At present, there is little information on the effects of organic amendments on Chickpea and fenugreek particularly in Gujarat, India. The objective was to study the effect of cow-based bio-enhancers on organic cultivation of Chickpea and fenugreek, and executed during the Rabi seasons of 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22 at Organic Farm of CNRM, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat), India. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten different treatments. The application of vermicompost 1.5 t/ha gave significantly higher grain and Stover yields of Chickpea and fenugreek. It is evident from the data that the highest net realization of 58685 ₹/ha, 70939 ₹/ha with the benefit: cost ratio (BCR) of 1.72, 3.06 for chickpea and fenugreek, respectively was obtained under treatment T1 (panchgavya 3% as foliar spray at 30, 45, 60 DAS). However, treatment T8 (Vermicompost 1.5 t/ha) recorded the highest gross realization.
Research Article
Under organic farming conditions, response of different cow-based enhancer on chickpea and fenugreek
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3329938/v1
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Organic cultivation
Chickpea
Panchgavya
Vermicompost
"Gujarat Organic Farming Policy-2015" has been introduced by the Gujarat government to support scientifically advanced organic farming practices for a sustainable farming system and to ensure reliable marketing and supply chains. It was accomplished in recognition of the detrimental effects of excessive chemical use on soil health, human health, and the environment. Organic agriculture is encouraged through the use of natural resources in a manner that is technically sound, economically secure, environmentally friendly, and socially acceptable. A comprehensive set of practices for the region's primary crops must be developed immediately for the policy to be implemented effectively. Innovative organic growers have invented various cow-based bio-enhancers in diverse organic farming systems, such as "Bijamrut," "Jivamrut," "Panchgavya," "Amrutpani" and "Sanjivak" (Yadav et al., 2017). However, there is a lack of scientific information on such formulations. In 2006, the National Centre for Organic Farming (NCOF) and National Horticulture Mission (NHM) incorporated cow-based bio-enhancers into practices for organic cultivation of different crops. Modules on organic farming might include bio-enhancers. Accordingly, the current experiment was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of different cow-based bio-enhancers for organic cultivation of chickpeas and fenugreek. A bio-enhancer is a product derived from fermentations of plant and animal residues over a specified period of time. The plant growth promoting substances, such as immunity enhancers, are abundant in these sources because they contain microbial consortia, macro and micronutrients. This is generally used to treat seeds/seedlings, promote decomposition of organic material and increase plant vigor (Pathak and Ram, 2013). The vermiwash liquid is a solution that is derived from water that passes through a column of worm activity. It can be used as a foliar spray for growing plants. An earthworm excretory product and mucous secretion together with micronutrients extracted from soil organic molecules are gathered in this substance. The natural ecosystem transports these to the leaves, shoots, and other parts of the plants. In light of these considerations, this experiment was designed to assess the effectiveness of various cow-based bio-enhancers in organic chickpea and fenugreek cultivation.
In addition to Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, North America, and South America, the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is grown virtually everywhere in the world. A number of common and regional names are used to describe it in various nations, including Hamas, Hommos, Humz, Nakhi, and Melanch in Arabian countries. Keker is the name used in the Netherlands, Kichererbse is used in Germany and Belgium, Ceseror is used in France, Ceci is used in Vatican City, Simbra in Ethiopia, Lablabi is used in Turkey, Garbanzo is used in Spain, Gravanço is used in Portugal, and Ovetichie is used in Russia. In Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Punjab, the chickpea is also called Chana, Gramme, Bengal Gramme and Chani; and Chhole in Jammu & Kashmir. As an ingredient in hummus and falafel, it is soaked, dried, ground and fried after it has been soaked and ground finely with herbs and spices. It is a crucial component of Indian cooking and is used in salads, soups, stews, curry, chana masala, and other dishes that call for channa.
Trigonella foenum-graecum L., also known as Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), is a flowering plant of the Fabaceae family. Among the most popular seed spices, it is widely used in food products throughout the world to add flavor and taste. As a powerful herb, fenugreek's leaves possess a pleasant aromatic odour. The leaves are bitter and have a strong taste. Traditionally, it has been used for a wide range of ailments, including food preparation and folk medicine for centuries. It is believed to contain nutritive and restorative properties. The leaves have drawn a lot of attention for stabilizing insulin, blood sugar, hemoglobin levels, and diabetic condition. Fenugreek is a tropical crop that is often cultivated in the winter to produce seed. Early on, dry and cold weather favors stronger vegetative development, but dry and reasonably warm weather encourages seed formation. For both humans and animals, fenugreek is a rich source of protein in the diet. Fenugreek seed is used locally as a yellow dye for aesthetic and therapeutic purposes.
