Assessing Sustainable Waste Management Practices in Rajshahi City Corporation: An Analysis for Local Government Enhancement using IoT and AI Technology

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3397290/v1

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Research Article

Assessing Sustainable Waste Management Practices in Rajshahi City Corporation: An Analysis for Local Government Enhancement using IoT and AI Technology

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3397290/v1

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published 06 Apr, 2024

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This study examines the possible improvements that could be made by combining the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technology to improve waste management methods in Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC), Bangladesh. The study's foundation is a vast amount of information gathered from residents, with particular attention paid to waste disposal methods, the role of the local government, the frequency of waste collection, and public attitudes toward waste management. The results point to a complicated waste management environment with a range of waste disposal practices, little supervision, irregular waste collection, and insufficient disposal methods. The importance of RCC in waste management is emphasized, highlighting the need for proactive measures including effective monitoring, constant waste collection, and routine drain cleaning. Additionally, it is suggested that combining IoT and AI technology is a possible way to improve waste management procedures. These technologies have the potential to increase productivity, lessen their negative effects on the environment, and produce cleaner, more sustainable urban environments. This study emphasizes the significance of a thorough waste management strategy that incorporates technologically-based solutions and community involvement. It helps transform RCC into a smart city with effective and eco-friendly waste management methods, creating a precedent for other municipalities worldwide. It also acts as a valuable model for addressing waste management difficulties in urban areas.

Waste management

IoT

Artificial Intelligence

Sustainable practices

Urban environment

Smart city

Effective waste management has become a serious issue in the rapidly urbanizing landscapes of the twenty-first century (Thompson, 2023). Increased urbanization has resulted in improved economic development and increased social association, but it has also created considerable problems for waste generation and disposal (Nanda & Berruti, 2021). It is urgent to address waste management, especially in emerging and impoverished countries (Sharma et al., 2020). This problem is exacerbated in wealthy nations because increased waste generation is controlled by significant investments in waste management systems. On the other hand, emerging nations like Bangladesh are struggling with waste management as a major issue because of the high expenses involved and the lack of focus on efficient waste disposal methods (Alam & Qiao, 2020). The problem is exacerbated by the parallel rise in urbanization and population expansion that generates significant amounts of waste and necessitates constantly expanding disposal places (Alamgir et al., 2005). According to UN predictions, two-thirds of the world's population will live in urban areas by the year 2050 (UN, 2021). This tendency can be seen in Bangladesh, which is undergoing significant urban growth, especially in important cities like Dhaka, Rajshahi, Khulna, Chittagong, and Gazipur. Approximately 13% of the total population and a sizeable 55–60% of the urban population reside in these major cities (Alamgir et al., 2005). Because of this exponential urban growth, there is a consequent rise in waste production. The environmental issues brought on by inadequate management are made worse because only a small percentage of the daily garbage produced by each person—0.2 kilograms—reaches designated disposal sites (Farzana & Kabir, 2004). As a result, the daily waste production rate is roughly 0.5 kg per person. In the wake of growing urbanization and population growth, Bangladesh has a variety of environmental difficulties, with household waste management standing out as a major issue (Rahman & Alam, 2021). Since these nations are dealing with so many issues, the management of solid waste has become a neglected environmental issue (Ahsan et al., 2014). Without proper consideration, the careless disposal of solid waste can have adverse effects on public health, environmental sustainability, and urban growth (Iorhemen et al., 2016). Cities also struggle with the lack of organized waste disposal sites, which encourages people to dispose of waste in unorganized ways, frequently using drains as unintentional waste containers (Haldar & Chakraborty, 2011). As a result of this failure to manage waste efficiently, drainage patterns are improperly distributed, which inhibits the flow of both solid and liquid waste and has a negative impact on the environment (Ullah et al., 2013).

This study, with its varied emphasis, focuses on the Rajshai City Corporation (RCC) of Bangladesh. This city, which is in the middle of the Indian subcontinent, is the ideal illustration of the diversity of urban life that can be observed in a developing nation (Habib et al., 2021; Imran & Islam, 2015; Rahman & Jakia, 2015). The difficulty of managing waste in this city can be understood in the context of the more significant issue of managing urban waste on a global level (Alam et al., 2013; Bari et al., 2012). In the RCC, managing waste sources presents a much greater challenge than it does in the industrial and commercial sectors, where waste compositions are typically more stable (Yousuf, 2005). This is because residential waste has varying quantities by time and season. A novel approach must be used to transform garbage from a liability into a valuable resource due to the rising rates of waste generation (Halder, 2014).

The role of local governments becomes crucial in light of these difficulties. These administrative entities hold the key to implementing efficient waste management plans since they are located closest to the needs of their communities. Local government agencies are responsible for managing waste generation, transportation, and collection. They also contribute to the development of regulations that have an impact on how waste generation affects urban development. In this aspect, they experience a variety of difficulties, some of which are due to the lack of planned waste disposal networks, different drainage patterns, and different waste compositions (Haldar & Chakraborty, 2011; Ullah et al., 2013). In addition, solid waste management systems are hampered by a lack of awareness, commitment, expertise, and motivation (Ahsan et al., 2005).

