The Deceleration of Radio/Light Transmission; A Collision Mechanism Dependent Radio Signal Emission, Transmission, and Reception

The fast and slow fading of radio signal transmissions or laser beam itself and its spare light confirm the presence of two kinds of collisions --- electron-photon and photon-photon collision. Photon transmissions of radio signals are either in consecutive dense photon groups in slow fading process or widespread group pattern in fast fading form. The photon transmission shapes are irregular and dynamical changes. The radio frequency shift and the wavelength reduction by the calculation demonstrate decelerations of radio/light transmission speeds due to the gradual reduced distance between two consecutive photon groups along the transmission pathway. Photons from radio signals are able to affect electron movements in radio signal receiving process and electrons able to kick photons into space during radio signal emission. The pattern of free electron movement under the influence of local electromagnetic force in antenna is consistent with the randomly dynamic changes of radio signal in space. The fast fading is due to the collision of consecutive photon groups of signals in slow fading with free photons in space. The mathematical equation for the relationship between light/radio transmission speeds before and after photons collisions is established. The equation is confirmed by the calculations of well-known difference of light transmission speeds in different media. The gravities from Earth and Sun play little role during light/radio transmission.


Introduction
Einstein's "invariable light speed" was based solely on his visual perception without any effective physical basis. Since the human visual perception of the motion is only 40 milliseconds (ms) for continuous frame (e.g. movies using film strip) [1,2,3,4], it was impossible for Einstein to detect any motion changes beyond the human limitation (e.g. changes within 10 -9 second). In addition, mechanical time recording devices of a century ago were only in the sensitive range of hundred ms (the limitation of mainsprings) [5]. Therefore people in 100 years ago were unable to see or measure changes in light speed by the naked eyes or devices. Einstein's major error in 1905 was the ignorance of limitations of human eyes [1,2]. The agreement about the speed of light signal for all the observers in the relative motion is not meaningful if there is no way to tell the difference of light speed changes.
Einstein derived his formula, E = mc 2 , based upon two postulates: "1) the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems; 2) the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source" [1,2]. The second point, the speed of light, did not have an effective basis in physics, as described in the previous paragraph.
In Special Relativity (Einstein's postulation, 1905), "light in vacuum propagates with the speed c (a fixed constant, independent of direction) in at least one system of inertial coordinates (the "stationary system"), regardless of the state of motion of the light source." The relative velocities are also constant [2]. Because of the constant velocity relative to the speed c in stationary system, Doppler Effect has Einsteinian and Newtonian Equation based on imaginary thinking, the propagation of light/radio signal as a circular shape or signal rays. The two equations separately present two different single frequency shift values from the speed c of the stationary system [6]. The single speed relative to speed c in stationary system logically, correctly has the single frequency shift value! However neither speed c of stationary system nor relative velocity has any effective measurement report. The contradiction of Doppler Effect to modern radio signal data will be showed in Method Section of this report. The acceleration of Lorentz transformation in 4-dimension spacetime in relativistic theory does not exist because no global radio frequency shift pattern (i.e. the same standard cell phone services in the world) has been found consistently to any spacetime-associated movement [9]. Therefore the radio communication data overturns the imaginary prediction of Special Relativity.
The measurement of average light speed has been attempted for many times, including 2.2 x 10 8 m/s (meter/second) by Ole Rømer (1676, Denmark) [13], 3.01 x 10 8 m/s by James Bradley (1728, England) [14], 3.15 x 10 8 m/s (laser beam) by Hippolyte Fizeau (1849, French) [15] and so on. The variation of speed values has been considered as inaccurate measurement due to Einstein's theory, invariable light speed [1,2,12]. However different average transmission speeds in literature before 1900 could be due to the different transmission path divided by the different time.
There are many models for radio/light transmission. Regardless of which model it is, the critical mistake is without any effective mechanism of deceleration of photon transmission in space. That is contradictory to radio signal frequency shift data. Here are the discussions for those models.