To find out whether various cow-based bio-enhancers are effective on organically cultivated chickpeas and fenugreek during Rabi 2019, 2020-21 and 2021-22, a field experiment was conducted at the Organic Farm at the Centre for Natural Resources Management, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India. A Randomized Block Design (RBD) was used with 10 different combinations of treatments, viz. T1: Foliar spray of panchgavya 3% at 30, 45, 60 DAS, T2: Seed treatment with Bijamrut 300 ml/kg seed, T3: 500 L/ha Jivamrut with irrigation at sowing, 30 & 45 DAS, T4: 500 L/ha Amrutpani with irrigation at sowing, 30 & 45 DAS, T5: Sanjivak 500 L/ha with irrigation at sowing, 30 & 45 DAS, T6: Foliar spray of seaweed extract 5 % at 30, 45 & 60 DAS, T7: Foliar spray of banana sap 1% at 30, 45 & 60 DAS, T8: 1.5 t/ha Vermicompost, T9: 5 t/ha FYM and T10: Control, and replicated thrice. Chickpea variety of G.G.-3 and fenugreek variety of GF 2, was sown at spacing of 45 cm × 10 cm in a plot size of 3.6 × 4.0 m2 during thrice the season. Whereas with a harvestable gross-plot size of 13.5 m2 (2.7 m × 5 m) were replicated thrice. Chickpea and fenugreek were planted during the third week of November (as date on 19.11.2019, 20.11.2020, 21.11.2021 and 19.11.2019, 20.11.2020, 21.11.2021, respectively). Crop management input data such as seed, irrigation water, labour, were recorded as per standard protocols.
Flow chart of Panchagavya Preparation Process
The nine ingredients that make up panchagavya are cow dung, cow urine, milk, curd, jaggery, ghee, bananas, tender coconuts and water.
Flow chart of Bijamrut Preparation Process
Flow chart of Jivamrut Preparation Process
Flow chart of Amrut pani Preparation Process
Flow chart of Sanjivak Preparation Process
The sprinkler irrigation system was laid out for irrigation, at spaced 9 m ×9 m, with sprinkler discharge of 450 lph capacity. The amount of water was calculated using the FAO CROPWAT model (FAO 2009), which uses the Penman-Monteith equations to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) (FAO, 1998). Calculating ET0 requires the latitude, longitude, and altitude of the station, as well as the maximum and minimum temperature (C), relative humidity (%), wind speed (km/day) and sunshine hours. All these meteorological data were collected from the meteorological station of Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar
The FAO Penman-Monteith equation is
Where, ET0 = reference evapotranspiration (mm day-1),
Rn = net radiation at the crop surface (MJ m-2 day-1),
G = soil heat flux density (MJ m-2 day-1),
T = mean daily air temperature at 2 m height (°C),
u2 = wind speed at 2 m height (m s-1),
es = saturation vapour pressure (kPa),
ea = actual vapour pressure (kPa),
(es - ea) = saturation vapour pressure deficit (kPa),
Δ = slope vapour pressure curve (kPa °C-1) and
γ = Psychrometric constant (kPa °C-1).
Harvesting and threshing were manually performed to determine grain and stover yields. All sample plots were undisturbed, and three replications for yield measurements were performed per plot. By dividing seed yield by the amount of water applied, we calculated water use efficiency (WUE). As described by Gomez and Gomez (1984), Fischer's method of analysis of variance was used to analyze and interpret data. At a five percent level of significance, critical differences were calculated for comparing treatment means.
Bio-enhancers derived from cows and their effects on chickpea growth and yield parameters:
According to an analysis of the data shown in Fig 02, various treatments of cow-based bio-enhancers had no significant impact on plant height at harvest, the number of branches per plant, or the number of seeds per pod both during individual years and in pooled analyses, but they had a significant impact on the number of pods per plant. When compared to the other treatments, application of vermicompost at 1.5 t/ha resulted in a significantly higher number of pods per plant.
