Bioethanol is one of the renewable and alternative fuels for conventional gasoline. Bioethanol is manufactured from sugar containing crops like sugarcane, rice straw, etc. by fermentation process. In India, 10% ethanol is already blended with gasoline and 20% will be added by 2024. In this experimental work, different premium gasoline bioethanol blends are prepared and different properties like physical, chemical & Thermodynamic properties of fuel blends are determined. It was found that the lower heating value of premium gasoline bioethanol blends decreases with increasing percentage of bioethanol. Also, density, kinematic viscosity increases with increase in percentage of bioethanol in fuel blend. The research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) is also improved by increasing percentage of bioethanol in premium gasoline ethanol blends. There was enhancement in the Stoichiometric air fuel ratio by increasing quantity of bioethanol in blends. Flash point decreases considerably with increase of percentage of blends. Also, in two wheelers, CO emissions are 33% lower than neat premium gasoline in case of E20 blended fuel. Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon emissions decreases variation of spark advancement and retardment.
Research Article
Impact on emission characteristics of Spark Ignition (S.I) engine with spark advancement and retardment using Premium Gasoline- Ethanol blends
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3408380/v1
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License
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renewable fuel
E20
emission control
an optimistic fuel blend
spark advancement and retardment
Over the last few decades, the cost of conventional engine fuel has risen tremendously due to shortage of raw crude oil. Also, Conventional fuel is depleting day by day and it will last long for next few years only. Therefore, there is need of alternative fuel for conventional internal combustion engine[1]. Biodiesel is most prominent alternative fuel for the conventional diesel whereas bioethanol is alternative fuel for petrol. Bioethanol can be produced from fermentation of sugar containing crops like sugarcane, rice straw, sugar beet, cereal grains etc.[2] First-generation bioethanol is manufactured from fermentation of high starch containing plants like sugarcane, sugar beet, corn, wheat etc. In countries like U.S., corn is used for bioethanol production whereas in Canada, both wheat and corn is used. In European Countries, potatoes are used for manufacturing of bioethanol. In developing countries like Brazil and India, sugarcane is the most preferable feedstock for the manufacturing of ethanol. India ranks 4th in manufacturing of Sugarcane in the world followed by U.S.A, Brazil, European Union and China[3]. As like first generation bioethanol, second generation bioethanol uses non-edible feedstock e.g. agricultural forest residues, lignocelluloses materials. These methods require more advanced technique than first generation bioethanol. Third generation ethanol utilises algae for the generation of bioethanol. It is advantageous to use algae as a feedstock over other feedstock as algae rapidly absorbs carbon dioxide present in atmosphere & also accumulates high concentration of lipids and carbohydrates.[4] Also, for the cultivation of algae, it requires less land other plants used for the production of biodiesel. Both second and third generation bioethanol requires advanced techniques for the production of bioethanol [5]. Many researchers are also working on fourth generation bioethanol which will use genetic organism like yeast & algae. Also, rice is the main staple food in most of the Asian countries and rice crops generate a huge amount of rice straw as crop residue in the fields. The open burning of crops and the unsustainable usage of rice straw endanger the environment by releasing significant amounts of greenhouse gases (GHG), but they also cause farmers to lose a very profitable by-product[6]. The use of rice straw in the production of bioethanol can increase revenue and be environmentally friendly. Additionally, it will offer a clean energy answer for India's always rising energy need. Studying the sustainability of bio-ethanol production from rice straw and how it can make sense in the current agricultural context of India, however, becomes more crucial [7]. Although the bioethanol made from rice straw is carbon neutral in nature, there have been issues expressed about the process as a whole, including rice agriculture, rice logistics, and pre-treatment. The focus of the current review is on the problems with environmental sustainability brought on by the use of rice straw in bioethanol production [8]. The effects on the environment are evaluated by looking at the greenhouse gas emissions from each stage of the life cycle. The article provides a forecast on the country's ethanol blending industry's existing situation and potential futures. Government measures supporting energy security through the partial replacement of constrained fossil fuels and lowering damage to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have supported the bio fuel programme. Presently in India, E10 blended fuel (90% petrol & 10% ethanol) is used as a fuel in spark ignition engine and E20 blended fuel fuel (90% petrol & 20% ethanol) will be in use in next upcoming years without modification of engine [9]. In many countries like U.S.A., Brazil etc. flexi-fuel vehicles have been already in use. Government regulations have promoted the biofuel programme in the quest for energy security by partially replacing the constrained fossil fuels and lowering harm to the environment from exhaust emissions and heat. The primary fuel discovered to be a more important alternative to gasoline is a biofuel [10]. Additionally, biofuel emits fewer greenhouse emissions, such as carbon dioxide. After burning, the carbon content of the fuel—biofuel or crude oil—returns to the environment as carbonic acid gas. Numerous studies have examined the engine performance and emissions characteristics of ethanol/gasoline mixtures. The benefits of biofuels are simply provided by using ordinary biomass sources, the carbon dioxide cycle occurs during combustion, they are extremely ecologically friendly, they are perishable, and they contribute to property [11].