The incorporation of Internet of Things (IoT) technology into waste management systems is, in this context, a promising option for tackling the issues associated with waste management. Numerous research studies have looked into the potential of IoT solutions for effective and sustainable waste management (Imteaj et al., 2015; Malapur et al., 2017; Gopi et al., 2021; Nirde et al., 2017; Kumar et al., 2017; Kumar et al., 2016; Baby et al., 2017; Wijaya et al., 2017; Pardini et al., 2018; Aazam et al., 2016; Mdukaza et al., 2018). These options include everything from Android-based applications that educate local administrations and involve volunteers to IoT-based waste bins equipped with sensors and cloud-based systems that optimize waste collection routes. Through the provision of real-time data on garbage levels, efficient collection, cost-savings, and environmental sustainability, IoT holds the possibility of changing waste management. The existing research still has weaknesses, such as short-range capabilities, sensitivity to weather conditions, and security concerns, despite the potential advantages of IoT in waste management (Mdukaza et al., 2018). Thus, more advancements and innovations are required to fully utilize IoT technology's capabilities in order to handle the urgent problems of waste management in quickly urbanizing areas like the RCC. The complexity of household waste management practices and the adoption of IoT technology in metropolitan areas like RCC is examined in this research study in light of the multifaceted issues posed by expanding waste generation, urbanization, and environmental sustainability.

The study's main objectives are to comprehensively examine RCC's waste management practices. The study's other objective is to comprehend the influencing factors and current household waste disposal practices of residents. The effectiveness of current initiatives and the local government's participation in waste management are also evaluated in this study. In addition, this study explores the utility of IoT and AI in waste management. The study's ultimate goal is to offer feasible suggestions for enhancing sustainability, community involvement, and technological integration in urban waste management, all of which are intended to promote urban life and environmental preservation.

The amount of waste produced worldwide is rising alarmingly. Due to their high rates of waste generation, developing nations have numerous difficulties with appropriate waste management. The Middle East and North Africa produce only around 129 megatons of garbage annually, compared to the 468 megatons produced annually by East Asia and the Pacific region (Habib et al., 2021). Bangladesh produces 334 megatons of trash annually (Habib et al., 2021); it is a developing nation in south Asia. Bangladesh is third among nations in terms of waste production. Bangladesh generates approximately 0.41 kilograms of waste per person every day (Habib et al., 2021). In this aspect, on average, per person is generating 414 ton/day of waste in the RCC (Table 1). Here, poor waste management practices, including expensive disposal, irregular waste collection, insufficient landfills, and a lack of efficient waste management policies, are leading to a number of issues (Abedin & Jahiruddin, 2015). RCC is one of Bangladesh's largest cities nonetheless. There are 30 words and 12 sub-districts (Fig. 1). RCC has a population of 0.85 million as of 2018. For disposing of waste in the RCC, there is one dump site called Nawdapara, which is located in Ward 17 (Habib et al., 2021). Due to its distance from the city, this dump has a less detrimental impact on people's health. The RCC regions produce an incredible quantity of waste. Approximately 350 tons of waste are produced daily in a city with a waste generation rate of 0.3 kg per capita per day; this amount rises to 400 tons during the busy summer months (Matter et al., 2013). Unfortunately, only 20 tons of this material are appropriately dumped at specified dumping sites in Nawdapara. The remaining 140 tons utilize a dangerous route by being immediately disposed of in sewers, bodies of water, public areas, and even illegal dumping grounds. In the RCC, household waste accounts for about 77.18% of total waste (Fig. 2). Moreover, 71.1% of the waste produced in the RCC is comprised of food and vegetables. In the RCC, in 2025, waste generation per person will be 0.60 kg/d (Habib et al., 2021).

Table 1

Waste Generation in the RCC (Das et al., 2019)
Waste generation rate (WGR), kg/cap/day	Population in 2018, million	Total population*, million	Total waste generation (TWG), ton/day		Average TWG, ton/day
Waste generation rate (WGR), kg/cap/day	Population in 2018, million	Total population*, million	Dry season	Wet season	Average TWG, ton/day
0.40	0.763	0.84	344.4	502.8	414

There is a door-to-door rubbish collection strategy in the RCC regions (Ahsan et al., 2014). Primary rubbish collection from homes is mostly the responsibility of the city authority or other competent authority. They are also in charge of delivering the home waste that has been collected to the Secondary Transfer Stations (STSs). Before 2021, the RCC contained 30 STSs for storing primary trash. The RCC also received waste from the STSs that the city authorities collected and transported by truck to the final disposal center. People throw their trash in the nearest drain, on the side of the road, or in open areas where there are no regular waste collection services accessible. The existing waste management scenario is presented in Fig. 4. A total of 1073 cleaners work daily to collect trash and clean the city in the RCC (Table 2). Generally, they begin their duties in the late afternoon. These cleaners work tirelessly to ensure that the city remains clean and free from waste. However, due to the high volume of waste and limited resources, it becomes challenging for them to keep up with the demand. As a result, there is often a buildup of waste in certain areas before it can be properly disposed of at the final disposal center.

