Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives: Strategies and Mechanisms for Promoting Public Health in Jordan University College of Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3242414/v1

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Research Article

Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives: Strategies and Mechanisms for Promoting Public Health in Jordan University College of Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3242414/v1

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Background

Our study explored the strategies and mechanisms Jordan University College (JUCo) employed in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania, to promote public health through corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. With the growing recognition of the role businesses play in societal well-being, CSR has gained prominence as a tool for addressing public health challenges. This study examined JUCo's CSR activities, their impact on public health, and the underlying strategies and mechanisms that contribute to their effectiveness.

Methods

Data collection involved a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, interviews, and document analysis.

Results

The findings highlight the various CSR initiatives implemented by JUCo, such as health education programs, infrastructure development, and community engagement. Moreover, the study reveals the key strategies and mechanisms utilized, including partnerships with stakeholders, strategic planning, resource allocation, and monitoring and evaluation.

Conclusion

The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of CSR initiatives for promoting public health in educational institutions like JUCo.

Corporate Social Responsibility

Public Health

Jordan University College

Morogoro Municipality

Tanzania

Strategies

Mechanisms

Globally, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a topic of debate, drawing the attention of various organizations such as business owners and standard setters like the United Nations Global Compact [1]. Many business organizations and corporations in different sectors are implementing strategies to improve social welfare and environmental protection. CSR involves organizations using their resources and finances for the benefit of society beyond their own self-interests [2].

In Tanzania, CSR is commonly viewed as a form of philanthropy where companies allocate a portion of their profits to support charitable community projects. However, it should also involve active collaboration with the community to enhance their conditions. Mwangi and Jerotich [3] state that CSR goes beyond maximizing profits and includes taking responsibility for the societal impact of a company's actions, including initiatives that promote public health. For example, Tanzania's electric utility company, TANESCO, conducted a study that revealed their CSR initiatives encompassed providing education and healthcare facilities to communities, supporting local businesses, and promoting environmental sustainability [4]. Tanzanian Breweries Limited is another example, implementing CSR projects focused on education, healthcare, and environmental conservation [5].

While philanthropy remains important, it is crucial for universities in Tanzania, such as Jordan University College (JUCo), to engage in initiatives that positively impact the broader community, especially in terms of public health. This includes working alongside local communities to identify their needs and find sustainable solutions. By doing so, universities can fulfill their responsibilities to society, promote public health, and contribute to their long-term success.

Public health, according to the World Health Organization [6] and Nwobu [1], encompasses the art and science of enhancing and safeguarding the health of individuals and communities. It aims to promote healthy lifestyles, prevent diseases and injuries, and respond to infectious diseases. Lifestyle factors such as physical fitness, maintaining a healthy diet, early diagnosis, and timely treatment significantly impact life expectancy. Public health strives to ensure the well-being of entire populations while promoting equitable, accessible, and quality healthcare [7]. These definitions underscore the critical role of public health in maintaining and enhancing community health.

Despite various studies on CSR in Tanzania, including those by Celik et al., [8], Issifu [9], and Ansah [10], there is limited knowledge about the extent of university involvement in CSR in Tanzania. This knowledge gap is attributed to the early stage of CSR in the country and has been a concern among scholars for years. Studies by Mapesa and Matekere [11], Nandonde [12], and Mwanapara et al. [13] have also highlighted the lack of information on CSR practices in Tanzania.

CSR has been widely documented to have benefits, particularly in education and health. Research by Issifu [9] and Amoako [14] indicates that CSR can enhance the economic self-sufficiency of host communities, contributing to peace and development. Additionally, studies by Luo [15], Luo and Bhattacharya [16] and Singal [17] suggest that CSR practices can improve an organization's reputation and provide economic benefits. Other research, such as that by Sharafat [18] and Ngowi [19], highlights the impact of CSR on education, income, employment, infrastructure, health, environmental conservation, and support for marginalized groups. Despite the importance of these studies, limited information exists regarding the role of higher learning institutions, particularly JUCo, in providing and promoting public health services to surrounding communities. Therefore, this study aims to fill this information gap by examining the CSR initiatives, strategies, and mechanisms employed by JUCo to promote public health. The paper includes a theoretical background in section two, followed by the methodology used in section three. Section four presents the study results and discussion on JUCo's CSR strategies and mechanisms, while section five concludes the paper. The last section provides recommendations for improvements, including policy implications and suggestions for future research.

