Determination of properties of concrete in its fresh stage for classified Quartzite rocks in Aravalli ranges

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3345569/v1

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Determination of properties of concrete in its fresh stage for classified Quartzite rocks in Aravalli ranges

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3345569/v1

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published 16 Jan, 2024

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One of the most notable types of rock in the entire Aravalli range is the Quartzite, which is found in Delhi, used as the primary aggregate material for the majority of concrete production. However, three different types, Greyish, Reddish, and Yellowish Quartzite have been identified and categorized as separate kinds of Quartzite based on their colour composition. To investigate how these different Quartzites influenced the characteristics of fresh concrete-bleeding, workability and segregation and thereby influence the compressive strength, the concrete was produced in three distinct grades: M10, M15, and M20, and the compressive strength of the cubes cast was tested while curing for 7, 14, and 28 days. The greyish reacted the same way as the granite does however due to the effects of the weathering the reddish and the yellowish lost its workability, bleeding and segregated and thereby lost strength. Also due to the presence of the chemically active ferrous materials violated its non-active reaction and became chemically active, which disturbed the workability of the concrete. Further, experiments were carried out in the fresh state for bleeding and workability it was noted that the grey Quartzite aggregate did not affect the w/c ratio and retained the standard strength. However, bleeding and segregation were observed as a result of the reddish Quartzite and yellowish Quartzite disrupting the w/c ratio. Overall, it was discovered that greyish Quartzite could be used as a trustworthy coarse aggregate and that all of the aforementioned concrete grades were able to meet the necessary compressive strength. While in reddish and yellowish Quartzite concrete, workability and w/c ratio disturbances had an impact on the strength characteristics.

Quartzite

Aravalli

Bleeding

Workability

Segregation

According to a suitable formulation, concrete is a composite substance made of water, cement, coarse and fine aggregate (Shetty, MS, 2005). Fresh concrete, often known as plastic concrete, is a substance that has just been mixed and may be moulded into any shape. The qualities of concrete in both its wet and hardened states are determined by the proportions of cement, aggregates, and water (Shetty, MS, 2005). Concrete has more percentage of aggregate which provide durability, soundness, strength, stiffness, fracture resistance, toughness etc. workability, bleeding and segregation are the most important parameter of a good concrete which influence the strength of the concrete. Given that aggregates make up between 70 and 80 percent of the volume of concrete, it is clear that they have a significant impact on the material's numerous traits and attributes. The only manufactured component of concrete that must be used consistently is cement. Water and aggregates are the only other ingredients, although their characteristics might vary significantly (Shetty, MS, 2005).

The Aravallis, which extend from the south-west in Gujarat and Rajasthan to the north-east in Delhi and Haryana, dominate the skyline of northwest India. It spans Rajasthan diagonally, covering a distance of around 690 km from Champaner in Gujarat in the south-west to close to Delhi in the north-east (Shetty and Singh, 1987). One of the most notable types of rock in these Aravali ranges is the Quartzite, which is found in Delhi. Quartzite is used as the primary aggregate material for the majority of concrete production. However, three different types, greyish Quartzite, reddish Quartzite, and yellowish Quartzite have all been identified and categorized as separate kinds of Quartzite based on their colour composition. The present paper provides a study of the properties of the concrete and comparative analysis of all the three types of the Quartzite.

To investigate how these Quartzites-Greyish, Reddish and Yellowish, affect concrete's Workability, bleeding and segregation and hence the compressive strength, the concrete was produced in three distinct grades: M10, M15, and M20, and the compressive strength of the cubes cast was tested while curing for seven, fourteen, and twenty-eight days. The greyish Quartzite formed from the metamorphosis of the granite inherits its properties and thus can be taken as the standard.

With the help of manufacturing of cubes for M10, M15 and M20 for greyish. Reddish and yellowish concrete in order to study the properties of concrete in its fresh stage, the subsequent goals have been accomplished.

To determine the concrete's bleeding using greyish, reddish and yellowish Quartzite material.