Table 2

Waste Management Equipment of the RCC (RCC Authority, 2023)
Transportation	Vehicles/ Manpower/ Equipment
Truck/Tractor	8
Hydraulic trucks	2
Manpower/ Cleaner	1073
rickshaw-vans	183
Lorries	16
Secondary Transfer Stations (STSs)	30

3.1 Field Data Collection and Analysis

A field survey was conducted from November 2022 to March 2023. A systematic questionnaire for a survey was created to collect primary data. The earlier-mentioned study aims and research questions served as the foundation for the development of the questionnaire. To guarantee a representative sample of RCC citizens from various areas, a stratified random sampling technique was used. To achieve statistical significance and representativeness, a sample size of 300 households was chosen. In order to capture different waste management techniques and attitudes, the strata were formed depending on geographic areas. Residents of specific homes were given questionnaires by trained surveyors. The questionnaire was pre-tested to ensure clarity and translated from English to Bangla (the local language) to better understand the local survey participants. The surveys were carried out in person to give respondents the chance to express any uncertainties or worries they may have had. The survey questionnaire was created to gather information on the following significant factors: household waste disposal practices (e.g., dump site, frequency of waste collection), perceptions of the local government's role in waste management, and residents' perceptions of the overall waste management practices.

Key informants from the RCC, including municipal officials, waste management specialists, and local leaders, were chosen using a purposive sampling strategy. Four key informants were interviewed for this study. To get a better understanding of the real situation with waste management in the RCC, 4 FGDs were held, each with 8–10 participants. Residents, waste collectors, and representatives of surrounding community organizations were all present at these FGDs.

To provide summary statistics like frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, the obtained data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. An overview of resident perceptions and trash management techniques was provided by this analysis. To find recurring themes and attitudes residents expressed regarding trash management and local government actions, open-ended survey questions were subjected to a qualitative analysis.

A pilot test was carried out with a small group of residents to find any ambiguities or problems with the questionnaire in order to improve the survey's validity and reliability. Cross-verification and validation procedures were used to verify data accuracy, including data entry checks and the verification of outliers and discrepancies.

Data analysis tools like SPSS V.22 were employed, and thematic coding was used to assess qualitative data. In-depth methodology on RCC's waste management methods and attitudes is provided in this document. The ethical issues, restrictions, and measures required to guarantee the truth and dependability of the data are also highlighted.

3.2 IoT Device Installation

The technique for installing IoT devices started with a careful selection of IoT sensors, selected for their accuracy in measuring garbage bin full levels. Due to their lack of encroachment, ultrasonic sensors were used. The IoT sensors went through careful testing prior to deployment, establishing baseline measurements and developing data transmission methods. Wirelessly transmitted real-time data, including fill levels and bin positions, was sent to a secure central server for archiving and analysis. Real-time monitoring and alarms were made possible by this single server, which also acted as the repository for all sensor data, increasing the effectiveness of garbage collection.

3.3 Android Application Development

The installation of IoT devices was timed to align with the development of the Android application. To guarantee alignment with stakeholders' needs, user requirements were obtained and carefully examined. During the design and prototyping phases, sketches and models were made, the user interface was improved, and an easy user experience was guaranteed. The use of Android Studio, a powerful development environment that aligns with the Android ecosystem and uses Java for coding, was made. The program was designed to deliver fill levels, bin locations, collection schedules, and statistics, along with real-time information on bin status. Automated alarms were sent out when bins got close to certain criteria, speeding up garbage collection. The Android app also drew in users with features like procedures for reporting occurrences of illegal dumping or overflowing trash bins. To increase environmental awareness and active public participation, recycling advice, educational materials, and an intuitive dashboard were added. To protect user data, strict encryption and security measures—including authentication—were put into place. This process made sure that the phases of developing Android applications and deploying IoT devices were done in a methodical manner, making it possible to integrate technology to solve problems with waste management.

4.1 Socio- demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

The respondents' demographic analysis reveals a broad sample population. The study has a significant representation of women because most respondents (64.7%) were female (Table 3). The sample's age distribution spans a wide range, with the age range of 36 to 45 accounting for the biggest proportion (37.0%). Regarding education, the majority of respondents had at least a high school degree (32.3%), with secondary education coming in second place (19.7%). In terms of occupation, a sizable majority (54.0%) were involved in domestic duties, while lesser percentages worked in the private sector (9.3%) or ran their own businesses (15.7%). The majority of respondents (52.0%) who reported having a monthly income below $35 USD is an interesting finding that indicates socioeconomic inequalities in the sample (Table 3). This demographic diversity offers a thorough framework for comprehending the viewpoints and actions of RCC citizens in relation to environmentally friendly waste management techniques and neighborhood initiatives.