Our study was grounded in the stakeholder theory, as proposed by Freeman in 1984 [20]. According to this theory, institutions should create value for all stakeholders, not just shareholders, as stakeholders are groups that can affect or be affected by an institution’s objectives [1, 21]. In the case of a business entity, the host community is considered a stakeholder, as the entity's activities and operations have social and environmental implications. The stakeholder theory suggests that universities, JUCo in this case, have a moral obligation to address the needs and concerns of their stakeholders, including society and the environment. Consequently, the theory proposes that JUCo should engage in CSR activities to fulfill their moral obligations towards society and contribute to sustainable development [20].

The stakeholder theory was chosen for our study due to its alignment with the importance of incorporating societal interests into business operations, as emphasized by both the theory and CSR [22]. In the context of exploring JUCo’s CSR initiatives on public health, the stakeholder theory was likely selected for several reasons. Firstly, the theory highlights the significance of considering the interests and welfare of various stakeholders, including the public [21, 22, 23]. By adopting this theory, our study acknowledges the crucial role of public health in societal well-being and recognizes that CSR initiatives can greatly influence public health outcomes. This perspective encourages JUCo to actively engage in CSR initiatives that promote and support public health initiatives, aligning their actions with broader societal interests.

Secondly, the stakeholder theory provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing the impact of CSR on multiple stakeholders, including the public. This theory acknowledges that organizations exist within a network of interconnected relationships and that their actions can have far-reaching consequences for various stakeholders. By employing the stakeholder theory, our study can explore the effects of JUCo's CSR initiatives on public health from a holistic perspective, considering not only the direct health-related programs but also the indirect influences on the community, environment, and other stakeholders. This approach allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the interplay between CSR and public health, enabling researchers to explore the overall impact of JUCo's CSR efforts on the well-being of the broader society [22].

3.1 Research design

The research design refers to the arrangement of conditions for data collection and analysis, with the goal of combining relevance to the research purpose and efficiency in procedures [24, 25]. It provides the conceptual framework and structure for conducting research, serving as a blueprint for data collection, measurement, and analysis. In essence, a research design is a detailed plan outlining the necessary steps to achieve the research objectives [24]. In our study, a cross-sectional design was employed, due to its cost-effectiveness, time efficiency, and ability to gather substantial information within a relatively short period. This design allows data to be collected at a single point in time from various individuals or respondent groups [26]. The choice of a cross-sectional design was based on its suitability for studies aiming to determine the prevalence of a particular problem or phenomena. Additionally, this design facilitates the smooth progression of research operations, ensuring efficiency by maximizing information while minimizing the expenditure of effort, time, and resources.

3.2 Research approach

The study utilized a mixed approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Due to the fact that there is no single method of data collection is perfect in itself, therefore, mixed research was used to enhance the credibility and validity of research findings [26]. It was conducted in two distinct phases. In the first phase, qualitative research techniques such as semi-structured interviews and focus groups were employed to investigate the perspectives and attitudes of various stakeholders (including JUCo management, staff members, JUCo students, local community members, and health professionals) regarding the influence of CSR on public health. Thematic analysis was applied to the collected data to identify recurring themes associated with the impact of CSR on public health.

Subsequently, the second phase involved a quantitative survey administered to the JUCo community, encompassing students, faculty, and staff. This survey aimed to gauge their level of knowledge and awareness regarding CSR and its effects on public health. Additionally, it assessed their satisfaction with the university's CSR practices and their willingness to actively participate in CSR initiatives. The data collected from the survey were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques.

3.3 Description of the study area

We conducted our study on CSR at JUCo in Morogoro municipality. JUCo is dedicated to expanding opportunities for quality higher education in Tanzania and beyond. It offers competitive, demand-driven academic and professional degree and non-degree programs that are relevant to the community. One of JUCo's objectives is to contribute to the local society in line with the Tanzania Development Vision 2025 [27]. This includes offering high-quality academic programs that address societal issues and contribute to the country's development, particularly in health promotion. Hence, exploring the CSR initiatives on public health at JUCo, valuable insights were gained regarding the association between CSR initiatives on public health outcomes. The findings of the study would have the potential to inform policies and practices not only within JUCo but also in the surrounding community. This study contributes to the fulfillment of JUCo's objectives and aids in addressing the needs of the society while supporting the development of the country. Due to the fact that, JUCo intends to be a self-sustaining centre of excellence in higher education devoted to the advancement, refinement, dissemination and application of values, knowledge in order to understand and transform our world from within and in our context [27].