Sakthivel et al.[12] examined the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a two-wheeled vehicle on a chassis dynamometer using a mixture of gasoline and gasoline containing 30% ethanol. The E0 and E30 mixes were used. They came to the conclusion that while the CO and HC emissions of the fuel coupled with E30 were reduced by 75% and 66%, respectively, while the NOx emissions were approximately 2.5 times those of E0. Sakai et al. [13] investigated how ethanol affected the particle emissions from gasoline engines. To better understand the production of particulate matter, various ethanol-gasoline blends have been burned in spark ignition, direct injection (SIDI) engines. The results of this investigation show that ethanol content increases result in a reduction in raw engine particles despite significant variations in fuel quality. Additionally, it has been shown that engine operation history can affect particulate matter results. Research on the Indian ethanol fuel market and its use in the automotive transportation sector was done by Sakthivel et al. [12][13]. They said that such alternative raw materials may be utilised and that ethanol conversion procedures would be necessary to increase the availability of ethanol for mixing. Reviews suggest that the ideal fuel for gasoline engines is ethanol because of its high octane rating. Ethanol blends lower the sulphur, aromatics, olefins, and benzene emissions from gasoline, as well as the particle, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions from moving automobiles. Approximately 61.4% of the fuel generated is used by two-wheelers, and 34.3% is used by four-wheelers. This demonstrates that two-wheelers use about two thirds of all gasoline. This indicates that both improving fuel economy and making a significant effort to reduce particulate matter are required. The experiment was conducted with multi-cylinder MARUTI 800 gasoline engines while adding additives in order to assess performance and emission characteristics. The gasoline is combined with the additions 15% and 5% ethanol. Comparing the performance and emission results of the mixture's additions to those of pure gasoline and other ethanol mixtures. Ethanol is used as an additive to reduce NOx emissions, which improves engine performance in contrast to pure gasoline and additives. The levels of CO, NOx, and other emissions are clearly under control. Chansauria et al. [14] conducted study on the effect of ethanol mixes on the effectiveness of gasoline engines. This research investigated and clarified the effects of various ethanol blends on ethanol properties, manufacturing processes, and engine performance. Thakur et al. [15] arrived to the conclusion that BSFC rises with increasing ethanol level, as was seen. BSFC increased by 5.17%, 10%, 20%, 37%, and 56%, respectively, when using E20, E25, E30, E75, and E100. By adjusting the compression ratio and engine speed, the performance parameters of the gasoline engine were also affected. In 10:1 and 11:1 CRs, it was discovered that the utilisation of E50 and E85 increased by 20.3%, 45.6%, 16.15%, and 36.4%, respectively. Akansu et al.[16] carried out experimental studies on the combustion of a gasoline-ethanol mixture in a SI engine. Hydrogen has improved engine performance and decreased emissions. The results showed that adding hydrogen to a gasoline-ethanol combination accelerated burning, improved combustion efficiency, extended the spectrum of flammability, and reduced pollutants. Ethanol reduced NOX emissions by up to 50% when 20% gasoline was combined with it. The effects of ethanol mixture on gasoline engine-produced particles Sakai et al.[17][18] examined combustion. The combustion engine's particle generation while different ethanol-gasoline blends were burned was investigated. Since the engine was operated with a fixed load and phase, it was possible to study the effects of variations in the equivalent ratio and ethanol concentration. Adding ethanol regularly reduces the amount of particulate matter flowing from engine exhaust in exact proportion to the ethanol level, according to the study's findings. Catapano et al. [19] investigated the mixture and combustion characteristics of a gasoline-ethanol combination in a GDI multi-cylinder, the wall-guided, turbocharged, optical engine. The behaviour of an optically accessible 4-stroke, 4-cylinder engine with direct gasoline injection under partial load and speed conditions was studied using a variety of ethanol and gasoline mixtures. The addition of ethanol to gasoline allowed for improvements in engine efficiency in terms of the stated mean effective pressure and emissions. Elfasakhany et al. [20][21] investigated the performance and emissions of a mixture of butanol, methanol, and gasoline when used as a fuel for gasoline engines. They investigated the effects of butanol, methanol, and gasoline fuel blends on the effectiveness and pollution emissions from gasoline engines. The velocities of four test fuels of 0, 3, 7, and 10% volume percent methanol mixture are comparable.