A greater number of branches per plant, more pods per plant, and the increased plant height may be due to the growth enzymes in panchagavya, which promoted rapid cell division and multiplication. The growth of green gram plants was significantly increased with spraying of panchagavya (3%) at 10 DAS by Kumaravelu and Kadambian (2009). De Britto and Girija (2006) note that cow urine provides nitrogen, which is essential for crop growth, whereas cow dung supports the growth of beneficial bacteria in panchagavya. In addition to vermicompost, which contains a huge amount of nitrogen in its organic fractions, fermented panchagavya solution, which contains a variety of salts that are highly available to plants, plant growth may have been stimulated, leading to higher pod production per plant. As a result, the availability of these nutrients to plants aids in their ability to produce more dry matter. Additionally, it was discovered that the results concurred with those of Shrimal and Khan (2017) and Gopal et al (2017).
The data shown in Table 1 & Fig. 01 showed that different cow-based bio-enhancers had a substantial impact on chickpea grain yield, while they also had a significant impact on chickpea stover yield. Significantly higher grain yield (1896 kg/ha) was observed with application of vermicompost 1.5 t/ha and it was at par with treatment T1 (Foliar spray of panchgavya 3% at 30, 45, 60 DAS), T9 (5.0 t/ha FYM), treatment T4 (500 L/ha Amrutpani with irrigation at sowing, 30 & 45 DAS) and treatment T7 (Foliar spray of banana sap 1% at 30, 45 & 60 DAS). However, the stover yield of chickpea was found to be significantly higher with treatment T8 (1.5 t/ha vermicompost) as than the other treatments except treatment T9 (5.0 t/ha FYM).
It might be because of the foliar spray of panchagavya that nutrients and growth stimulants were easily transferred to the plants that yield was enhanced. Moreover, panchagavya contained fewer quantities of IAA, GA, and other nutrients, which resulted in higher yields. It is consistent with the findings of Gopal et al. (2017). As microbial decomposition proceeds, more macro- and micronutrients are released, increasing yield. Additionally, In addition, organic matter provides energy for soil microbes, which transforms other nutrients present in the soil or applied in other ways into a form that can be easily absorbed by growing plants, increasing seed yield. The outcomes were consistent with those reported by Jadhav et al (2011). In addition to containing small amounts of plant growth regulators like IAA and GA, panchagavya also contains a variety of nutrients that may have contributed to a higher seed yield. Spray of panchagavya helped plants use all of these nutrients effectively and improved yield attributes, which in turn contributed to an increase in seed yield. Vimalendran and Wahab's outcomes were discovered to be similar (2013).
Bio-enhancers derived from cows and their effects on fenugreek growth and yield parameters:
Plant height, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per pod, and pod length were not significantly affected by different cow-based bio-enhancers shown in figure 04. On the other hand, the number of pods per plant was found to be significant. Treatment with vermicompost 1.5 t/ha (T8) recorded significantly maximum number of pods per plant (42.11) than other cow-based bio enhancer. Treatments with FYM 5 t/ha (T9) and panchgavya 3% as foliar spray at 30,45 & 60 DAS (T1) did not show statistically significant differences when compared with vermicompost 1.5 t/ha (T8).
Liquid organics have a noticeable effect on fenugreek growth attributes because they are readily absorbed forms of nutrients, leading to faster growth and development of the components. There are a number of macro- and micro-nutrients in fermented liquid organic manures, along with vitamins, essential amino acids, diverse microorganisms and growth-promoting compounds like IAA and GA etc. It has been shown that these factors improve plant growth, metabolic activity, and resistance to pests and diseases (Palekar, 2006; Natarajan, 2007 and Sreenivasa et al., 2010). Gore and Sreenivasa (2011) obtained similar results, as did Satashiya et al. (2012), Patil et al. (2013), and Jondhale et al. (2014).
