DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-33963/v1
BACKGROUND Few bead-based multiplex assays for large-scale seroepidemiological surveys aimed at detecting antibodies against the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii have been described, coming in different flavors and each with specific limitations. Moreover, none is commercially available, requiring its establishment by interested groups from individual components.
RESULTS Here we report the bacterial expression and use of N-terminal fusion-free, soluble and in vivo biotinylated recombinant surface antigens SAG1 and SAG2A for the detection of anti- T. gondii IgG antibodies. C-terminal biotinylation allowed oriented, reproducible coupling to magnetic Luminex beads, requiring only minute amounts of protein per determination. We could show that an N-terminal fusion partner (maltose-binding protein) negatively influenced antibody binding and developed a successful mitigation strategy. We validated our bead-based multiplex assay with human sera previously tested with commercial diagnostic assays and found concordance of 98-100% regarding both, sensitivity and specificity, even when only biotinylated SAG1 was used as antigen.
CONCLUSIONS Our recombinant T. gondii antigens offer distinct advantages compared to previously described test proteins used in multiplex serological assays for T. gondii . They offer a cheap, specific and sensitive alternative to either parasite lysates or eukaryotic-cell expressed SAG1/SAG2A for BBMA and other formats. The described general expression strategy can also be used for other antigens where oriented immobilization is key for sensitive recognition by antibodies.
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the zoonotic protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, a relative of Plasmodium spp., the malaria-causing pathogen. While the acute infection of healthy subjects with T. gondii is usually mild, an infection of severely immunocompromised individuals or of fetuses from seronegative pregnant women can have serious medical consequences, potentially leading to death if not treated [1].
Infection occurs either through the ingestion of undercooked or poorly processed meat from infected animals or via uptake of water or food contaminated by the environmentally resistant form shed by infected cats into the environment. Toxoplasmosis is amongst the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide and it is estimated that roughly one third of the global human population is chronically infected [1, 2]. However, seroprevalence varies considerably between countries and also locally within a given country [3], and it is thought to be dependent on factors including eating habits, food preferences and contact with cats. Establishing statistically sound correlations between such risk factors and seropositivity requires large representative cohorts being tested for antibodies directed against T. gondii. For example, most reported seroprevalence data come from women, being either in child-bearing age or pregnant [3, 4]. This highlights the need for more representative large-scale studies that are, however, hampered by suboptimal tests for this purpose. The added benefits of integrated surveillance approaches for public health in the form of multiplex serological assays that include many pathogen antigens have been emphasized [5–7]. Consequently, establishment and optimization of bead-based multiplex assays (BBMA) based on the xMAP technology [8] that include T. gondii antigens are of considerable interest [5].
While a few studies have reported the application of bead-based multiplex assays that include T. gondii antigens, they differ substantially in detail [9–13] and none is commercially available. Given our interest in the epidemiology of T. gondii [14], we decided to develop such an assay based on the recombinant T. gondii antigens SAG1 (SRS29B) and SAG2A (SRS34A), two of the most widely used diagnostic antigens [15]. Both are immunodominant surface proteins and elicit a strong humoral immune response in humans and infected animals [16]. However, SAG1 has a reputation as a difficult-to-express recombinant protein in E. coli if it is to mimic the native protein. This is due to the six disulfide bonds required for proper conformation [17] that strongly influence immune recognition by human sera infected with T. gondii [18]. It has therefore been expressed in various eukaryotic hosts [19–23] but at the cost of simplicity and economics. We here describe an optimized bacterial expression system that paid particular attention to correctly folded, soluble protein and oriented attachment via biotin binding to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads, aimed to provide optimal presentation and, thus, antigenicity.
Considerations for the expression strategy of SAG1 (SAG2A)
The GPI-anchored surface proteins of T. gondii tachyzoites, which include SAG1 and SAG2A, have well-known N- and C-terminal topogenic signal sequences [16, 24]. However, surprisingly little attention has been paid in the past to their potential influence on antigenicity of the recombinant proteins used for diagnostic purposes when left intact in (see e.g. [11, 25-29]). Likewise, deletions as well as N-terminal fusions with relatively large proteins like glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were introduced. However, in the case of dimeric SAG1, a previous study by Graille et al. [30] provided convincing evidence that a conformational epitope of the monomers, important for recognition by human antibodies from infected individuals, is found at the N-terminus of the mature protein (Fig. 1).