1.1 Ethanol Blending Program in India and in the World:
The Indian government started pilot projects in 2001 where 5% ethanol blended gasoline was distributed to retail outlets in an effort to stimulate the agricultural industry and lessen environmental pollution. In addition to field tests, R&D investigations were also carried out concurrently. The adoption of EBP in India was made possible by the success of these field experiments and studies [10]. By resolution dated September 3, 2002, the Indian government agreed to commence the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Program in January 2003 for the sale of 5% ethanol blended gasoline in nine States and four UTs. In December 2014, government of India had re-introduced administered price mechanism ethanol production. The Indian government had passed IDR Act amendment on 14th May 2016 to clarify roles of central and state government for regular and uninterrupted supply of ethanol with gasoline under EBP Program [3].
The Indian government started pilot programmes in 2001 where 5 percent ethanol blended gasoline was distributed to retail outlets in an effort to boost the agricultural sector and lessen environmental pollution. In addition to field tests, R&D studies were also carried out concurrently. The adoption of EBP in India was made possible by the success of these field experiments and studies. By resolution dated September 3, 2002, the Indian government agreed to start the Ethanol Mixed Petrol (EBP) Program in January 2003 for the sale of 5 percent ethanol blended gasoline in nine States and four UTs. According to the National Policy on Biofuels 2018, the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Program's indicative aim for ethanol mix is a 20 percent level by 2030[9]. Wherever it is accessible, different Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) in India are currently selling gasoline with a 10% ethanol blend (E10). However, because there is not enough ethanol available, only about 50% of the gasoline sold is E10 blended; the remainder is unblended gasoline (E0). The average ethanol blend in the nation right now is 5 percent (Ethanol Supply Year 2019-20). The Ministry of Petroleum intends to reach 10 percent ethanol blending levels in the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) - 2021-22, or April 2022, as a result of several actions in the supply side of ethanol. Significant benefits of combining ethanol include an increase in the blend's Research Octane Number (RON), embedded oxygen in the fuel, and faster flames. These characteristics of ethanol aid in full combustion and lower vehicle emissions of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Ethanol has around two thirds the calorific value of gasoline. This suggests that the heating value of the ethanol-gasoline blend will drop as the ethanol level is increased. As a result, more fuel is needed to produce the same amount of engine power. However, because ethanol has a greater octane rating, it allows for higher compression ratios without the engine banging. This significantly improves the engine's efficiency. This, along with ideal spark timing, cancels out the negative impact on fuel economy caused by low calorific value.[22][23] [24]
Brazil's national policy maintains the requirement for the 2015-starting blend of 18–27.5% ethanol in gasoline. The current percentage is 27%. In Brazil, Mainly flex, Motorbikes and other two wheeler engines use E27 blended fuel[25]. In United States, according to the Clean Air Act, the EPA must annually set the volume requirements for the Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS). Every year, the EPA modifies the volume requirements in accordance with fuel supply. Under Renewable fuel standard (RFS) program, they use E30 or E85 blended fuel for flexi fuel vehicles. By 2020, the European Union wants 10% of the transportation fuel in every member state to come from renewable sources like biofuels. The Chinese government unveiled laws in September 2017 that will mandate the use of ethanol in fuel for the entirety of China, with a 10% ethanol blend target. In Thailand, The Alternative Energy Development Plan (ADEP) aims to enhance the proportion of alternative and renewable energy derived from biofuel from 7% of all fuel energy use in 2015 to 25% in 2036.[26][27][28]
Gas chromatography for coupled high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) must be used to balance the branched paraffin’s and aromatics in petrol in order to obtain true auto ignition features. In the Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF) at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay, Patil et al. tested commercially available petrol using gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (GCHRMS) as shown in Figure 1.