3.4 Sample size and sampling techniques

The study employed a well-calculated sample size to ensure representation of the target population and generalizability of findings. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of approximately 100 respondents was determined [28]. To achieve a representative sample, a multistage sampling technique was utilized. Two wards surrounding JUCo, namely Kichangani and Tungi, were purposefully selected in the first stage, and then 50 respondents were randomly chosen from each ward, resulting in a total of 100 respondents for interviews. In addition, key informants responsible for implementing CSR practices in JUCo, including the DPFA, Deans of Faculties, Head of JUCo Dispensary, and Bursar, were purposefully selected for interviews, making a total of 6 interviewees for our study. This multistage sampling technique was chosen for its effectiveness in collecting primary data from a wide geographical area, while also being cost-effective, time-efficient, and flexible.

3.5 Data type, source and collection methods

In our study, both primary and secondary data were utilized. The primary data consisted of raw information gathered through surveys from respondents in neighboring communities of JUCo and college authorities. The primary data collection methods included semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and structured questionnaires. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants involved in implementing CSR practices at JUCo, while focus group discussions involved individuals knowledgeable about public health, JUCo management, ward authorities, and the local community. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 100 respondents, including community members, students, and staff. On the other hand, secondary data were collected from processed sources such as annual reports, books and the internet, focusing on CSR information within the colleges' hospital. This secondary data was obtained through documentary reviews of academic journals, hospital annual reports, and government documents related to CSR and public health.

3.6 Data Analysis

In this study, both qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed. The quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Software Version 25. Descriptive statistics were conducted to provide a description of the data, which was then organized and presented as frequencies and proportionate counts. As for the qualitative data, a thorough analysis was performed by screening and reviewing all field and interview notes to gain a comprehensive understanding. Additionally, audio-recorded interviews were carefully reviewed and transcribed into English. Content analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative data, and the results were presented using direct quotations.

4.1 Response rate

We administered 100 questionnaires to individuals residing in two wards, Kichangani and Tungi, surrounding JUCo in Morogoro municipality. From the total number of questionnaires distributed, 97 were returned, resulting in a response rate of 97%. However, 3 of the returned questionnaires, accounting for 3% of the total, were incomplete and lacked essential information for the study. As a result, we decided to exclude these incomplete questionnaires from the analysis [29]. The high response rate of 97% enhances the validity of the obtained sample, suggesting that the findings of this study can reasonably be generalized and applied to the larger population of interest [29].

4.2 The strategies and mechanisms that JUCo use for CSR

Our study explored the strategies and mechanisms employed by JUCo in their CSR initiatives on public health. Understanding these strategies and mechanisms were crucial because CSR have significant implications for public health outcomes [30]. By examining JUCo's specific practices, the study aimed to identify how CSR initiatives can be leveraged to improve public health. JUCo's CSR strategies and mechanisms were examined to determine their potential influence on public health outcomes. By analyzing these practices, the study sought to identify whether JUCo's CSR efforts were targeted towards health-related issues, such as promoting access to healthcare, supporting disease prevention or addressing social determinants of health. Furthermore, the study aimed to assess the effectiveness of these strategies in terms of their impact on public health indicators. Understanding how JUCo approached CSR and its impact on public health can provide valuable insights for other companies and organizations interested in implementing effective CSR initiatives that contribute to improving public health outcomes.

4.2.1 Existence of CSR program at JUCo

Our study aimed at exploring the strategies and mechanisms utilized by JUCo to implement its CSR initiatives. The main objective was to determine whether JUCo has a CSR program in place. To collect pertinent data, we surveyed participants to gauge their awareness of JUCo's CSR programs. This investigation aimed to confirm the existence of an official CSR program at JUCo, which serves as a fundamental aspect for comprehending and analyzing the organization's CSR practices, initiatives, and their impact on public health. Participants were asked to indicate their perception of the level of improvement. The study results are presented in Fig. 1 below.

Source: Field study, 2023

According to Fig. 1 presented above, it becomes evident that a significant majority of the surveyed respondents, approximately 77 individuals, comprising about 79.4% of the total respondents, affirmed the existence of JUCo's CSR program. In contrast, a minority of 20 respondents, accounting for 20.6%, expressed disagreement. These results strongly suggest that a considerable proportion of the participants possess knowledge regarding JUCo's CSR initiatives. This finding aligns with the research conducted by Droppert and Bennett [30], who discovered that CSR strategies not only provide opportunities for exploring and developing new markets in Low- and Middle-income Countries (LMICs), but also create value by improving the health of the people in these countries.

Also, our study sought to know the funding sources for JUCo's CSR program. By understanding how JUCo finances its CSR initiatives, the study aimed to gain insights into the college's commitment to social and environmental responsibility, its financial allocation for CSR activities and the potential impact of funding sources on the scope and effectiveness of its CSR program. Table 1 presents the study results.

