that implies the percentage of the number of cocoons harvested to the number of larvae brushed, showed a significant difference when eri silkworms were fed on different cassava varieties. Among the cassava varieties studied, Majuli local registered maximum ERR (81.76 ± 1.24%) closely followed by Sree Raksha variety (80.60 ± 1.06%). The primary food plant castor recorded the highest ERR (83.42 ± 0.47%) and the lowest ERR was observed in the MNS 59 variety (67.88 ± 0.57%) (Table 1). The effect of Cassava on different growth parameters of eri silkworm during autumn season rearing in Assam was evaluated and found to be on par with castor, primary host, in terms of rearing performance with an ERR of 90% (Dulumani Das, 2015). Castor fed eri worms resulted in economic traits for seed cocoon; however, solely reared eri in Cassava showed extended rearing period and had inferior economic characteristics. (Joshi et al., 1985; Joshi, 1992). Sakthivel et al., 2018 reported that the castor feeding up to fourth-instar followed by fifth instar feeding on cassava which is sixth to eighth months after the crop gives better crop yield. Similarly, initial two instars feeding in ten months old cassava followed by late age rearing in castor is also found significantly better. Similar studies of dual crop rearing performance were evaluated by Deka et al., 2011 and reported to give better yields. This enables the eri rearer to manage the leaf scarcity.

The current study suggests that the different cassava varieties have an impact on the rearing performance of eri silkworms, with some varieties showing better results than others. The control (castor) generally outperformed most cassava varieties regarding the weight of fifth instar larva, pupation percentage, and ERR. However, cassava varieties Majuli, Sree Raksha and Tura showed comparable or even better results than the control in specific parameters such as mature larval weight, larva length and pupation percentage. Therefore, it is essential to consider the specific parameter of interest. Overall, the comparison to the control provides a useful benchmark to evaluate the effectiveness of the different treatments and can inform the selection of the most suitable cassava variety for eri silkworm rearing that can match the economic traits of primary host-castor rearing.

Effect of Cassava varieties on cocoon parameters of eri silkworms

The cocoon parameters of eri silkworms across various varieties of cassava consumed by them were studied. The results showed that the cocoon length was highest in the Sree Raksha (5.60 ± 0.16 cm), followed by Majuli variety (5.52 ± 0.22 cm) and Tura (5.28 ± 0.48 cm), while the lowest values were observed in MNS 57 (4.98 ± 0.13 cm). The control was recorded at par cocoon length (5.36 ± 0.27cm). The highest single cocoon weight was observed in the control (4.20 ± 0.24 g), followed by Majuli variety (3.96 ± 0.17 g) and Sree Raksha (3.82 ± 0.20 g). Similarly, the highest single shell weight was found in the control (0.59 ± 0.02 g), followed by Majuli (0.52 ± 0.06 g) and Sree Raksha (0.50 ± 0.04 g), while the lowest values were observed in MNS 59 (0.34 ± 0.04 g). In terms of single pupal weight, the control (3.61 ± 0.25 g), Majuli (3.44 ± 0.21 g) and Sree Raksha (3.32 ± 0.22 g) were at par. The shell ratio of all the cassava varieties studies were at par and not significantly different from the control. Repeated evaluation studies of certain cassava varieties on eri rearing can offer scope to replace the primary host, which is scarcely available in certain seasons of the year.

In the trial study conducted by Cluster Development Centre, Central Silk Board, Agali in Palakkad district Kerala for motivating Cassava growers to take up Ericulture, the Mosaic tolerant variety ‘Sree Vishakam’ proved to be utilized for Ericulture with a shell ratio of 13.71% (Sathyanarayana et al., 2007). Saud et al. (2016) found that Sree Vijaya had a higher tuber yield and 75% defoliation yielded a higher leaf yield. Balijan local fed worms had the shortest rearing period and eri silkworms performed better in cocoon parameters when reared with Sree Vijaya leaves, followed by Sree Jaya. The study also revealed that the sericulture component made cassava production more profitable, with an additional income for the farmers. Sakthivel (2016) reported that the MVD1 and H226 Cassava varieties had superior economic traits with higher cocoon yields.