To determine the workability in the form of slump and compaction factor test for greyish, reddish and yellowish Quartzite.

To ascertain the water cement ration in order to avoid the disturbances of the properties of the concrete such as bleeding and workability by carrying out the water cement ratio test.

To provide the recommendation for the water cement ratio using greyish, reddish and yellowish Quartzites to achieve the normal result.

The cement concrete cubes required for the research work used 53-grade Ambuja cement and available in the local market. In addition, river sand that was readily available in the area was used as a fine aggregate that complied with IS 383–1983, and greyish, reddish, and yellowish quartzite were used as coarse aggregate. These aggregates were employed up to a maximum size of 20 mm. Design mix ratios of 1:3:6, 1:2:4, and 1:1.5:3 were used for mean strengths of 10N/mm2, 15N/mm2, and 20N/mm2 in accordance with IS 10262 − 2009 specifications. For workability slump tests were conducted and water cement ration was altered for various values of 0.35, 0.40 and 0.50 and according the slump values were recorded. Both of these tests were conducted keeping IS:1199–1959 into consideration. The concrete was compacted by tamping and finally the compacted weights were recorded. Bleeding test was conducted as per the code IS:9103 − 1199 at a temperature of 25^oc to 29^oC. For every 50 minutes, draw off the water accumulated on the top surface of concrete using and collect it in cylinder. This was done for a total of 300 minutes.

A total of 27 number of cubes (150mm*150mm*150mm) were casted, 3 cubes for each aggregate type and curing was continuously done for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The cubes were mechanically vibrated during moulding, and each mould received a reference number for identification. Concrete was tested in the fresh stage for workability-slump and compaction factor test and bleeding keeping IS: 1199–1959 in consideration. Finally, a compression testing machine was used to gauge the specimens' compressive strength.

4.1 Bleeding of concrete:

The term "bleeding" describes the process whereby free water in fresh concrete is forced to the top as a result of the settlement of heavier solid particles like cement and water. While some bleeding is common, excessive bleeding can be dangerous. The tendency of coarse aggregates (CA) to separate from the mortar, which results in less uniformity and more variability in characteristics, is a significant issue that affects freshly laid concrete. The most significant repercussions of segregation are harmful changes to a structure's strength and durability (ACI Committee 238, 2008).

Table 1

Table showing bleeding in different grades of Greyish Quartzite Concrete mix.
Bleeding-Greyish Quartzite
Elapsed Time Minutes	Amount of Water cm³/cm²
Elapsed Time Minutes	M10	M15	M20
50	0.03	0.05	0.06
100	0.06	0.075	0.1
150	0.1	0.12	0.15
200	0.13	0.16	0.18
250	0.16	0.19	0.22
300	0.18	0.20	0.22

Table 2

Table showing bleeding in different grades of Reddish Quartzite Concrete mix.
Bleeding-Reddish Quartzite
Elapsed Time Minutes	Amount of Water cm³/cm²
Elapsed Time Minutes	M10	M15	M20
50	0.02	0.03	0.05
100	0.03	0.06	0.07
150	0.7	0.09	0.12
200	0.11	0.13	0.15
250	0.14	0.17	0.18
300	0.18	0.18	0.20

Table 3

Table showing bleeding in different grades of Yellowish Quartzite Concrete mix.
Bleeding-Yellowish Quartzite
Elapsed Time Minutes	Amount of Water cm³/cm²
Elapsed Time Minutes	M10	M15	M20
50	0	0	0.03
100	0.03	0.05	0.07
150	0.08	0.1	0.1
200	0.11	0.13	0.12
250	0.13	0.15	0.16
300	0.15	0.17	0.18

4.2 Workability of Concrete:

Workable concrete is defined as having little to no internal friction between particles or being able to overcome the frictional resistance of the formwork surface or reinforcement present in the concrete with the current level of compacting efforts (Shetty MS, 2005).