Table 1

JUCo's CSR program fund
Variables		Frequency	Percent
	Through the university's operating budget	51	52.6%
	Through donations from alumni and other supporters	14	14.4%
	Through grants and sponsorships from external organizations	32	33.0%
	Total	97	100.0
Source: Field study, 2023

Table 1, provides insights into the funding sources for JUCo's CSR program. Our study revealed that JUCo's CSR program is funded through various channels. The majority of the funding, accounting for 52.6%, comes from the university's operating budget. This indicates that JUCo allocates a significant portion of its internal resources for CSR activities. Additionally, 14.4% of the funding is generated through donations from alumni and other supporters, highlighting the contribution of external individuals invested in JUCo's CSR initiatives. This finding aligns with previous research by Székely and vom Brocke [31], who emphasized that organizations can establish strong community relationships by engaging in fundraising and donations, developing strategies, and programs on social and environmental issues. Furthermore, grants and sponsorships from external organizations contribute 33.0% of the funding, indicating that JUCo actively seeks external partnerships and financial support for its CSR endeavors. Overall, the study sheds light on JUCo's financial commitment to CSR and the diverse funding sources that enable the university to implement its social and environmental responsibility initiatives.

4.2.2 Formal JUCo’s CSR policy related to public health

As organizations experience increasing civil society pressure to act responsibly in a changing globalized world, JUCo is expanding and/or reforming its CSR strategies and mechanisms [30]. Our study sought to understand how JUCo currently engage in CSR activities aimed at public health impact, its motivations for doing so and how their CSR strategies are evolving. To gain insights into JUCo's approach, the study asked respondents regarding the presence of a formal CSR policy specifically focused on public health. Therefore, examining JUCo's CSR strategies, particularly in relation to public health, the study seeks to evaluate JUCo's commitment and actions towards societal well-being, contributing to a deeper understanding of its overall CSR framework. Table 2 presents the study results.

Table 2

Formal CSR policy related to public health
Variables		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
	Yes	76	78.4%	78.4%	78.4%
	No	21	21.6%	21.6%	100.0%
	Total	97	100.0%	100.0%
Source: Field study, 2023

The Table 2 above, indicates that 76 (78.4%) respondents confirmed the presence of a formal CSR policy related to public health, while 21 (21.6%) respondents reported that no such policy existed at JUCo. These findings provide insights into JUCo's CSR approach and contribute to a better understanding of their overall CSR framework.

4.2.3 Primary goals of JUCo's CSR policy related to public health

Also, in exploring the strategies and mechanisms employed by JUCo in its CSR efforts, our study, specifically, focused on investigating primary goals of JUCo's CSR policy concerning public health. By asking respondents about these goals, the study seeks to gain insights into JUCo's CSR initiatives aimed at promoting and contributing to public health, potentially shedding light on the company's commitment to societal well-being and the specific areas within public health where they prioritize their efforts. Table 3 presents the study results.

Table 3

Primary goals of JUCo's CSR policy related to public health
Variables		Frequency	Percent
	Promoting healthy behaviors among students, faculty and staffs	27	35.5%
	Contributing to public health research and innovation	11	14.5%
	Supporting local healthcare institutions and organizations	16	21.1%
	Encouraging community engagement and participation in public health initiatives	22	28.9%
	Total	76	100.0%
Source: Field study, 2023

Promoting healthy behaviors among students, faculty and staffs; it was found that a significant majority of respondents 27(35.5%) recognized JUCo's commitment to health and wellness as it fosters an environment that encourages healthy habits and positive lifestyle choices. The study result implies that engaging in regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and stress management has proven to enhance overall well-being, physical fitness and mental health for individuals within the university community. This, in turn, has a ripple effect on the broader community and public health. The study is in line with the findings of various related studies [1, 32] which found that CSR strategies and mechanisms play a substantial role in shaping health and health behavior; these practices are one of the determinants of health. Moreover, when individuals within a community adopt healthy behaviors, it creates a culture of wellness that can inspire others to follow suit. Students who engage in regular physical activity and maintain healthy eating habits are more likely to continue these practices beyond their time at JUCo, influencing their families, friends and future communities. Faculty and staff who prioritize their health become role models for students and contributes to a positive campus culture. Therefore, emphasizing healthy behaviors, JUCo is not only investing in the well-being of its immediate community but also playing a crucial role in preventing chronic diseases, reducing healthcare costs and promoting public health at large.