Table 3

Characteristics of the Respondents
Variables		F	%
Gender	Male	106	35.3%
Gender	Female	194	64.7%
Age	< 25	50	16.7%
	26–35	79	26.3%
	36–45	111	37.0%
	46–55	41	13.7%
	> 56	19	6.3%
Education qualification	Illiterate	17	5.7%
	Primary	30	10.0%
	Secondary	59	19.7%
	Higher Secondary	97	32.3%
	Graduate	51	17.0%
	Post Graduate	46	15.3%
Profession	Gov jobs	14	4.7%
	Private jobs	28	9.3%
	Business	47	15.7%
	Household	162	54.0%
	Farmer	1	0.3%
	Day Labor	27	9.0%
	Students	14	4.7%
	House maid	2	0.7%
	Unemployed	3	1.0%
	Abroad	2	0.7%
	Taylor	0	0.0%
	Retired	0	0.0%
	Teacher	0	0.0%
Monthly Income	< 35	156	52.0%
	35–115	41	13.7%
	116–200	31	10.3%
	201–300	30	10.0%
	> 300	42	14.0%

4.2 Household Solid Waste Dumping Practices

Several significant tendencies are shown by the research on home solid waste disposal methods in the study area. 19.0% of households actively participate in the city's trash management initiatives by giving waste to designated city corporation employees (Table 4). Conversely, a lower proportion of families engage in improper trash disposal techniques, with 3.7% of households dumping waste down drains and 16.7% of households openly dumping waste on public streets or open areas (Table 4). It is encouraging to see that the majority of homes, or 54.7%, follow the designated garbage disposal sites set by the City Corporation, showing some adherence to the established waste management principles. A lower percentage of households employ innovative methods to dispose of waste, like constructing holes (2.0%) or using specific areas of their homes (1.3%). Additionally, only 1.7% of homes trust housekeepers with waste removal, and 1.0% resort to dumping waste in water sources (Table 4).

Table 4

Household Solid waste dumping places
Variables	F	%
Giving to CP worker	57	19.0%
Throwing in drain	11	3.7%
Open place/road	50	16.7%
Specified places	164	54.7%
Hole	6	2.0%
Specific place in the house	4	1.3%
Give it to the house keeper	5	1.7%
Dumps in water holes	3	1.0%

4.3 The Role of Local Government in Waste Management

The study about RCC's role in waste management displays a varied landscape of projects and practices. 81.3% and 81.0% of respondents, respectively, indicated that the City Corporation had not taken the required measures or exercised adequate monitoring for managing waste (Table 5). This demonstrates the need for increased initiatives and regulations to promote waste management programs and guarantee efficient supervision. Positively, a substantially higher percentage of respondents confirmed that the City Corporation regularly cleaned drains (39.7%) and collected waste (68.7%), showing some degree of commitment to important waste management practices (Table 5). However, it is alarming that a sizable majority of respondents (93.0%) claimed that they did not regularly dispose of their waste, indicating a potential flaw in the waste management procedure (Table 5). The data also indicates a notable absence of punitive actions against offenders (0.0%) and preventative measures against the connection of drains and toilets (0.0%), reflecting the need for more thorough regulatory measures and enforcement strategies to stop improper waste disposal behaviors.

Table 5

Role of the RCC in Managing Waste
Variables		F	%
Proper initiatives	yes	56	18.7%
Proper initiatives	no	244	81.3%
Proper supervision	yes	57	19.0%
Proper supervision	no	243	81.0%
Regular drain cleaning	yes	119	39.7%
Regular drain cleaning	no	181	60.3%
Regular waste collection	yes	206	68.7%
Regular waste collection	no	94	31.3%
Regular waste disposal	yes	21	7.0%
Regular waste disposal	no	279	93.0%
Preventing connecting drains and toilet	yes	0	0.0%
Preventing connecting drains and toilet	no	300	100.0%
Punishing the violators	yes	0	0.0%
Punishing the violators	no	300	100.0%
City corporation plays no role	yes	0	0.0%
City corporation plays no role	no	300	100.0%

4.4 Frequency of Collecting Waste

According to the study, 25.0% of respondents choose daily waste pickup, demonstrating a dedication to upholding cleanliness in their surroundings. Furthermore, 14.1% opt for every two-day trash collection, highlighting the proactive nature of waste management (Fig. 6). On the other hand, a sizable portion of respondents use less regular disposal methods, with 15.1% relying on weekly collection and 13.0% choosing monthly collection (Fig. 6). The majority of respondents, or 32.8%, most startlingly reported never having their rubbish removed. This information highlights the necessity for a comprehensive waste management plan that takes into account different preferences for garbage disposal frequency within the metropolitan population while also addressing the problems caused by inconsistent waste collection procedures.