This conclusion was based on the 3D structure of a complex of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) bound to SAG1. This mAb competes very efficiently with the binding of human antibodies by making contact with discontinuous N-terminal residues, forming what appears to be the immunodominant epitope of SAG1 (highlighted in blue in the dimeric form; Fig. 2) [30]. Thus, we considered it to be important to conserve the structural integrity, in particular access to the N-terminus of the protein, when expressing recombinant SAG1. Consequently, full length, non-fused and correctly folded dimeric SAG1 [17] is considered to be the best antigen for optimal recognition by human antibodies.
Furthermore, since our main objective was to use SAG1 in BBMA where the usual immobilization of proteins to the Luminex microbeads is via chemical coupling we reasoned that this could affect SAG1’s recognition by antibodies. In this immobilization procedure lysine side chains, in particular those that are surface-exposed, are coupled in a non-selective manner via EDC (1-Ethyl-3-[3- dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride) and Sulfo-NHS (N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide) to the carboxy groups of the beads. Dimeric SAG1 contains 40 lysine residues, of which 38 have a calculated solvent accessible surface area, SAS, (as determined in the known 3D structure) ≥ 40 Å2 (highlighted in black in Fig. 2). Of those, 21 have a SAS ≥ 100 Å2 (cyan in Fig. 2), providing a rich landscape of potential attachment sites. Several lie within or very close to the dominant epitope, thereby possibly destroying or severely affecting antibody binding. Consequently, a targeted immobilization strategy that would allow SAG1 to be coupled exclusively via its C-terminal end (similar to its GPI anchor attachment in the plasma membrane; [24, 30]) could improve immune recognition by human sera.
It is long known that efficient humoral SAG1 recognition depends on correct folding of the protein. From Fig. 2 it is apparent that proper formation of three of the six disulfide bonds of SAG1 will directly affect the formation of the dominant epitope (see Additional file 1: Movie S1). Recombinant truncated SAG1 versions lacking any of these disulfide bonds (e.g. [31]) will therefore be suboptimal.
Taken all this into account our rationale for the expression construct for SAG1 (and also SAG2A) was as follows: the recombinant protein should
- contain the entire mature coding region to include all possible epitopes of the native protein (Fig. 1),
- allow correct S-S bonding, thereby maximizing correct folding,
- allow oriented, controllable immobilization on magnetic beads [32],
- possess a cleavable fusion partner to aid in increased solubility.
Construction of a three-plasmid expression system for SAG1/SAG2A
To accomplish above aims pAviTag-MBP-SAG1 and pAviTag-MBP-SAG2A were designed (Fig. 3; Additional file 1: Figure S1) and assembled as described in the Methods section. Both proteins were fused N-terminally with maltose binding protein (MBP), which has been shown to be superior for enhanced solubility during translation and folding [33]. At the same time MBP had finally to be cleaved off in situ so that antibody access to epitopes is not inhibited, as discussed above. Therefore, MBP is followed by a cleavage recognition site (tev) for the Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease [34] that would lead in the case of SAG1 to mature authentic protein with Ser31 as N-terminal amino acid (see Additional file 1: Figure S1A). The putative GPI-attachment site (Gly289) at the C-terminus is followed by a 4 kDa peptide sequence (AviTag) that is recognized by E. coli biotin ligase BirA, catalyzing the attachment of biotin at the lysine within the sequence [35]. The resulting biotinylated protein can thus be immobilized via its C-terminal end by biotin-streptavidin interaction in an oriented fashion. The AviTag is followed by a His6 tag for affinity purification by metal chelate affinity chromatography (Fig. 3; Additional file 1: Fig. S1A).
The six disulfide bonds of SAG1 pose a challenge for correct folding in a reducing environment like E. coli’s cytosol [23]. We therefore chose the system developed by Nguyen et al. [36] that allows improved cytoplasmic disulfide bond formation in E. coli (called ‘CyDisCo’). It consists of the pre-expression of a sulfhydryl oxidase together with a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and can be combined with an E. coli strain deleted of the genes for gor and trxB [36]. The latter two genes are involved in disulfide bond reduction. Their deletion and the additional expression of DsbC in the bacterial cytoplasm results in better disulfide bond formation in the E. coli strain SHuffle [37]. Plasmid pMJS9 contains genes for codon-optimized sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and codon-optimized human PDI, regulated by an arabinose-inducible promoter [36] (Fig. 3).