Contributing to public health research and innovation; it was found that 11(14.5%) recognize JUCo's commitment on contributing to public health research and innovation. This implies that investing resources and expertise into research, JUCo identify and address critical health issues, develop innovative solutions and improve healthcare outcomes. This commitment fosters collaborations with experts and institutions, promoting knowledge exchange and the dissemination of best practices. The study result is consistent with the findings of previous related studies [1, 33] which found that corporate entities, JUCo in this case engage in CSR for social sustainable growth. Hence, through its emphasis on research and innovation, JUCo develop new technologies, treatments and interventions that have the potential to transform public health, enhance disease prevention and control efforts and ultimately improve the well-being and quality of life for individuals and surround communities.

Supporting local healthcare institutions and organizations; it was found that 16(21.1%) indicated that JUCo directs resources towards healthcare institutions and organizations. Hence, JUCo contributes to the development and enhancement of essential healthcare infrastructure, including hospitals, clinics and community health centers. This support enables these institutions to provide improved access to quality healthcare services, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive care to the local population. Additionally, JUCo's CSR efforts help in the recruitment and retention of healthcare professionals, ensuring a skilled workforce to meet the healthcare needs of the community. Through this sustained commitment, JUCo strengthens the overall healthcare system, promotes public health and contributes to the well-being and resilience of the local population. Also, during data collection, one of the respondents attested that: -

…through JUCo's CSR efforts to encourage partnerships between healthcare providers and local communities there is the development of community health programs, preventive care initiatives and educational campaigns that aim to raise awareness about key health issues. Also, by actively engaging with local institutions, JUCo leverage its resources and expertise to support initiatives focused on disease prevention, health promotion and the overall well-being of the community. (KF3)

The view expressed by respondent (KF3) confirmed that JUCo’s collaborative efforts have a profound impact on public health by empowering individuals with knowledge, resources and access to essential healthcare services, ultimately leading to healthier communities.

Encouraging community engagement and participation in public health initiatives; it was found that 22 respondents accounted to 28.9% indicated that involving the community in CSR initiatives, JUCo promotes a sense of ownership and responsibility among the residents. This empowerment helps create a culture of health consciousness and proactive decision-making, leading to better health outcomes. The study result implies that when community members are engaged and actively participate in public health initiatives, several positive changes occur. Firstly, it fosters awareness and education about various health issues, enabling individuals to make informed choices regarding their well-being. By providing platforms for dialogue and collaboration, JUCo facilitates the exchange of knowledge, experiences and best practices among community members, leading to the dissemination of accurate health information and the adoption of healthy behaviors. Secondly, community engagement enhances the effectiveness of public health interventions. Therefore, involving local community, JUCo gains insight into the unique challenges and needs of the community, ensuring that interventions are tailored to address specific concerns. This approach promotes better targeting of resources and interventions, resulting in improved health outcomes. Furthermore, community participation fosters a sense of social cohesion and mutual support, creating a supportive environment for individuals to make positive health choices and sustain behavior change.

4.2.4 CSR initiatives to promote public health

Our study sought to explore the specific activities undertaken by JUCo to promote public health within its CSR program. By seeking insights from respondents, the study intended to uncover the precise initiatives and actions implemented by JUCo that contribute to the improvement of public health, enabling a comprehensive analysis of their CSR endeavors in this crucial area. Table 4 presents the study results.

Table 4

JUCo’s CSR initiatives to promote public health
S/No.	Variables	Agreed		Disagreed
S/No.	Variables	n	%	n	%
1	Health education campaigns	66	68%	31	32.0%
2	Community outreach programs	75	77.3%	22	22.7%
3	Research and development on public health issues	56	57.7%	41	42.3%
4	Donations to public health organizations	62	63.9%	35	36.1%
5	Preventing child abuse	77	79.4%	20	20.6%
Source: Field study, 2023

Health education campaigns; it was found that 66 (68%) respondents agreed by indicating that health education campaign is the CSR activities that JUCo engages in to promote public health as part of its CSR program while 31(32%) respondents disagreed. The study result implies that JUCo recognized that raising awareness and educating the public about health-related issues is crucial in improving overall well-being and preventing diseases. Through these campaigns, JUCo aims to empower individuals with knowledge and resources to make informed decisions about their health [34, 35]. Moreover, JUCo's health education campaigns involve various strategies to effectively reach and engage the public. Therefore, JUCo utilize multiple channels such as social media, community workshops and collaborations with local healthcare organizations to disseminate information on topics like nutrition, exercise, hygiene, and disease prevention. These campaigns are designed to be interactive and inclusive, employing creative approaches to capture the attention and interest of diverse audiences. JUCo also actively involves its employees in these initiatives, encouraging them to volunteer and participate in community health programs, further enhancing the impact and reach of the campaigns. Furthermore, prioritizing health education, JUCo demonstrates its commitment to improving public health outcomes and contributes to building healthier and more informed communities.