4.5 Overall Perceptions of The Residents Regarding Waste Management System

The study area's residents have a generally favorable attitude toward waste management, with a sizeable majority expressing satisfaction with the processes as they currently stand. About 50% of respondents think waste management is good, and 12% even give it a very good rating (Fig. 7). However, it is interesting that a total of 27.4% of respondents have unfavorable opinions about waste management, classifying it as either terrible or really bad. The unusually high percentage of respondents (10.7%) who said they didn't know (10.7%) implies some ambivalence or doubt in the general public's opinion. Authorities must address the worries of those with unfavorable opinions while maintaining the contentment of the majority if they want to further improve waste management procedures. By streamlining garbage collection and disposal procedures, ensuring more effective and efficient services, and ultimately fostering a cleaner and healthier urban environment, the introduction of IoT and AI technologies can help achieve this balance (Ahmed et al., 10; Malapur et al., 11). Campaigns for public involvement and awareness can be extremely effective in closing the gap between perception and reality, emphasizing the advantages of cutting-edge waste management techniques, and increasing community support.

The demographic information collected from respondents in Rajshahi City Corporation highlights the enormous potential for improvement with the adoption of IoT and AI-based waste management systems. Gender-inclusive waste management strategies can be created to meet the preferences and demands of all inhabitants in areas with a predominately female population. The wide range of ages in the population points to the significance of age-appropriate engagement tactics that make IoT and AI systems approachable and accessible to users of all ages. It is crucial to address diverse levels of understanding, with targeted educational outreach initiatives promoting ethical waste management techniques. For housewives, people with private occupations, and business owners, occupation-based solutions can optimize waste management; for the majority of people with lesser incomes, income-adjusted services can reduce financial constraints. Customized communication and data-driven decision-making can empower local authorities to engage with residents effectively and make informed policy choices (Al-Masri et al., 2018). A cleaner, more sustainable urban environment that meets the different qualities and demands of the population can be achieved through fostering community engagement through IoT and AI systems, as well as by encouraging active participation in waste reduction and recycling (Aazam et al., 2016).

The residential garbage disposal procedures discovered in this study offer insightful information regarding the typical waste disposal practices in the RCC area. Notably, a sizeable number (19.0%) of households actively engage in responsible waste management by donating their trash to employees of the city corporation, demonstrating an admirable level of civic participation. It is alarming that 16.7% of households still dispose of rubbish improperly, with some resorting to dumping waste openly on public spaces like roads and open spaces or down drains, which can harm the environment and pose health risks (Table 4). This reliance highlights how prevalent informal waste collection systems are, particularly in newly developing metropolitan regions (Iorhemen et al., 2016). This demonstrates a propensity to discard trash in public areas, which may have an adverse effect on the appearance, general health, and urban environment (Abubakar et al., 2022). Despite its low frequency, the practice of disposing of garbage in open areas such as drains has the potential to pollute the ecosystem, raise the risk of flooding, and cause drainage obstructions (Ahmed et al., 2023). In this regard, cultural norms, financial inequality, and the success of waste management education programs may all have an impact on the variations in household trash disposal behaviors (Rousta et al., 2020). It's interesting that no homes in this city have reported trash dumping in water sources. The identical point is also shown by Alam et al. (2013). This may indicate that locals are aware of the possible damage that such actions could do to aquatic ecosystems. It is encouraging to see that the majority of families (54,7%) follow the City Corporation's requirements for designated garbage disposal places, demonstrating some level of conformity with established waste management standards. This outcome is in line with recommendations from earlier research (Ahsan et al., 2014), which highlighted the need of designated waste collection sites as a means to lessen reckless solid waste disposal. The integration of IoT (Internet of Things) and AI (Artificial Intelligence) technologies, however, makes sense when looking at the larger context of waste management in RCC (Imteaj et al., 2015; Malapur et al., 2017; Gopi et al., 2021). By offering real-time monitoring of garbage levels in bins, streamlining collection routes, and enabling prompt alerts for waste pickups, these technologies have the potential to completely transform waste management. The information on household garbage disposal methods can help with the development of IoT and AI solutions designed to handle certain problems mentioned in the study. The utilization of IoT-enabled devices or mobile applications to provide teaching campaigns, for instance, can be used to target homes with poor disposal habits. The analysis of trash formation trends by AI algorithms can also be used to forecast future disposal requirements, allowing for more effective resource allocation and waste collection (Kumar et al., 2016; Baby et al., 2017). By leveraging IoT and AI, RCC can move toward a smarter and more sustainable waste management system, minimizing environmental consequences, improving public health, and maximizing resource use in step with the rising rates of trash generation (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2012).