BirA is present only in very small amounts in E. coli cells and therefore its overexpression is required for substantial in vivo biotinylation [38]. A third plasmid, pBAD1031-TB, expresses TEV protease and BirA (Fig. 3; Additional file 1: Figure S1B). Although it has been shown to be active as an N-terminal fusion protein [39] we opted for a construct where the sequences for TEV protease and BirA are separated by a tev cleavage site. Such an arrangement has been shown to result in post-translational self-processing of the fusion protein in stoichiometric amounts of the individual protein entities [40].
Strain E. coli SHuffle containing the three plasmids, each possessing a different resistance gene as well as compatible replication origins, was named BioSAG1 (Fig. 3). A similar strain with pAviTag-MBP-SAG2A was constructed and termed BioSAG2A.
Expression, purification and characterization of biotinylated SAG1 and SAG2A
Recombinant protein production in the BioSAG strains starts by addition of arabinose, which induces expression of Erv1p and PDI on pMJS9 as well as TEV protease and BirA on pBAD1031-TB due to the presence of the arabinose-inducible promoter on both plasmids. Such pre-expression has been reported previously to increase correct S-S bond formation [36] as well as biotinylation [38]. Then, rhamnose is added, leading to production of MBPtev-SAG1-AviTag-His6 (MBPtev-SAG2A-AviTag-His6), on which the pre-expressed proteins then can act upon (i.e. disulfide bridge formation and correct folding by Erv1p, PDI and DsbC; cleavage of MBPtev-SAG1 and TEVtev-BirA by TEV protease; biotinylation by BirA). This regimen results in soluble expression of N-terminal fusion-free SAG1bio-His6, as seen in Fig. 4A, where a cell lysate of BioSAG1 was separated into soluble and insoluble fractions and analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with a mouse mab (DG52) that recognizes a disulfide bond-dependent conformational epitope [18, 23, 41]. While the pellet still contains substantial amounts of insoluble protein, in both fractions DG52 recognizes its epitope, indicative of proper disulfide bond generation. In situ cleavage of MBP by TEV protease is rather efficient since only small amounts of DG52 reactivity is seen at a size of >70 kDa, the size of the fusion protein (calculated Mw of 74,8 kDa). As shown in Fig. 4B BirA can be detected as a single protein band of the expected size (ca. 37 kDa) upon induction only in a strain that contains pBAD1030G-TB, indicating successful self-cleavage of the TEVtev-BirA fusion protein. Endogenous BirA is undetectable in a strain lacking the plasmid, consistent with the low endogenous amount of the ligase under normal growth conditions [42, 43].
Adding a second affinity chromatography step to the purification procedure (see Fig. 3 and Methods) allowed entire MBP (cleaved or as fusion) retention on the dextrin affinity column after prior buffer exchange of the eluate on a desalting column, leading to the purification of SAG1bio-His6 as well as SAG2Abio-His6 to homogeneity (Fig. 5A). Probing a blot of both proteins with Sav showed that they were also biotinylated (Fig. 5B,C).
Using this expression system we could purify several hundred micrograms of pure SAG1bio-His6 and SAG2Abio-His6, respectively, from 1 liter of bacterial culture. It should be noted, however, that protein preparations that contain e.g. uncleaved MBPtev-SAG1bio-His6 (Fig. 4C) that had been co-purified on the metal chelate affinity column could still be used efficiently for BBMA, with a higher overall yield than the optimized 3-step protocol.
Bead-based multiplex assay with biotinylated SAG1 and SAG2A as antigens
The overall aim of this study was to establish a BBMA with biotinylated SAG1 and SAG2A as antigens for analysing seroconversion due to T. gondii infection in humans. Magnetic beads have distinct advantages over non-magnetic ones, like ease of processing/washing, higher bead recovery etc. [8, 44]. However, since at the beginning of these studies Sav-coated MagPlex® microbeads were not commercially available, we custom prepared them by chemical coupling of Sav to various bead regions (see Methods).