Community outreach programs; according to Shin et al., [36] community health outreach generally entails engaging in social work with vulnerable populations to address homelessness, drug abuse, mental disorders, youth problems, and prostitution. It was found that 75 (77.3%) respondents agreed by indicating JUCo’s commitment in promoting public health through community outreach program while 22 respondents accounted to 22.7% disagreed. These findings indicate that JUCo recognizes the importance of community well-being and focuses its CSR efforts on initiatives that directly benefit the public. This aligns with the results of other studies [36, 37] that highlight how community health outreach programs provide essential health services to socioeconomically disadvantaged residents. JUCo's targeted outreach programs, such as health education workshops, free health screenings, and partnerships with local healthcare providers, aim to address health disparities, raise awareness about preventive measures, and empower individuals to make informed choices for their well-being. By actively engaging with the community and promoting public health, JUCo fulfills its commitment to social responsibility and positively impacts the lives of individuals and society as a whole.

Research and development on public health issues; it was found that 56(57.7%) respondents indicated that research and development (R&D) on public health issues has been recognized as a focal area of engagement for JUCo as part of its CSR program. Therefore, focusing on R&D, JUCo aims to contribute to the advancement of public health and the overall well-being of communities [30]. Through rigorous scientific research, JUCo seeks to address pressing health challenges, develop innovative solutions and enhance access to healthcare services. Hence, investing in R&D on public health issues, JUCo demonstrates its commitment to making a positive impact and promoting the welfare of society at large.

Donations to public health organizations; it was found that 62 respondents accounted 63.9% indicated JUCo’s commitment of donations to public health organizations as a key activity to promote public health while 35(36.1%) respondents disagreed. The study result implies that actively engaging in philanthropic efforts, JUCo aims to make a positive impact on society and address critical health issues. Basically, these donations provide vital support to organizations working towards improving healthcare access, disease prevention, research and other initiatives that benefit public health [1]. JUCo's CSR program recognizes the importance of investing in the well-being of communities and believes that these contributions can contribute to creating a healthier future for all.

Preventing child abuse; JUCo's CSR program emphasizes the importance of preventing child abuse as a means of promoting public health. A significant majority of the respondents, 77 out of the total, accounting for 79.4%, acknowledged JUCo's commitment to addressing the severe and long-lasting effects of child abuse on individuals, families, and communities. In light of this recognition, JUCo has undertaken proactive measures to combat child abuse, with only 20 respondents (20.6%) expressing disagreement. To prevent child abuse, JUCo has implemented various specific activities. Firstly, they have established a one-stop help center (Kituo cha pamoja cha huduma ya mkono kwa mkono kwa watoto waliofanyiwa ukatili) that serves as a comprehensive resource for assistance. This center performs a range of functions, including raising awareness through targeted campaigns. Additionally, JUCo provides educational resources and training sessions for parents, caregivers, and communities. Also, during data collection one of the respondents attested that: -

…we also collaborate with local organizations and experts to develop preventive programs, utilizing our expertise to tackle this issue effectively. Furthermore, JUCo advocates for policy changes aimed at enhancing child protection.(KF2)

The view expressed by respondent (KF2) confirmed that by actively engaging in CSR activities, JUCo creates a safer environment for children, promoting their overall well-being. These efforts align with the broader goal of fostering a healthier society, as JUCo recognizes the significant impact that preventing child abuse can have on individuals, families, and communities.

4.2.5 Mechanisms JUCo use to ensure that its CSR program is effectively implemented

The study sought to explore and analyze the mechanisms employed by JUCo in their CSR initiatives. To accomplish this, we surveyed respondents to gather insights on how JUCo ensures the effective implementation of their CSR program. Hence, investigating the mechanisms employed by JUCo, such as stakeholder engagement, internal policies, external partnerships and monitoring systems, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors that contribute to the successful execution of CSR initiatives within the university. Table 5 presents the study results.

Table 5

Mechanisms that JUCo use to ensure CSR program is effective
S/No.	Variables	Agreed		Disagreed
S/No.	Variables	n	%	n	%
1	Regular reporting and communication of progress to stakeholders	81	83.5	16	16.5
2	Engagement of external consultants to evaluate the program	56	60.8	38	39.2
3	Use of performance metrics to track progress	30	30.9	67	69.1
Source: Field study, 2023

Regular reporting and communication of progress to stakeholders; a significant proportion of 81 (83.5%) respondents, revealed that regular reporting and communication of progress to stakeholders is the primary mechanism employed by JUCo to effectively implement its CSR program. JUCo ensures transparency and accountability in its CSR initiatives by consistently updating and sharing relevant information with stakeholders, such as shareholders, staff, customers (JUCo students), communities, and regulatory bodies. This approach enables stakeholders to stay informed about the university's CSR efforts, including goals, actions taken, and outcomes achieved [30]. Additionally, it builds trust, enhances engagement, and encourages feedback, allowing JUCo to adapt and improve its CSR program based on stakeholder expectations and societal needs. As a result, JUCo maximizes the positive impact of its corporate social responsibility initiatives.