Urban Bangladesh generates a considerable amount of waste each day (Yasin et al., 2013). From the explanation above, it is clear that the RCC's local governments did not actively fulfill their responsibility for effectively collecting and disposing of household garbage. As a result, the trash management and disposal system run by the city authorities is unpopular (Ahsan et al., 2005). In the research area, only 60% of the waste is adequately collected. Waste in large quantities wasn't always collected (Faridatul et al., 2015). The local government organization in the study region is primarily in charge of collecting and disposing of regular garbage, but they are failing to handle this enormous amount of waste sustainably. Figure 2 shows the RCC's waste management configuration. According to Othman et al. (2013), insufficient monitoring, a lack of political will, growing urbanization, and insufficient investment are the main causes of poor waste management. The study on the function of RCC in waste management reveals a difficult environment that demands quick attention and modification. The results show that respondents had little faith in the City Corporation's actions and oversight, pointing to the necessity for more aggressive and open trash management techniques. A noticeable deficiency in terms of regular trash disposal methods arises, suggesting potential inefficiencies in the waste management chain, despite the fact that some beneficial elements, such as routine drain cleaning and waste collection, are highlighted. Alarmingly, the lack of safeguards to stop drain-to-toilet connections and the lack of sanctions against offenders highlight serious enforcement weaknesses in the law. These results make it clear that RCC would have a difficult time efficiently carrying out its responsibility for trash management. IoT and AI technology integration holds great promise for addressing these issues and moving toward a more sustainable and effective waste management system. These technologies can improve operating efficiency overall, allow for real-time monitoring of garbage levels, optimize waste collection routes, and more (Imteaj et al., 2015; Malapur et al., 2017; Gopi et al., 2021). Furthermore, IoT-enabled waste bin sensors (Nirde et al., 2017) and AI-driven predictive analytics (Kumar et al., 2016) might offer insightful data on waste generation trends, assisting RCC in better resource allocation and reasoned decision-making. Additionally, a cloud-based system can streamline data administration and route optimization, resulting in lower fuel usage and time savings (Aazam et al., 2016).

The value of routine garbage collection, as underlined by Alamgir et al. (2005), is consistent with RCC's preference for every two days (60.4%) with regard to the frequency of waste pickup. The large percentage of homes reporting never receiving trash collection services (32.8%) and RCC's reliance on daily collection (25.0%) are both indicators of the problems raised by Ahsan et al. (2005).

The study's findings regarding the frequency of garbage collection methods reflect the opportunities and problems that the RCC now faces with regard to waste management. While a sizable portion of respondents say they collect waste every day, a sizable portion chooses to collect rubbish at less frequent intervals, and a worrying amount says they don't collect any waste at all. This discovery is comparable to that of Alamgir et al. (2005). This wide range of garbage disposal practices highlights the urgent need for a structured and uniform waste management system in the city. By optimizing garbage collection schedules, tracking bin fill levels in real-time, and increasing overall operational efficiency, the implementation of IoT and AI technologies can play a critical role in addressing these issues (Wijaya et al., 2017). RCC may streamline waste collection procedures, lower operational expenses, and guarantee a cleaner, healthier environment for its residents by utilizing the potential of these technologies. However, when implementing such systems, it is crucial to take into account the distinct demands and preferences of the local community, taking into account elements like socioeconomic level and residence patterns. To utilize the advantages of IoT and AI in revolutionizing trash management in the RCC, it will also be essential to conduct effective awareness campaigns and community participation initiatives.

The study's conclusions about how people in the RCC feel about waste management highlight the significance of coordinating public opinion with the use of IoT and AI technologies into waste management systems. While the majority of respondents had positive attitudes about trash management, a sizeable number have negative perceptions or are unsure. To guarantee the effective adoption of IoT and AI-based waste management technologies, it is imperative for the RCC to understand these attitudes and address any existing issues. The adoption of cutting-edge technology aimed at streamlining garbage collection and disposal procedures depends critically on public support and engagement. The community should be informed about the possible advantages of these technologies, including their increased effectiveness, less environmental impact, and improved general cleanliness (Kumar et al., 2023). Additionally, integrating locals in decision-making and taking their feedback into account might result in more efficient and long-lasting waste management techniques, thus promoting a cleaner and healthier urban environment (Kumar et al., 2023). Bridging the gap between perception and reality is essential to the successful transformation of Rajshahi City Corporation into a smart and sustainable city as IoT and AI continue to revolutionize trash management.

The careful selection of relevant IoT sensors and devices was the first step in putting together the IoT-based waste management system. Precision and non-intrusiveness were given special consideration. Due to their ability to precisely assess waste bin fill levels, ultrasonic sensors were used. A comprehensive evaluation of waste generation patterns, accessibility, and connectivity was used to identify the installation of the IoT, guaranteeing full waste monitoring coverage.

The IoT sensors went through a stringent calibration procedure prior to deployment to ensure the accuracy of fill level measurements. The baseline measurements were established during this testing phase, and the sensors were set up to transmit data at predetermined intervals, usually in real-time or near-real-time. The Internet of Things sensors then wirelessly sent information to a secure central server, including fill levels and bin positions. To protect data integrity while in transit, the data transmission methods used were selected. The central server was crucial in enabling real-time monitoring because it served as the repository for all sensor data. Algorithms have been created to continually analyze the incoming data in order to accomplish real-time monitoring and rapid response. These algorithms recognized variations from expected fill levels, resulting in automated notifications being sent out when a bin's fill level exceeded predetermined thresholds. The system's alarms were sent directly to the waste management authorities, allowing for effective garbage collection interventions. To generate actionable insights for improving waste collection routes and schedules, data processing and analysis were carried out on the central server. To improve resource allocation and operational efficiency, advanced analytics, including predictive modeling, were used to forecast future fill levels. In order to make things easier for waste management authorities, a specific user interface was created, giving authorized workers access to real-time information on bin fill levels, automated alarms, and performance reports. The IoT system was smoothly connected with an Android application in order to support the research's goals of involving individuals and encouraging data publication. The development of application programming interfaces (APIs) made it possible for the IoT system and the Android app to communicate in both directions, ensuring that users could obtain IoT sensor data in real time.