In Cambodia, defoliation up to 80% after four months of planting yielded Cassava tuber in K.M 94 Cassava variety without any detrimental effect (Kawabe et al., 2014). In the current study, defoliation was carried out upto 80% without any detrimental effect to the tuber production (Supplementary Table 1), whereas in the primary host plant castor only 25–40% defoliation is recommended without affecting the seed oil production (Raghavaiah, 2003; Kedir et al., 2014). In Kasetsart 50 and Rayong 11 varieties of cassava, no negative impact on tuber yield was observed upon harvest of 30–40% leaves in three batches in Thailand. Phengvichith et al. 2006 showed that leaf yields were increasing according to the harvesting frequency in contrast with tuber yields. (Buamuanghia et al., 2017). A study was conducted in Tamil Nadu to determine the optimal cassava leaf harvest that would not reduce tuber yield in seven different cassava varieties. The study found that CO4, H226, and MVD1 varieties had high tuber yield with starch content when 30% of their leaves were harvested bimonthly post eight months after planting. CO3, H165, and Kunguma Rose varieties could tolerate up to 20%, 20%, and 10% leaf harvest respectively. MVD1, H226, and CO4 are high leaf yielding varieties that can be used for eri crop rearing in irrigated soil conditions to generate additional revenue. In conclusion, these findings suggest that different varieties of cassava may affect the cocoon parameters of eri silkworms, which could have implications for the silk industry.

Effect of reproductive performance on eri silkworm fed with Cassava varieties

Table 3 provides the reproductive performance of eri silkworms fed on different cassava varieties, where the following parameters were evaluated: The highest seed cocoon yield per dfl was observed in the Majuli variety (187.60 ± 12.58), followed by Sree Raksha (183.40 ± 9.15) and Tura (179.40 ± 7.33) than control. The lowest yield was obtained from MNS 127 (159.40 ± 9.15). Regarding moth emergence percentage, the highest was observed in control (83.80 ± 3.77), while the lowest was observed in MNS 58 (69.20 ± 3.70). The coupling percentage was highest in control (88.80 ± 2.39), and Sree Raksha (87.80 ± 3.27), while the lowest was observed in MNS 58 (81.00 ± 4.24). Fecundity was highest in the Majuli (342.60 ± 31.56) followed by control (331.00 ± 35.74) and Sree Raksha (330.80 ± 19.54). The lowest fecundity was observed in MNS 57 (291.20 ± 12.21). The oviposition rate in fertile female moth was higher in first three days and declined in consecutive days (Jayaprakash et al., 2010). Nurkomar et al. (2022) assessed the impact of three different cassava species, namely Manihot glaziovii, M. esculenta, and M. utilissima, on the reproductive capacity of Eri silkworms based on their nutrient content, with a special focus on nitrogen. They found that survivability rates of larvae decreased by up to 20% post-third stage upon M. utilissima feeding. Higher fecundity was observed in M. glaziovii and M. esculenta. cassava rearing of eri silkworm during autumn season exhibited SR % 11.87 ± 0.34 and fecundity of 370 nos per dfl (Dulumani Das, 2015).

Table 3

Reproductive performance of eri silkworms fed on different cassava varieties
Cassava Var	Seed cocoon yield per dfl	Moth emergence %	Coupling %	Fecundity	Cocoon to dfl ratio	Hatching %
Tura	179.40 ± 7.33	76.20 ± 3.35	81.20 ± 5.31	302.40 ± 40.73	4.56 ± 0.67	79.20 ± 4.44
Majuli	187.60 ± 12.58	82.40 ± 3.21	86.20 ± 5.63	342.60 ± 31.56	3.76 ± 0.42	80.00 ± 4.18
Sree Raksha	183.40 ± 9.15	80.60 ± 3.85	87.80 ± 3.27	330.80 ± 19.54	3.81 ± 0.35	80.20 ± 2.86
MNS 57	169.40 ± 8.99	71.20 ± 4.87	82.60 ± 5.27	291.20 ± 12.21	4.59 ± 0.36	80.00 ± 1.87
MNS 58	165.60 ± 6.23	69.20 ± 3.70	81.00 ± 4.24	283.20 ± 13.44	4.82 ± 0.37	79.20 ± 2.59
MNS 59	170.20 ± 8.47	70.80 ± 4.44	81.20 ± 2.17	286.00 ± 27.21	4.78 ± 0.57	79.40 ± 2.19
MNS 127	159.40 ± 9.15	68.80 ± 6.10	82.20 ± 1.92	289.00 ± 11.31	4.64 ± 0.24	78.80 ± 2.17
Control	203.40 ± 17.46	83.80 ± 3.77	88.80 ± 2.39	331.00 ± 35.74	3.78 ± 0.41	80.60 ± 2.70
CV	12.30**	5.00**	4.75*	30.87**	0.52**	NS
P value	.000004	.000001	0.011	.00234	.00025	0.98