Based on the data presented in table 2 & Figure 3, it was found that the application of vermicompost 1.5 t/ha (T8) was significantly associated with the highest grain yield (2168 kg/ha), whereas (T9) FYM 5 t/ha (2061 kg/ha) and (T1) spray of panchgavya 3% at 30 & 45 DAS (2086 kg/ha) were found statistically at par with vermicompost 1.5 t/ha (T8). Whereas, various cow-based bio enhancers had a substantial impact on fenugreek's stover yield. As compared with treatment T1, T9, T4 and T7, treatment T8 (vermicompost 1.5 t/ha) produced a higher stover yield (3735 kg/ha). There might be a connection between cow urine and crop growth, as cow manure serves as a medium for beneficial bacteria to thrive in panchagavya (De Britto and Girija, 2006). In order to increase the yield of grain amaranthus cv. CO3, Rajendran et al. (2006) suggested using 5 t/ha vermicompost together with a spray of panchagavya 3% at 10 DAS. An investigation was conducted by nekar et al. (2009) to determine how liquid organic manures applied topically affected the growth and productivity of groundnuts.
Economics
The ultimate purpose of agricultural growers is economic gain. The economics worked out for different treatments of cow-based bio-enhancers are outlined in Table 2. It is evident from the data that the highest net realization of 70939 ₹/ha with the B: C ratio of 3.06 was observed under treatment T1 (spray of panchgavya 3% at 30, 45 & 60 DAS). Among all treatments, application of vermicompost at a rate of 1.5 t/ha produced the highest gross realization. It has been found that Singh and Kushwah (2006), Singh et al. (2011), Biswas et al. (2012), Chaudhari et al. (2013) and Salunkhe et al. (2013) obtained similar results.
A preliminary review of the present investigation shows that to increase chickpea and fenugreek yields and net returns under organic farming, it is recommended that 1.5 t/ha vermicompost be applied or a spray of panchgavya 3% 30, 45, 60 DAS or 5.0 t/ha FYM or 500 L/ha amrutpani with irrigation at sowing, 30 and 45 DAS or spray of banana sap 1% applied at 30, 45 and 60 DAS, in addition to 400 kg castor cake being sown.
Funding
Funded by Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Gujarat (India) (Budget Head: 12174)
Competing interests
Neither the authors nor their respective institutions have competing interests as defined by Springer, or any other interests that may influence the paper's results or discussion.
Ethics approval: The study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down by Agricultural University of Gujrat (India)
Consent to participate: Not applicable.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Availability of data and material/ Data availability:
All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information
Code availability: Not applicable.
Author’s Contribution statements
- M. M. Chaudhary: Data collection & Data analysis;
- C. K. Patel: Technical Support to design & implementation of the experiment
- J. D. Bawa: Management of experiments at Farm level;
- Brijal R. Patel: Writing the manuscript;
- J. J. Makwana: Reviewed the manuscript
- Foram B. Patel: Revised the manuscript
All authors read and approved the final manuscript
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Table 1: Effect of different treatments (pooled basis) on growth and yield attributes of chickpea
|
Treatments |
Plant height at harvest (cm) |
Branches per Plant (No.) |
Pods per plant (No.) |
Seed per Plant (No.) |
Grain yield (kg/ha) |
Stover yield (kg/ha) |
Gross returns (₹/ha) |
Cost of cultivation (₹/ha) |
Net reurns (₹/ha) |