Smart bins have dependable power sources like durable batteries or solar panels with energy storage capabilities installed in order to guarantee continuous system performance. Batteries were changed as part of routine maintenance procedures, which also included fixing any sensor or communication module problems. The integration of hardware, software, and network components was part of the IoT-based waste management system's installation. Its main objective was to address pressing waste management issues by streamlining waste collection routes, cutting operational costs, and encouraging public participation in sustainable waste reduction initiatives.

The shown block diagram (Fig. 8) is an example of a smart waste management system that integrates artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technology for efficient trash bin management and collection. In this system, waste bins are equipped with sensors that are largely responsible for determining how full the bins are and using GPS to locate the waste bins. These sensor-derived data are fed into an IoT platform, which serves as the system's central command hub and is in charge of gathering sensor data and sending commands to the bins, like opening or closing them. Information from the sensors is stored in the cloud, where data storage and analysis are made possible. AI and machine learning algorithms are then applied to the collected data to make informed decisions and generate alerts for critical events. Human involvement is enabled by a user-friendly interface, which offers real-time updates on bin conditions, including their fill levels, and lets users set up pickup times for garbage trucks.

By using "collection vehicles" (garbage trucks) that are driven by AI-derived route optimization algorithms, the waste collection component manages the actual physical collection of rubbish. Essentially, this system streamlines garbage bin management, collection, and monitoring by fusing technology to increase productivity and resource usage, ultimately promoting more sustainable urban waste management practices.

It took a systematic strategy that incorporated several elements, such as software development, data analysis, and user involvement, to develop the IoT-based Android application for sustainable trash management. Initial steps in the development process included a thorough analysis of the body of knowledge and requirements for waste management and IoT technologies. The application's architecture and design were then carefully prepared, taking into account the unique requirements and objectives. The choice of suitable software development frameworks and tools, including the usage of well-known mobile application development platforms for Android, Internet of Things devices, and GPS tracking technologies, was a crucial step in the development process. To build a reliable and user-friendly application, the researchers used libraries and programming languages that are commonly used in the industry, such as Java and Android Studio. In order to protect user information and uphold the program's integrity, the application also included the deployment of security measures. To defend against illegal access and guarantee data privacy, user authentication and secure data transmission protocols were included in the application's login system (Figure 10).

Real-time monitoring and feedback mechanisms were one of the research's main areas of focus. To do this, Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and devices were set up to gather information on the processes involved in collecting waste, such as the condition of trash bins, the location of collection trucks, and the rates at which dustbins are filled (Figure 11). The information was then processed and analyzed using data analytics tools and algorithms, giving users the most recent information on waste collection activities.

The smart route optimization technique, which aimed to streamline waste collection routes, shorten travel distances, and reduce fuel consumption, was a crucial component of the application (Figure 11). The development team used sophisticated algorithms to construct this function, which took into account a number of variables, including the position of dustbins, historical data on waste generation, and current traffic circumstances. The most effective routes for waste collection vehicles might then be calculated.

Another crucial component of the process was community engagement. The application's goal was to make it easier for users to engage with one another and take part in trash management initiatives. Residents can now report incidents of illegal dumping or uncollected trash because of the implementation of a complaint management system (Figure 10). This function inspired people to participate actively in solving trash management problems in their neighborhoods.

The application offers users useful information about waste sources and classifications, the impact of waste on the environment, and appropriate waste disposal procedures (Figure 11). Visually engaging movies with animations were made to engage and educate users in order to increase the effectiveness of this educational content.

Statistics on garbage generation and collection were gathered in order to evaluate the application's impact. Users were given weekly summaries of dustbin filling rates and often-filled dustbins, enabling them to obtain knowledge of garbage disposal trends and make well-informed decisions about waste management (Figure 11).

The GPS-based bin tracking device was essential to the methodology since it made it possible to precisely track the locations of dustbins and keep track of trash levels. This function not only increased the effectiveness of waste collection operations but also gave users precise information about the closest trash bins.

The waste collection process was also made easier by the image capture and upload feature. To report and address waste management issues, users might take pictures of trash and upload them to request pickup services.

User input and usability testing were carried out throughout the development process to make sure the application satisfied the requirements and expectations of its target audience. IoT technology integration, software development, data analysis, and user engagement were all merged into the research's comprehensive action plan. A reliable and intuitive Android application for sustainable waste management was made possible by a systematic development approach and the implementation of secure data transmission protocols. The incorporation of real-time monitoring, intelligent route optimization, community interaction, and educational resources positioned the application as a useful tool for encouraging proper garbage disposal habits and making a positive impact on a cleaner, more environmentally sustainable neighborhood. The impact and efficacy of the application in solving the difficulties of trash management in urban contexts were critically evaluated through data analysis and user feedback.