We determined the minimal amount of protein that would be required to obtain maximal MFI with human control sera of known anti-T. gondii IgG antibody titers (Fig. 6A). Ten ng per serum sample of a SAG1bio-His6 preparation similar to Fig. 4C were shown to be sufficient to obtain MFI of >25,000, the maximum MFI value that is usually useful. Those sera could be titrated down to more than a 1:12,000 dilution, with still positive signals above those obtained by a negative control serum (Fig. 6A). This indicates that the obtained dose-response curve allows also low amounts of antibodies to be specifically detected.
Using a panel of 27 human sera previously tested positive (11 sera) or negative (16 sera) for anti-T. gondii antibodies by a commercial ELISA (Euroimmun) both antigens allowed a clear distinction between those donors, with a good correlation between positive titers determined by the commercial test vs. our BBMA titers (Fig. 6B and 6C). To verify these data an additional set of 50 positive and 50 negative sera each was analyzed (Fig. 6D and 6E), whereby titers in these human sera had been determined previously with a commercial automated ELIFA (bioMérieux) that is in clinical use and showed a sensitivity above 99% and specificity above 98% in comparative studies [45]. We essentially obtained similar results with SAG1bio-His6, allowing a perfect discrimination between positive and negative sera as classified by the ELIFA, whereas analysis of SAG2Abio-His6 beads showed a slightly lower sensitivity and specificity of 98% each (see also Table 1).
Finally, the high diagnostic value of our recombinant proteins in a BBMA was proven by testing a panel of 102 sera with titers slightly below or above the diagnostic cut-off of the ELIFA (8 IU/mL). In this assay, sera between 4 and 8 IU/mL are classified as equivocal, while sera above 8 and below 4 IU/mL are considered positive or negative, respectively, by the manufacturer. When those results were compared with our BBMA for SAG1bio-His6 and SAG2Abio-His6, equivocal sera could also not be discriminated, showing an almost perfect 50/50 ratio of positive and negative sera (Fig. 7). In contrast, with sera ≥8 IU/mL or <4 IU/mL we were able to classify them as either positive or negative with high confidence, showing that highly similar performance and sensitivity of our antigens can be obtained compared to commercial assays, even when sera close to the cut-off values are analyzed.
N-terminal MBP influences binding of human antibodies to SAG1
As a proof for our hypothesis that N-terminal fusions to SAG1 would influence the binding of human antibodies we coupled MBPtev-SAG1bio-His6 purified from a strain devoid of TEV but expressing BirA (from pBAD1031-B) to Sav-coated beads (Fig. 8 inlet). We then added TEV protease to one half of the beads to release MBP from SAG1 and incubated them for various times. Cleavage was very efficient even after 1h, indicated by only minute anti-MBP mab binding (Fig. 8). Probing these as well as TEV protease-untreated beads allowed us to quantitatively compare binding of anti-SAG1-directed antibodies present in human sera since the amount of bead-bound SAG1bio should be identical between both conditions. Whereas negative sera showed no binding in any case, removal of MBP lead to a higher fluorescence intensity (30-35%; Fig. 8) with the four tested sera. The effect was less pronounced (10-20%, depending on the serum) with lower amounts of initial protein (data not shown). Notably, the observed high activity of TEV protease on the fusion protein could even allow omitting the in situ cleavage by plasmid-encoded TEV protease and the dextrin affinity column step. Instead, one could just rely on the in vitro cleavage protocol of MBPtev-SAG1bio-His6, purified only by metal chelate affinity chromatography.
We conclude that N-terminal fusion proteins do influence the binding of human antibodies to SAG1 and that their removal result in less protein being required for BBMA. However, uncleaved MBPtev-SAG1bio-His6 is still a very useful antigen for this purpose.
We have described the production of biotinylated antigens SAG1 and SAG2A of T. gondii for BBMA applications that have distinct advantages compared to those that were described in the literature (Table 1). Specifically, less E. coli-derived SAG1bio-His6 is required per assay, even when using preparations containing proportions of uncleaved MBPtev-SAG1. SAG1 produced in eukaryotic HeLa cells [12, 46] required detection by biotinylated secondary antibody, known to increase the sensitivity in BBMA [47], to reach the reported 1 µg/1 × 106 beads. However, both of these components cause higher costs per determination, even though our approach requires Sav as an extra compound. Sav can also be efficiently produced in E. coli, further reducing costs [48, 49]. Using SAG2Abio in BBMA resulted in higher MFI and thus IU/mL with similar discriminatory power between seropositive and seronegative sera (Fig. 6), and it was also successfully used in previous studies [10, 11]. However, specificity and sensitivity (accuracy) was in our hands slightly lower compared to SAG1bio. Combining both proteins in a single BBMA was shown recently to be essential for satisfactory accuracy [11]. In some humans with overall low anti-T. gondii antibody titers the immune response might be directed more towards one antigen, as reported for other T. gondii antigens [50]. Nevertheless, in our hands, both proteins can be used alone with very high accuracy, even with challenging sera close to cut-off values of commercial assays.