The cocoon to dfl ratio was observed to be effective in Majuli (3.76 ± 0.42) and highest in MNS 58 (4.82 ± 0.37), followed by MNS 59 (4.78 ± 0.57). The hatching percentage was highest in the control (80.60 ± 2.70), followed by Sree Raksha (80.20 ± 2.86) and Majuli (80.00 ± 4.18). The lowest hatching percentage was observed in MNS 127 (78.80 ± 2.17). Similarly, cassava varieties MVD1 and H226 fed eri silkworm have been reported with high silk percentages, fecundity and hatching percentage. The silk percentages were 15.867 and 15.305, fecundity and hatching percentages were 349.75 (95.86%) and 347.73 (95.28%), respectively (Sakthivel, 2016). In summary, the results suggest that different cassava varieties have varying effects on the reproductive performance of eri silkworms. The present study suggests two promising varieties, Majuli and Sree Raksha in terms of seed cocoon yield per dfl and coupling percentage respectively, and could be further explored.

Castor has been established as a primary host plant for eri silkworm rearing. Cassava stands next to castor with rearing and grainage traits (Birari et al., 2019). The study by Deka et al. (2011) evaluated the impact of feeding Eri silkworms with castor, kesseru, and cassava, either separately or in combination. Castor performed better than kesseru and cassava, and interchanging crops during the early and late stages of rearing improved performance. However, cassava and its combination with castor showed some high traits such as larva weight, fecundity, ERR%, and shell ratio in different seasons. Additionally, feeding chawki worms with castor in the early stage and later with cassava resulted in better performance. It is recommended that cassava farmers could grow castor as border plants for early-stage (chawki) rearing.

Screening and evaluation of high-performing cassava varieties released by Research institutes should be recommended for eri rearing. Such recommendations will provide the best alternative way to substitute primary host without compromising the economic traits of cocoon and sustain eri culture throughout the year. However quantitative and qualitative castor leaf production throughout the year is a limitation despite the high cost of cultivation compared to cassava. However, during summer, rearing on cassava leaves gave more silk % which was 13.60% and castor was 11.64% (Mani et al., 2002). In conclusion, the choice of cassava variety for feeding eri silkworm larvae can significantly affect their growth, development, and reproductive performance. Further research is needed to determine the optimal feeding regime for eri silkworms using different cassava varieties to maximize silk production and also standardize seed production.

Competing Interest

Authors declare no conflict of Interest

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to extend sincere gratitude and appreciation to ICAR CTCRI for providing the Cassava setts to propagate and study. We also acknowledge the sustained cooperation from the Central Silk Board in Bangalore, India, and the Muga Eri Silkworm Seed Organization, Central Silk Board, Guwahati, Assam, India.

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Cocooning with Cassava: Exploring the commercial rearing and seed production potential of Samia ricini Donovan on different Cassava varieties

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Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Experimental Site

Methodology

Statistical analysis

Results and discussion

Effect of Cassava varieties on rearing performance of eri silkworms

Effect of Cassava varieties on cocoon parameters of eri silkworms

Effect of reproductive performance on eri silkworm fed with Cassava varieties

Conclusion and future prospective

Declarations

Competing Interest

Acknowledgements

References

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1