Engagement of external consultants to evaluate the program; the study results revealed that 56 (60.8%) respondents, agreed that JUCo utilizes engagement of external consultants as a means to ensure the effective implementation of its program while 38(39.2%) respondents disagreed. This finding suggests that involving external consultants allows JUCo to leverage their expertise and unbiased viewpoint in evaluating the program's effectiveness, identifying areas for enhancement, and offering valuable insights. Through this external evaluation, JUCo obtains an objective understanding of the program's efficacy, ensuring its alignment with the university's CSR goals and the fulfillment of the needs of the communities and stakeholders it seeks to serve.

Use of performance metrics to track progress; the use of performance metrics to track progress was examined, revealing that 30 (30.9%) respondents indicated that JUCo employs this method to ensure effective implementation of its CSR program. However, the majority of respondents, accounting for 67 (69.1%), disagreed with its use. The disparity highlights the need for improvement in utilizing performance metrics for tracking progress. JUCo can enhance its CSR program by establishing clear and measurable targets aligned with its CSR objectives. These targets should encompass various areas, including environmental sustainability, social impact, and ethical practices. Through regular monitoring and analysis of these metrics, JUCo can assess the progress of its CSR initiatives, identify areas requiring improvement, and make well-informed decisions to enhance its overall social responsibility efforts [1]. By doing so, JUCo can ensure the effective implementation of its CSR program.

Our study delved into the strategies and mechanisms employed by JUCo in their CSR initiatives, specifically focusing on public health. The findings shed light on the existence of JUCo's CSR program, with a significant majority of respondents affirming its presence. The study also revealed the diverse funding sources that support JUCo's CSR program, including the university's operating budget, donations from alumni and supporters, as well as grants and sponsorships from external organizations. These financial commitments demonstrate JUCo's dedication to social and environmental responsibility. Furthermore, the study explored JUCo's formal CSR policy related to public health, uncovering its primary goals. The results highlighted JUCo's emphasis on promoting healthy behaviors among students, faculty, and staff, contributing to public health research and innovation, supporting local healthcare institutions and organizations, and encouraging community engagement in public health initiatives. These goals align with JUCo's commitment to improving public health outcomes and creating a positive impact on the well-being of communities.

In terms of CSR initiatives, our study identified various activities undertaken by JUCo to promote public health. These initiatives include health education campaigns, community outreach programs, research and development on public health issues, donations to public health organizations, and efforts to prevent child abuse. Through these initiatives, JUCo actively engages in raising awareness, providing healthcare services, advancing research, and contributing to the overall well-being of individuals and communities. To ensure the effective implementation of its CSR program, JUCo utilizes mechanisms such as regular reporting and communication of progress to stakeholders, engagement of external consultants for evaluation, and the use of performance metrics to track progress. These mechanisms enhance transparency, accountability, and continuous improvement, enabling JUCo to maximize the positive impact of its CSR initiatives.

Overall, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into JUCo's strategies, mechanisms, and CSR initiatives related to public health. The results can serve as a foundation for other companies and organizations interested in implementing effective CSR initiatives that contribute to improving public health outcomes. By leveraging CSR practices, organizations can make meaningful contributions to public health and societal well-being.