It has been reported that in another apicomplexan parasite, Babesia sp., GPI-anchored surface proteins and their soluble versions, released after enzymatic cleavage, elicit antibodies of different parasite-neutralizing potency [51]. The authors suggested that different conformations (due to lost membrane anchorage) are responsible for this effect. For diagnostic purposes we also considered it advantageous that SAG1 (SAG2A) should mimic the native protein on the parasite’s surface as much as possible. We put substantial effort into providing the conditions under which SAG1 (and to lesser extent SAG2A) would be able to form proper disulfide bonds in the reducing environment of E. coli and at the same time would result in soluble, biotinylated and N-terminal fusion-free proteins. MBP and GST are two widely used fusion partners supporting enhanced solubility and stability but also providing a means for purification. They have already been used in the past in the context of SAG1/SAG2A’s use as diagnostic antigens [10–12, 21, 26, 46, 52, 53].
Here we provide direct quantitative evidence for a substantial influence of N-terminal fusion partners on the binding of human antibodies to SAG1, consistent with the data from Graille et al. [30] that the major epitope of SAG1 is at the N-terminus and that proteins such as MBP or GST might thus hinder antibody access. This is consistent with results from a recent BBMA study that included GST-SAG1 fusion protein bound with its N-terminus to beads and showed sensitivity and specificity of less than 87% towards human sera [11].
GST fusions have previously been described as a general method for directed coupling of antigens to user-modified Luminex beads [54]. For this a cross-linked casein-glutathione adduct has to be custom-synthesized via a three-step chemical procedure before it can be coupled via EDC/NHS chemistry to carboxylated beads. GST fusion proteins can then bind with sufficient affinity (Kd = 6.9 × 10− 9 mol/L) to these beads [54]. However, this system has several drawbacks: (i) it requires lengthy synthesis of the casein-glutathione adduct; (ii) antibodies against GST are present in human populations exposed to the helminth Schistosoma sp., from which this protein is derived from [55], limiting its usefulness in endemic areas and requiring an additional control bead region with GST alone for the assay; (iii) GST, in contrast to MBP, has 4 cysteines, which could form non-intended disulfide bonds with the fusion partner [56], thereby compromising proper disulfide formation of an antigen, like in the case of SAG1/SAG2A.
In contrast, SAG1bio-His6 can directly be added to MagPlex®-Avidin beads that became commercially available only recently, or, as described here, by chemical coupling of commercially available streptavidin to plain magnetic MagPlex® beads. Alternatively, it can be directly immobilized onto non-magnetic commercial LumAvidin beads. The Avi-His6 tag adds only a 4 kDa additional C-terminal ‘tail’ which is expected not to interfere with antibody recognition or being recognized by human sera. A further advantage of SAG1bio-His6 is the extremely tight interaction with Sav (Kd ≈10− 14 mol/L). This makes a single affinity purification on a metal chelate matrix sufficient since after incubation of SAG1bio-His6 with Sav-coupled MagPlex® beads all impurities can be washed away under stringent washing conditions, as required. In fact, metal chelate affinity chromatography is only used to remove superfluous free biotin that would otherwise compete with SAG1bio-His6 binding to Sav.
We have described a sophisticated, yet easy to use E. coli expression system for the production of the recombinant antigens SAG1 and SAG2A of the protozoan parasite T. gondii in soluble, correctly folded and C-terminally biotinylated forms (SAG1bio-His6 and SAG2Abio-His6). The proteins were shown to react specifically and with high sensitivity with human infection sera in a BBMA format, which is based on the oriented immobilization of the proteins on Sav-coated magnetic beads. Taking advantage of the possibility to separate the N-terminal fusion partner MBP from SAG1bio-His6 via TEV protease we could show that such a fusion partner can negatively influence the accessibility of human antibodies to the major N-terminal epitope of SAG1. We think that both proteins in this format are attractive replacements (either alone or in combination) for the previously described T. gondii antigens in multiplex assays intended for large-scale seroepidemiological studies. The general expression strategy described herein will also be useful for other antigens where oriented immobilization is key for recognition by antibodies.