Wave model of radio/light transmission mistakes the behavior of electrons and photons purely in term of electron wave functions [23,24]. The electron waves for CD disk reading by Wave Model is actually from electronic oscillator because the frequency of electron waves in circuit is different from that of laser, thus the postulation is excluded.  [38], the si ng to Rayle al, the exper bservation ndicating th ningless sin of real sign ulation of S y has the sin signal data ange in Ionding) and c ere is no sim of radio tra th. Data of 8]. Accordi that the ra ption is not t [7,8]. In a e Figure 4  es of after some of photons in groups are knocked out to become fast fading transmission. However the frequency shift data indicate portions of random photon-photon collisions remain in photon transmission groups to disperse the energy [22], leading to frequency shifts and the deceleration of slow fading transmission ( Figure  5c).
Is there any other possibility for the frequency shifts in slow fading (Figure 5c)? Particles (electron or atom) bigger than photon will be discussed in later section. The argument for the presence of smaller particles than photons to provide resistance and deceleration for photon transmission is negative because fast and slow fading data in radio signal transmission indicate the presence of two different decelerations [7,8,22,38,40]. Two decelerations are against the postulation of one deceleration media due to smaller particles than photon.
The sunlight is only well-known factor that has major impact on photon density (Interference does not require frequencies close to one another). There were different radio frequency shift patterns between the sunset and night from radar data, indicating that the photons from sunlight disturb the transmission of radio signal, and suggesting the deceleration due to the presence of photon-photon interactions [22]. It is consistent with the conclusion of Figure 5c.

The presence of the collision between electron and photons:
The electron transition theory in quantum has no real data to support its presence as described in Introduction. The radio emission and reception are due to the collision of electron with photons. The evidence comes from the antenna in signal communication.
Because the antenna in radio signal emission is not magnetic metal materials and has no closed electric circuit, the antenna does not have any major measurable magnetic field. The radio signal reception from capacitor is due to internal local electromagnetic field (EMF) changes in the antenna ( Figure 6). The radio frequency in the air is similar to that in electric circuit, indicating that it is due to photon-driving-force-dependent electron movements, leading to EMF changes in antenna, thus Photon-Collision-Mediated Electron Movement (PCMEM) is suggested ( Figure 6). The metal shield of point B in Figure 6 demonstrates that the exposure to the radio signal in the air is not required for signal transmission, but radio signals (electric current change at capacitor) indicate the presence of localized EMF changes in antenna. The requirement for metal materials of the antenna to receive radio signal and retrievable radio signals at any point (e.g. A, B, etc. in Figure 6) of antenna suggest that the local EMF changes can spread out through the alteration of local free electron movements in different directions because of the lack of major measurable magnetic field. Multiple radio frequencies can be received simultaneously in an antenna (e.g. FM/AM radio); indicating presence of multiple local EMF changes simultaneously. For radio signal emission, the transmission process is Electron-Mediated-Photon Movement (EMPM) and opposite of the receiving one. The local EMF of antenna drives the movement of electrons in metal. Therefore photon transmission paths in the space can be dynamically changed with the changes of local EMF as the observation of signal randomly, repeatedly up and down along the transmission course of the slow fading track (Figure 4). [38]. Accordingly it is evidence that photon transmission shapes are dynamically changed with the transmission times. In addition, radio signal transmissions are in groups of photons ( Figure 5), suggesting that each electron kicks out many photons each time at signal emission. In this report, the best circuit to receive or emit radio signals is not the goal for the purpose.
In case of both radio emission and reception, the electronic oscillator (an electronic component) provides precise frequency of radio signal for transmitter and receiver [55]. The radio signal is amplified by different kinds of transistors to achieve different emission powers. It is not related to the postulation electron transition of atoms in antenna. The electron transition theory in quantum is contradictory to the radio technology. Thus collision of electron with photons is the only mechanism to explain electron-photon related      The light transmission speeds in the media with different kinds of molecules were different from case to case, thus explaining our visual perception of many physical phenomena, e.g. the colorless crystal or ice in the colorless water, etc. The collisions of moving photons with molecules were not only dependent upon the molecules' density, but also upon multiple other factors, e.g. the molecules' size, moving speed, etc. The phenomena are strong evidences supporting Collision Mechanism.