Table 6. Key Features of the Android Application for Managing Waste

Key Features	Explanation of the Features
Login and User Authentication	Users are required to log in with a username and password to access the application, ensuring data security and user privacy
Real-time Monitoring and Feedback	The application actively monitors the waste collection process and provides real-time feedback on waste collection status, including live tracking of collection vehicles and trash bins
GPS-Based Bin Tracking	GPS kits attached to each dustbin allow for precise tracking of their specific locations and monitoring of garbage levels
Image Capture and Upload	Users can capture and upload images of waste for requesting collection, streamlining the waste management process
Smart Route Optimization	A smart shortest path detection technique is employed to optimize waste collection routes, minimizing travel distances and fuel consumption
Complaint Management	Users can submit complaints about uncollected waste or instances of illegal waste disposal, fostering community engagement in waste management efforts
Educational Resources	The application provides educational material on waste source and classification, the impact of waste on human health and the environment, and proper waste disposal methods
Recycling Information and Tips	Provide users with information on recycling, including what materials are recyclable, where to recycle them, and tips on proper recycling practices
Video Content for Education	The application includes visually appealing videos with animations to educate users on processing different types of waste and related principles
Community Events and Clean-up Initiatives	The application includes a section for users to discover and participate in local clean-up events, recycling drives, and other community initiatives related to waste reduction
Push Notifications	Send push notifications to users about scheduled waste collection, upcoming community events, or important announcements related to waste management
Waste Generation Statistics	Weekly summaries of dustbin filling rates and frequently filled dustbins are presented to users, promoting transparency in waste collection operations
Help Section	A help section is available to assist users in navigating the application and accessing relevant information

In conclusion, this study has shed light on Rajshahi City Corporation's current waste management procedures and the potential advantages of incorporating IoT and AI technologies into the current framework. The results show a complicated environment with a range of waste disposal procedures, inadequate oversight, irregular garbage collection, and insufficient disposal techniques. However, residents' preferences for specific dumping sites and expectations of regular waste collection show a clear willingness for proper waste management. Even if the public's opinion of waste management is typically favorable, resolving unfavorable perceptions and winning over the community is crucial for the effective implementation of IoT and AI solutions. The study also emphasizes the crucial role Rajshahi City Corporation must play in efficient trash management. To solve the issues raised in this study, it is critical that the local government adopt proactive measures such as adequate oversight, continuous garbage collection, and routine drain cleaning. Additionally, the integration of IoT and AI technology opens up exciting new possibilities for improving waste management procedures, with the ability to improve efficiency, optimize collection routes, and lessen environmental consequences. These technologies may help create a cleaner, more sustainable urban environment when combined with community involvement. It is advised that Rajshahi City Corporation create a comprehensive trash management strategy that includes IoT and AI solutions while strongly engaging the community to establish confidence and ensure their cooperation in light of these findings. Such a diverse strategy is essential to making Rajshahi a smart city with effective, environmentally friendly waste management procedures. The knowledge gained from this research can act as a guide for other urban areas struggling with comparable waste management issues, ultimately promoting a more sustainable future as global garbage generation rates rise.

Acknowledgement

We extend our sincere gratitude to the dedicated reviewers who have contributed their time, expertise, and valuable insights to the review process. Your thoughtful feedback and constructive comments have been instrumental in shaping and improving the quality of this work. We deeply appreciate your commitment to academic excellence and your invaluable contributions to our project.

Funding

The research was funded by the Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information & Statistics (BANBEIS), Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh under Grants for Advanced Research in Education (GARE) program. The CP no. is SD20191014 and the grant number is: 37.20.0000.004.033.020.2016.1053, dated: October 13, 2019.

Competing Interest

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Imran Hossain; Methodology: Imran Hossain, AKM Mahmudul Haque; Formal analysis and investigation: Imran Hossain; Writing - original draft preparation: Imran Hossain; Writing - review and editing: Imran Hossain, SM Akram Ullah, AKM Mahmudul Haque; Supervision: SM Akram Ullah, AKM Mahmudul Haque

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Assessing Sustainable Waste Management Practices in Rajshahi City Corporation: An Analysis for Local Government Enhancement using IoT and AI Technology

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Abstract

Figures

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Overview of Waste Management Practices in the RCC

3.0 Methodology of the Study

3.1 Field Data Collection and Analysis

3.2 IoT Device Installation

3.3 Android Application Development

4.0 Results

4.1 Socio- demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

4.2 Household Solid Waste Dumping Practices

4.3 The Role of Local Government in Waste Management

4.4 Frequency of Collecting Waste

4.5 Overall Perceptions of The Residents Regarding Waste Management System

5.0 Discussion

6.0 Waste Management System by IoT and AI Technology

7.0 IoT based Android Application for Managing Waste

8.0 Conclusion

Declarations

References

Status:

Journal Publication

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