Sequence and structural analyses
Pairwise sequence alignment of SAG1 (SRS29B; TGGT1_233460; see ToxoDB.org) and SAG2A (SRS34A; TGME49_271050) according to Needleman-Wunsch was performed at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/psa/emboss_needle. PredGPI [57] (http://gpcr.biocomp.unibo.it/predgpi) was used for cleavage site predictions of GPI-anchored proteins. For homology modeling of SAG2A onto SAG1 (PDB 1KZQ) [17] the SWISS-MODEL server was used (https://swissmodel.expasy.org) [58]. 3D structures were inspected and visualized with UCSF Chimera 1.11.2 [59], which was also used to calculate the solvent accessible surface area of SAG1’s lysines.
Plasmid constructs
Construction of pAviTag-MBP-SAG1 and pAviTag-MBP-SAG2A
The coding sequence of SAG1 (aa 31-289) was PCR-amplified with Phusion polymerase (NEB Germany) using primers 2CT-SAG1-a and 2CT-SAG1-s (see Table S1 for primer sequences) from plasmid pSAG1-GPI [24] and inserted into SspI-cut p2CT-10 (a gift from Scott Gradia; Addgene plasmid # 55209) using the SLiCE (Seamless Ligation Cloning Extract) method [60], with E. coli strain JM109 containing pKD56 [61] for extract preparation. It resulted in p2CT-MBP-SAG1, which encodes the entire mature SAG1 protein from T. gondii strain RH as a fusion with maltose binding protein (MBP), separated by 10 asparagine residues followed by a TEV protease cleavage site (tev; see Fig. 3C). This plasmid served as template to amplify MBP-SAG1 (without the N-terminal 6 histidines (His6)) with primers MBP-pAvi-fwd and SAG-pAvi-rev for cloning into pAviTag-C-Kan (Expresso Biotin Cloning and Expression System, Lucigen) following the supplier’s instructions. The resulting plasmid, pAviTag-MBP-SAG1, expresses the MBP-SAG1 fusion protein with a C-terminal biotinylation tag (AviTag), followed by His6 for purification of full-length proteins via metal chelate affinity chromatography upon induction with rhamnose (Fig. 3).
For cloning of SAG2A, genomic DNA from strain RH was used as template and PCR with Phusion polymerase was performed with primers MBP-SAG2A-fwd and SAG2A-Avi-rev. The resulting fragment encoding the sequence from aa 27 to 162 was cloned via SLiCE into BamHI- and PstI-cut pAviTag-MBP-SAG1. The resulting plasmid was called pAviTag-MBP-SAG2A (Fig. 3A,B).
Construction of pBAD1031-TB and pBAD1031-B
For co-expression of TEV protease and biotin ligase (BirA) the fused genes (Additional file 1: Figure S1B) were re-amplified from plasmid pCTAB (unpublished) where they had been previously assembled via circular polymerase extension cloning (CPEC) [62] using plasmids pRK793 [34] and pDW363 [63] as templates (both plasmids a gift from David Waugh (Addgene plasmid # 8827 and # 8842)). Using primers pRSF1030G-fwd/ -rev and Phusion polymerase the resulting product was cloned using SLiCE into plasmid pBAD1031-G [64], a kind gift of John E. Cronan. The resulting plasmid pBAD1031-TB allows expression of TEV protease and BirA as two separate proteins upon self-cleavage of the fusion protein at the internal tev site (Figs. 3A; Additional file 1: Figure S1B) [40]. To obtain a plasmid without TEV pBAD1031-TB was digested with NcoI and BspHI (which removes the TEV coding sequence and produces compatible overhangs) and then religated to yield plasmid pBAD1031-B, expressing BirA only.
All relevant parts of newly assembled plasmids were confirmed to be as expected by Sanger sequencing.