The frequency shift of radio signal and deceleration are the nature of radio/light transmission: Collision Mechanism is supported from the coherence time changes of digital communication devices (Figure 1). The coherence time (T c ) is approximately inversely proportional to the maximum shifted frequency f: T c ≈ 1/ f. When the coherence time < symbol time period, the digital signals fade, suggesting bandwidth changes during the radio transmission regardless the presence of motion [37]. The electronic device can measure 60 Hz frequency shift [39]. The frequency shift is present in all the radio/light transmission (e.g. 802.11, radio or television) regardless the motion [41,42,43]. The frequency shifts in Rayleigh observation indicate the gradual decrease of the distance between two consecutive photon groups 7,8], and decisively overturns the concept that "the speed of light is invariable".
The detection of the frequency shift is usually the comparison of received signal frequency with original carrier frequency [39,42]. The frequency shift and signal fading are related to a number of factors like the signal emission power, distance, weather, and so on [42,22,48,49,50]. The frequency shift is always observed between the transmitter and receiver [7,8,42,51,52,53]. The distance of radio transmission depends on the radio emission power. The digital signal fading occurred in 20 meters for 802.11 while the other for 60 kilometer [22,42]. The example of whether influence on radio transmission is that the photon transmission can penetrate the cloud or reflect from cloud. The intense of sunlight is stronger in clear days than cloudy ones (explanation by Collision Mechanism), but the multipath fading of radio transmission is seldom felt in intense rain (cloud reflection) from a result of a research team [42]. Therefore Collision Mechanism gives a perfect explanation for all different observations of frequency shift.
The explanation of electron-photon interaction and nature physical phenomena support one another: By Collision Mechanism, the disruptions of electron-flow mediated AEAE in the hot tungsten filament (thermal expansion) of a lamp changes electron-moving frequency to a visible light range (Figure 6), thus the collisions of electrons with surrounding photons lead light emission. The Thunderstorm is another similar case to lamp. The huge thunder proves that the events happen at the molecule level. The bigger distance between molecules in air than solid materials leads to huge thunder, but not thermal expansion. The ion beams (just like electric current) of lightning in a thunderstorm cause the electromagnetic field changes for the surrounding air molecules (AEAE disruption), leading to the electron vibration rate changes to a visible light frequency in those molecules and resulting in the lightning. The squiggly lines of lightning prove that multiple emission light sources are from surrounding air molecules, but not single light source in straight line as that of sunray. The ion beam itself does not have visible light frequency and is hazard if human has a contact with it. The 150 miles/hour wind is not able to cause any thunder or lightning because of no AEAE disruption. In the case of hydrogen tube for the development of electron transition postulation in quantum, the experimental conditions are merely a similar case to thunderstorm situation with a perfect explanation for the observation of the light spectrum of hydrogen gas tube, but not due to electron transition in Quantum [28,29].
The metal temperature changes under the sunlight are a case of PCMEM ( Figure 6). It is because photons from sunlight hit electrons and original AEAE is disrupted (see in Methods). The photon energy of man-made radio signals is weaker than that of the nature sunlight since the sunlight can increase metal temperature while radio signals has not observed, indicating the movements of electrons are strong enough to change EMF, leading to the distance change between nuclei (thermal expansion). Therefore any vibration of positive charged nuclei in antenna case is not due to photon collision, which further proves PCMEM in the antenna case ( Figure 6). The stronger the sunlight is; the higher metal temperature is. Accordingly the strength of radio signals depends on how large the scale and how high the velocity of photons are. Just like the wind, the number and the speed of air molecules in the flow of the wind determines whether the wind is strong enough to wave a flag.

Conclusion
There are two different kinds of collisions, electron-photon and photon-photon collision, present in photon transmission of Collision Mechanism. Collision interactions of photons with electrons prove the radio emission and receiving mechanism. The photon-photon collisions lead the deceleration during radio/light transmission. The continuous frequency shift pattern leads to the demonstration that the distance between two consecutive photon groups (not wave-like pattern) is gradually reduced along its transmission pathway, thus the deceleration of radio/light transmission is present. It is against the single frequency shift model of Doppler Effect. The intensity of radio signals are randomly up and down and radio frequencies are back-and-forth shift along its transmission paths in Rician observation, suggesting that the radio transmission are dynamically changed in irregular pattern, which is consistent with the free electron movements in antenna. As the result, the collisions of electron and photon lead to signal emission and reception. The dense photon group transmission of radio signal capsizes electron transition in quantum. The mathematical evaluation provides the relationship between photon speed before and after collision and is confirmed by the well-known light speed changes in different media.