Workability of Greyish Quatzite
Concrete Mix	Water-Cement ratio
Concrete Mix	0.35	0.4	0.5
M10	65	74	85
M15	62	68	74
M20	55	60	65

a. Workability by Slump Test:

Table 4

Slump values for Greyish Quartzite concrete Plot of slump values for Greyish Quartzite concrete
Workability of Reddish Quatzite
Concrete Mix	Water-Cement ratio
Concrete Mix	0.35	0.4	0.5
M10	60	72	80
M15	55	65	70
M20	50	54	60

Table 5

Slump values for Reddish Quartzite concrete Plot of slump values for Reddish Quartzite concrete
Workability of Yellowish Quatzite
Concrete Mix	Water-Cement ratio
Concrete Mix	0.35	0.4	0.5
M10	54	60	64
M15	50	58	65
M20	40	48	55

Table 6: Slump values for Yellowish Quartzite concrete

Workability of Yellowish Quatzite
Concrete Mix	Water-Cement ratio
Concrete Mix	0.35	0.4	0.5
M10	54	60	64
M15	50	58	65
M20	40	48	55

b. Workability by compaction factor test:

By letting the concrete fall through a standard height, the test gauges the level of compaction that can be produced with a standard amount of labour. The density ratio, or the ratio of the density actually obtained in the test to the density of the same concrete fully compacted, is used to quantify the degree of compaction, also known as the compacting factor (Shetty MS, 2005).

Table 9

Compaction factor test results
S. No	Compaction factor	M10	M15	M20
1	Greyish	0.90	0.89	0.90
2	Reddish	0.82	0.86	0.91
3	Yellowish	0.70	0.76	0.82

4.3 Compressive strength:

In accordance with IS 516:1959, the test was conducted to define the compressive strength of the desired grade of concrete. According to codal standards for curing, Table 1 displays the least and advised compressive strengths of typical concrete at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The compressive strength of normal concrete is shown in a graph.

Table 10

Compressive strength after 3, 7, 14, and 28 days of curing
	Compressive strength minimum (N/mm²)			Identified fck (N/mm²) at
Grade of Concrete	3 day	7 day	14 day	28 day
M10	4.1	6.52	8.95	10.2
M15	5.95	9.75	13.5	14.95
M20	8	13.1	17.9	20

Now separate tables are given below indicating the individual compressive strengths of the greyish, reddish and yellowish Quartzite.

The Table 12 demonstrates the compressive strengths for concrete made from greyish Quartzite of all grades. The statistics make it abundantly evident that the results for compressive strength are comparable to the standard levels for typical concrete, thus grey concrete used to make concrete might be considered normal concrete.

Table 12

Compressive strength with Greyish Quartzite
S. No.	Duration (days)	Strength (N/mm²)	Remark	Strength (N/mm²)	Remark	Strength (N/mm²)	Remark
S. No.	Duration (days)	Greyish	Remark	Reddish	Remark	Yellowish	Remark
01.	3	5.38	Normal	7.91	Normal	10.24	Normal
02.	7	6.49	Normal	9.71	Normal	14.37	Normal
03.	14	10.33	Normal	13.2	Normal	19.89	Normal
04.	28	11.59	Normal	15.2	Normal	20.57	Normal

Table 13

Compressive strength with yellowish Quartzite
S. No.	Duration (days)	Strength (N/mm²)	Remark	Strength (N/mm²)	Remark	Strength (N/mm²)	Remark
S. No.	Duration (days)	Greyish	Remark	Reddish	Remark	Yellowish	Remark
01.	3	3.653	29.75% reduction	5.62	28.95% reduction	7.23	29.4% reduction
02.	7	5.02	20.3% reduction	7.37	24.82% reduction	11.38	20.8% reduction
03.	14	7.93	19% reduction	10.18	22.88% reduction	15.96	19.75% reduction
04.	28	8.53	17.2% reduction	12.49	17.82% reduction	17	17.35% reduction