E. coli strains BioSAG1 and BioSAG2A
We transformed plasmids pAviTag-MBP-SAG1 (or pAviTag-MBP-SAG2A), pBAD1031-TB and pMJS9 (expressing the codon optimized sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1p from S. cerevisiae and codon optimized protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) from humans [36]) into E. coli SHuffle (NEB). The three plasmids possess different resistance genes (for kanamycin, gentamycin and chloramphenicol, respectively) as well as compatible replication origins (Fig. 3A), allowing their stable propagation in the resulting strain, which was named BioSAG1 or BioSAG2A, respectively.
Expression and purification of recombinant proteins
BioSAG1 or BioSAG2A were grown in 500 mL LB medium at 37°C to an OD600 of 0,5-0,6, then first pre-induced by the addition of arabinose (final concentration 0.5%) for 2 hours at 37°C before rhamnose (final concentration 0.2%) was added to start expression of SAG1/SAG2A. Medium was supplemented with biotin (50 µM final concentration). Cultures were incubated for 18 h at 30°C before centrifugation and resuspension of the pellet in 10 mL lysis buffer (50 mM NaH2PO4, 300 mM NaCl, 10 mM imidazole; containing cOmplete EDTA-free protease inhibitors (Roche); 1,000 U Benzonase and supplemented with 1 mg/mL lysozymeI), followed by 30 min incubation at 4°C. Cell disruption was performed by ultrasonication. Cleared cell lysates were passed over a 1 mL HisTALON Superflow Cartridge (TaKaRa) for metal chelate affinity chromatography, with 50 mM NaH2PO4, 300 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole as wash buffer. Bound fractions were eluted by a linear imidazole gradient from 20 to 500 mM and then pooled. Buffer was subsequently exchanged to PBS on a 5 mL HiTrap Desalting column (GE Healthcare). This column was directly attached to a 1 mL MBP-Trap HP column (GE Healthcare) for final removal of MBP. All chromatographic procedures were performed on an ÄktaPurifier FPLC system essentially as described by the manufacturer (GE Healthcare). Protein concentration was determined using the BCA assay (Thermo Fisher, Darmstadt, Germany).
SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis and antibodies
10% or 12% SDS-PAGE, silver staining and Western blotting were performed using standard protocols. Staining/destaining of nitrocellulose membranes with DirectBlue 71 was performed as described [65]. The following primary and secondary antibodies were used with the indicated dilutions: mouse anti-MBP monoclonal antibody (NEB) (1:1,000); mouse anti-6His tag monoclonal antibody (MAK 1396; Linaris GmbH) (1:2,000); mouse anti-BirA monoclonal antibody (5B11c3-3; Novus Biologicals) (1:1,000); goat IgG anti-human IgG (Fc)-RPE (1:333); donkey anti-mouse IgG (H+L) RPE-F(ab')2 fragment (1:500); streptavidin-HRPO (1:1,000); goat IgG anti-mouse IgG (H+L)-HRPO (1:5,000) (all Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories). Detection of secondary antibodies was done via Super Signal West Dura Extended Duration Substrate (Pierce) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Description and evaluation of human sera used in this study as seropositive or-negative using either the VIDAS TOXO IgG enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay (ELIFA; bioMérieux) or the anti-Toxoplasma gondii-IgG ELISA (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) were published previously [14, 66].
Streptavidin coupling to beads and sera analysis by BBMA
The coupling of recombinant Sav (Anaspec; 25 µg/1,5 x 106 MagPlex® beads, region 33) and performing the BBMA followed the instructions of the xMAP® Cookbook [67] and have been described in detail previously [66]. We did not observe notable differences in binding of biotinylated antigens and concomitant maximal signal intensities with standard sera and different batches of custom-prepared Sav beads (data not shown). Between 10-100 ng SAG1bio-His6 (or SAG2Abio-His6), depending on the preparation, were added to 1,500 Sav-coated beads (per well), and a 1:333 dilution of goat IgG anti-human IgG (Fc)-RPE used for detection of bound human antibodies. Human serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich) or unconjugated goat IgG anti-human IgG (H+L) (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) coupled to different bead regions were included as negative or positive controls, respectively [66].
Data analysis
Data analyses (plotting, quantification, and statistical analyses) in Figs. 6 and 7 were performed using the open source statistics software R (version 3.5.1) [68] in conjunction with packages drLumi [69] and pROC [70]. For details see [66]. For other analyses Prism 8 (GraphPad) was used.