6.1 Policy implications

The presence of a CSR program at JUCo has received positive recognition from a significant majority of respondents, indicating that it should be continued. This suggests that JUCo's CSR initiatives are well-known and appreciated, which has the potential to lead to positive public health outcomes. To sustain support and engagement, JUCo should prioritize transparency and provide regular updates to stakeholders about its CSR program.
To fund its CSR program, JUCo should continue allocating a substantial portion of its internal resources, as indicated by the majority of funding coming from the university's operating budget. Additionally, JUCo should actively cultivate relationships with alumni and external organizations to ensure ongoing financial support for its CSR initiatives. By diversifying funding sources, JUCo can expand the scope and effectiveness of its CSR program, enabling the college to address a broader range of public health issues.
JUCo should consider developing a formal CSR policy specifically focused on public health to guide its initiatives in this area. Having a formal CSR policy demonstrates JUCo's commitment to addressing public health concerns and promotes accountability and transparency. It is important for JUCo to regularly review and update this policy to reflect evolving public health challenges and align with best practices in the field.
The primary goals of JUCo's CSR policy related to public health should continue to be prioritized. These goals include promoting healthy behaviors, contributing to public health research and innovation, supporting local healthcare institutions, and encouraging community engagement. By focusing on these goals, JUCo demonstrates its commitment to addressing health-related issues holistically and in line with evidence-based strategies for improving public health outcomes. Additionally, JUCo should remain open to incorporating new goals that emerge from ongoing research and emerging public health priorities to ensure the relevance and impact of its CSR efforts.
JUCo should continue implementing the identified CSR initiatives that promote public health, such as health education campaigns, community outreach programs, research and development on public health issues, donations to public health organizations, and efforts to prevent child abuse. These initiatives have shown potential for improving public health outcomes and align with best practices in CSR. It is important for JUCo to regularly evaluate the effectiveness of these initiatives, gathering feedback and considering emerging evidence to make necessary adjustments.
JUCo should employ various mechanisms to ensure the effective implementation of its CSR program. This includes maintaining regular reporting and communication of progress to stakeholders to ensure transparency and accountability. Periodic engagement of external consultants can provide unbiased insights to evaluate the effectiveness of the CSR program and identify areas for improvement. Additionally, JUCo should strive to establish and utilize performance metrics to track progress and assess the impact of its CSR initiatives on public health outcomes. By enhancing these mechanisms, JUCo can optimize the implementation and outcomes of its CSR program, ensuring alignment with societal needs and expectations.

6.2 Recommendation for further research

The effectiveness of JUCo's CSR strategies in achieving desired public health outcomes: This area of research can focus on evaluating the impact of JUCo's CSR initiatives on improving public health indicators in Morogoro municipality. It can involve measuring changes in health behaviors, healthcare access, disease prevention, and overall health outcomes as a result of JUCo's efforts. This research can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of CSR programs in addressing public health challenges and guide the development of evidence-based strategies for other companies and organizations.
Stakeholder perceptions and expectations of CSR initiatives in the context of public health: This research can explore the perspectives of different stakeholders, including students, faculty, staff, local community members and healthcare professionals, regarding JUCo's CSR programs targeting public health. It can investigate their awareness, attitudes, and expectations towards these initiatives, as well as their perceptions of the university's role in addressing public health issues. Understanding stakeholder perspectives can help identify areas of alignment or divergence and inform the development of more inclusive and impactful CSR strategies.

CSR Corporate social responsibility

JUCo Jordan University College

LMICs Low- and Middle-income Countries

SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

TBL Tanzanian Breweries Limited

WHO World Health Organization

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical issues that were observed from the identification of the problem, data collection, results and discussion of findings. To mention a few, some of the ethical issues that were considered; insured that there is informed consent, anonymity, integrity, honesty, privacy and confidentiality, respect of people and their properties, research clearance or permission letters from JUCo (HoD – Sociology) and from Morogoro municipality (Director of MMC). In order to ensure ethical conduct in the study, all respondents were informed about the significance of the study and given the opportunity to willingly cooperate.

Consent for publication

We hereby grant permission for the publication of our research paper, which explores CSR initiatives aimed at advancing public health within JUCo in Morogoro Municipality of Tanzania. This paper will be featured in the BMC Health Services Research journal.

Availability of data and materials

The authors will provide the data upon request.

Competing interests

We have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Funding

There is no funding associated with this work only family financial support.

Authors' contributions

IMM was responsible for originating the study, formulating and drafting the introduction, conducting all interviews, and designing the interview questions. LAM contributed to the manuscript writing, methodology, data analysis, and discussion. LAM also provided guidance and support to IMM throughout the writing process, advised on the study design and methods, and facilitated contact with certain interviewees. The final manuscript was reviewed and approved by both authors.

ORCID

Irene Matern Msambali https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3950-9468

Lazaro Athanas Mwonge https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8523-3166

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No competing interests reported.

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Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives: Strategies and Mechanisms for Promoting Public Health in Jordan University College of Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Theoretical review

3. Material and Methods

3.1 Research design

3.2 Research approach

3.3 Description of the study area

3.4 Sample size and sampling techniques

3.5 Data type, source and collection methods

3.6 Data Analysis

4. Results and discussion

4.1 Response rate

4.2 The strategies and mechanisms that JUCo use for CSR

4.2.1 Existence of CSR program at JUCo

4.2.2 Formal JUCo’s CSR policy related to public health

4.2.3 Primary goals of JUCo's CSR policy related to public health

4.2.4 CSR initiatives to promote public health

4.2.5 Mechanisms JUCo use to ensure that its CSR program is effectively implemented

5. Conclusion

6. Recommendation for improvements

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

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