Table 14

Compressive strength with reddish Quartzite
S. No.	Duration (days)	Strength (N/mm²)	Remark	Strength (N/mm²)	Remark	Strength (N/mm²)	Remark
S. No.	Duration (days)	Greyish	Remark	Reddish	Remark	Yellowish	Remark
01.	3	3.5	35% reduction	5.33	32.6% reduction	7.13	30.3% reduction
02.	7	4.97	23.4% reduction	7.2	25.8% reduction	11.11	22.68% reduction
03.	14	7.95	23% reduction	10.16	23% reduction	15.75	20.8% reduction
04.	28	8.22	29% reduction	12.06	20.66% reduction	17.33	15.75% reduction

In the Aravalli ranges, the predominant rock is Quartzite. It occurs in three forms on the basis of colour composition, weathering effect and metamorphic impact. These are greyish, Reddish and yellowish. The study shows that following properties in its raw stage of concrete have been affected most. These are bleeding and workability. The following suggestions can be made based on the findings of the study and tests outlined above:

1. Analysis of bleeding

The analysis of bleeding indicate in all the three greyish, reddish and yellowish aggregate as follows:

Since it has been established now that the concrete mix of greyish Quartzite can be taken as the standard one since it shows same properties as the normal concrete and all the comparisons have been done in accordance with the greyish mix. The greyish concrete exhibits normal bleeding, which is defined as a consistent seepage of water throughout the entire surface.

2. Analysis of workability:

Since the reddish and the yellowish Quartzite are the weathered products hence they absorb the water from the mix and decrease the workability of the concrete. Hence in order to rectify this problem water cement ratio should be added and properly maintained.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Conflict of interests:

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

A.M. Neville, Properties of Concrete (Third Edition) Longman Group Ltd. London, UK.
ACI Committee 238, Report on Measurements of Workability and Rheology of Fresh Concrete, Farmington Hills, 2008.
Aginam, C. H., Chidolue, C. A., And Nwakire, C. (2013) Investigating the effects of coarse aggregate types on the compressive strength of concrete, International journal of Engineering research and application, Vol3 Issue 4, pg no. 1140-1144.
Aitcin P. C and Mehta P. K. (1990), "Effect of coarse aggregate characteristics on mechanical properties of High Strength Concrete", ACI Materials Journal, V.87, March-April, pages 103-107.
Dzturan T and Ceqen C (1997), Effect of coarse aggregate type on mechanical properties of concrete with different strengths", Cement and concrete Research, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp 165-170.
Hassan H.F (2006), “The effect of mineralogy of coarse aggregate on the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete”, proceeding higher beam research, construction and building materials.
IS 10262-2009 Guidelines for concrete mix design proportioning.
IS 383-1970 Specification of coarse and fine aggregate.
IS 456-2000 Specifications for plain and reinforced concrete.
Shetty, B.V and Singh, V., 1987, Flora of India Series 2 Flora of Rajasthan Volume 1, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
Shetty, M. S. (2005). Concrete technology theory and practice, S Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi, India.
Wu Ke-Ru, Chen Bing, Yao Wu, Zhang Dong (2001),"Effect of coarse aggregate type on mechanical properties of high performance concrete" Cement and concrete research, June 2001, pp. 1421-1425.

Tables 7,8, and 11 not available with this version.

No competing interests reported.

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Journal Publication

published 16 Jan, 2024

Read the published version in Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation →

Editorial decision: Major revision
18 Oct, 2023
Reviews received at journal
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Reviewers agreed at journal
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Reviewers invited by journal
15 Sep, 2023
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Submission checks completed at journal
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You are reading this latest preprint version

Determination of properties of concrete in its fresh stage for classified Quartzite rocks in Aravalli ranges

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Scope and Objectives

3. Methodology

4. Results and Discussion

4.1 Bleeding of concrete:

4.2 Workability of Concrete:

a. Workability by Slump Test:

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

1. Analysis of bleeding

2. Analysis of workability:

Declarations

References

Tables

Additional Declarations

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1