In vitro TEV digestion and analysis of MBPtev-SAG1bio-His6
1.5 µg purified MBPtev-SAG1bio-His6 were first incubated either without or with 10U TEV protease (NEB) in a final volume of 50 µl 1x TEV reaction buffer for various time points (incubated for 1h, 4h at 30°C or overnight at 4°C), after which 3x104 Sav-coated MagPlex® beads were added, incubated with shaking for 1h, washed and resuspended in PBS/1%BSA.1,500 beads of the different conditions were then analyzed as above, using anti-MBP antibody followed by donkey anti-mouse-PE, or human sera, followed by anti-human IgG (Fc)-RPE, as described above.
bead-based multiplex assay
biotin ligase from E. coli
1-Ethyl-3-[3- dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride
enzyme-linked immunofluorescent assay
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
glycosylphosphatidylinositol
glutathione-S-transferase
horseradish peroxidase
international units
monoclonal antibody
maltose-binding protein
mean fluorescent intensity
protein disulfide isomerase
R-Phycoerythrin
solvent accessible surface area
streptavidin
sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel (electrophoresis)
N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide
Tobacco Etch Virus
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Some human sera were obtained as part of the German health interview and examination survey of adults (DEGS1). DEGS1 was approved by the ethical review board of the Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany (No. EA2/047/08).
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files). Plasmids are available upon request.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
No third party funding was provided for this study.
Authors' contributions
FS conceived and supervised the study, SK and DS performed the experiments, DS and FS analyzed the data, and FS wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Molecular graphics and analyses were performed with the UCSF Chimera package. Chimera is developed by the Resource for Biocomputing, Visualization, and Informatics at the University of California, San Francisco (supported by NIGMS P41-GM103311). We are grateful to Lloyd W. Ruddock, John E. Cronan, David Waugh and Scott Gradia for plasmids; Conny Müller and Olena Shatohina for excellent technical assistance, and Toni Aebischer for comments on the manuscript.
Authors' information
FS is a member of GRK 2046 and IRTG 2029 (supported by the German Research Council, DFG), and of TOXOSOURCES (supported by funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement No 773830: One Health European Joint Programme).
Table 1 Comparison of published BBMAs for detection of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies
M, MagPlex® or BioPlex® magnetic beads; X, xMAP® non-magnetic beads; ns, not specified; 1 sum of positive and negative sera; 2 SAG1 has only 336 aa.
antigen (final source) |
aa |
Coupling to beads (X/M) |
# reference sera 1 |
specificity |
sensitivity |
antigen/beads |
per 1 Mio beads [µg] |
signal amplification via biotinylated ab? |
Reference |
SAG1bio-His6 (E. coli) |
31-289 |
biotin-streptavidin (M) |
27 / 100 |
1 / 1 |
1 / 1 |
10 µg/ 1.5x106 |
6.7 |
no |
this study |
SAG2Abio-His6 (E. coli) |
27-162 |
biotin- streptavidin (M) |
27 /100 |
1 / 0.98 |
1 / 0.98 |
10 µg/ 1.5x106 |
6.7 |
no |
this study |
SAG1-Stag (E. coli) |
61-300 |
chemical (M) |
59 |
0.950 |
0.947 |
30 µg/ 1.25x106 |
24 |
no |
[29] |
GST-SAG2A (E. coli) |
27-173 |
chemical (X) |
100 |
1 |
1 |
120µg/12.5x106 |
6 |
yes |
[10] |
cell lysate (T. gondii) |
na |
chemical (M) |
20 |
1 |
1 |
na |
na |
no |
[71] |
cell lysate (T. gondii) |
na |
chemical (X) |
80 |
1 |
1 |
na |
na |
yes |
[13] |
GST-SAG1 (HeLa cells) |
ns |
chemical (X) |
5 |
1 |
1 |
5 µg/5x106 |
1 |
yes |
[12, 46] |
GST-SAG1 (E. coli)
|
31-349 2 |
GSH-casein affinity (X) |
198 |
0.86 |
0.845 |
ns |
ns |
yes |
[11] |
GST-SAG2A (E. coli) |
27-187 |
GSH-casein affinity (X) |
198 |
0.86 |
0.926 |
ns |
ns |
yes |
[11] |