B:C ratio |
|
T1:Panchgavya 3% as foliar spray at 30, 45 & 60 DAS |
62.34 |
4.42 |
41.56 |
1.76 |
1823 |
3554 |
92805 |
34120 |
58685 |
2.72 |
|
T2:Bijamrut 300 ml/kg seed as seed treatment |
62.84 |
4.36 |
37.89 |
1.73 |
1561 |
3272 |
79896 |
29462 |
50434 |
2.71 |
|
T3:Jivamrut 500 L/ha with irrigation at sowing, 30 & 45 DAS |
64.19 |
4.22 |
38.51 |
1.67 |
1678 |
3369 |
85582 |
34576 |
51006 |
2.48 |
|
T4:Amrutpani 500 L/ha with irrigation at sowing, 30 & 45 DAS |
62.29 |
4.33 |
37.98 |
1.80 |
1744 |
3496 |
88960 |
33676 |
55284 |
2.64 |
|
T5:Sanjivak 500 L/ha with irrigation at sowing, 30 & 45 DAS |
62.49 |
4.29 |
37.07 |
1.62 |
1694 |
3301 |
86220 |
36136 |
50084 |
2.39 |
|
T6: Seaweed extract 5 % foliar spray at 30, 45 & 60 DAS |
64.45 |
4.40 |
40.84 |
1.62 |
1686 |
3595 |
86421 |
38926 |
47495 |
2.22 |
|
T7: Banana sap 1% foliar spray at 30, 45 & 60 DAS |
61.29 |
4.40 |
40.71 |
1.59 |
1711 |
3500 |
87433 |
32176 |
55257 |
2.72 |
|
T8: Vermicompost 1.5 t/ha |
64.74 |
4.42 |
49.04 |
1.78 |
1896 |
4041 |
97183 |
38586 |
58597 |
2.52 |
|
T9: FYM 5 t/ha |
63.60 |
4.11 |
41.53 |
1.69 |
1765 |
3673 |
90285 |
37086 |
53199 |
2.43 |
|
T10: Control |
57.90 |
3.67 |
31.89 |
1.51 |
1418 |
2860 |
72376 |
28906 |
43470 |
2.50 |
|
S.Em± |
1.70 |
0.19 |
1.71 |
0.07 |
66.34 |
156.81 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
C.D. at 5 % |
NS |
NS |
4.9 |
NS |
188.1 |
444.6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
C.V. % |
8.15 |
13.71 |
4.9 |
12.42 |
11.72 |
13.57 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Table 2: Effect of different treatments (pooled basis) on growth and yield attributes of fenugreek
|
Treatments |
Plant height at harvest (cm) |
Branches per Plant (No.) |
Pods per plant (No.) |
Number of seeds per pod |
Pod length (cm) |
Seed yield (kg/ha) |
Stover yield (kg/ha) |
Gross returns (₹/ha) |
Cost of cultivation (₹/ha) |
Net reurns (₹/ha) |
B:C ratio |
|
T1:Panchgavya 3% as foliar spray at 30, 45 & 60 DAS |
62.42 |
5.13 |
40.44 |
14.60 |
11.93 |
2086 |
3641 |
105339 |
34400 |
70939 |
3.06 |
|
T2:Bijamrut 300 ml/kg seed as seed treatment |
60.44 |
4.96 |
36.20 |
14.07 |
11.53 |
1613 |
3045 |
81906 |
29580 |
52326 |
2.77 |
|
T3:Jivamrut 500 L/ha with irrigation at sowing, 30 & 45 DAS |
61.16 |
4.69 |
35.07 |
13.89 |
11.64 |
1767 |
3006 |
89060 |
34856 |
54204 |
2.56 |
|
T4:Amrutpani 500 L/ha with irrigation at sowing, 30 & 45 DAS |
64.22 |
4.47 |
37.29 |
13.76 |
11.71 |
1881 |
3455 |
95333 |
33956 |
61377 |
2.81 |
|
T5:Sanjivak 500 L/ha with irrigation at sowing, 30 & 45 DAS |
58.98 |
4.42 |
29.40 |
13.84 |
11.60 |
1865 |
3088 |
93820 |
36416 |
57404 |
2.58 |
|
T6:Seaweed extract 5 % foliar spray at 30, 45 & 60 DAS |
62.91 |
4.76 |
34.78 |
13.76 |
11.84 |
1778 |
3305 |
90161 |
39206 |
50955 |
2.30 |
|
T7:Banana sap 1% foliar spray at 30, 45 & 60 DAS |
62.49 |
4.69 |
33.62 |
14.67 |
11.71 |
1822 |
3384 |
92385 |
32456 |
59929 |
2.85 |
|
T8:Vermicompost 1.5 t/ha |
63.71 |
4.64 |
42.11 |
13.91 |
11.44 |
2168 |
3735 |
109381 |
38866 |
70515 |
2.81 |
|
T9:FYM 5 t/ha |
60.67 |
5.07 |
41.36 |
14.49 |
12.09 |
2061 |
3577 |
104037 |
37366 |
66671 |
2.78 |
|
T10:Control |
54.71 |
4.22 |
25.98 |
13.04 |
11.16 |
1304 |
2657 |
66580 |
29186 |
37394 |
2.28 |
|
S.Em± |
1.97 |
0.22 |
1.83 |
0.35 |
0.19 |
76.06 |
131.59 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
C.D. at 5 % |
NS |
NS |
5.2 |
NS |
NS |
215.7 |
373.1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
C.V. % |
9.67 |
13.81 |
15.42 |
7.50 |
4.81 |
12.44 |
12.00 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
No competing interests reported.