As per the composition of premium gasoline is shown in Table No.01.
Table No. 01. Constituents of Premium Gasoline[29][30]
|
Name of Compound |
Mass Percentage
|
|
Aromatics hydrocarbon compound |
|
|
Benzen, 1,2,3-Trimethyl |
21.66% |
|
m-ethyl, tolune |
9.26%, |
|
O-Xylene |
7.04%, |
|
O-ethyl, tolune |
4.80%, |
|
Benzen, 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl |
4.14%, |
|
2-ethyl-p-xylene |
3.69%, |
|
2-ethyl-p-xylene |
3.62%, |
|
O-propyl-toluene |
3.51%, |
|
Indan, 5-ethyl-m-xylene |
3.30%, |
|
5-methyl |
2.25%, |
|
5-ethyl-m-xylene |
2.27%, |
|
Benzen, 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl |
2.52% |
|
Esters |
3.74% |
|
Hydrocarbon |
8.11% |
|
Diverse functional group |
10.08% |
|
Ketone |
1.38% |
|
Nitrogen containing group |
0.86% |
|
Other compounds |
6.02% |
1.2 Preparation of premium gasoline-ethanol blends:
A project to study the suitability of 20% ethanol-premium gasoline blend (E20) with in-use vehicles was undertaken by Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) and Indian Oil Corporation (R&D) during 2014-15, with a funding from Department of Heavy Industry (DHI) [8]. Material compatibility tests revealed that the metals and metal coatings had no issue with E20. Elastomers (NBR/PVC blend and Epichlorohydrin) had inferior performance with E20 compared to neat gasoline. Plastic PA66 had a drop in tensile strength after use with E20. In the vehicle level studies, fuel economy decreased up to 6% (depending on the vehicle type) on an average basis. The test vehicles passed start ability and drivability tests at hot and cold conditions with E0 and E20 test fuels. In all the cases, there was no severe malfunction or stall observed at any stage of vehicle operation. No abnormal wear of engine components or deposits or deterioration of engine oils was observed after the on-road mileage accumulation trials. When the engine is calibrated appropriately, research conducted jointly by Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Honda R&D show that E20 can enhance relative efficiency by up to 20% when compared to regular gasoline [31]. Ford Motor Company tests revealed that the engine tuned for E20 fuel had volumetric fuel efficiency (mileage) and range (kilometers travelled on a single fill) that were comparable to regular gasoline with a CO2 reduction of 5%. [10]. Regular gasoline is blended with 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% by volume bioethanol. The process is as shown in Figure 2
A Mechanical Blender is used for the preparation of E20 (80% premium Gasoline and 20% bioethanol) , E40, E60 and E80 blends. Different properties of blends were calculated after blending. In India, regulations are now in place for emissions from vehicles, including those for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Utilizing gasoline with ethanol in it reduces these pollutants.
Different blends were prepared and various properties were calculated mentioned in table. It is clear that density of fuel blends increases from E0 (743 Kg/m3) to E60 (789 Kg/m3) blends. The Stoichiometric air-fuel ration also decreases from E0 to E60 blend. But Research octane number and motor octane number increases from E0 to E60 which tends to reduce knocking characteristics of engine. Though, lower heating value decreases from E0 to E60 blends, we can use E60 blend without modification of engine. The properties of different blends is calculated on the basis of volumetric analysis shown in Table 01
Table No.02 Properties of Ethanol-Gasoline Blends
|
Property |
E0 |
E10 |
E20 |
E40 |
E60 |
|
Density at 20° C |
743 |
748 |
753 |
780 |
789 |
|
Kinematic Viscosity (cSt) |
0.6 |
0.53 |
0.6 |
0.69 |
0.78 |
|
Stoichiometric Air-Fuel ratio |
14.7 |
14.31 |
13.5 |
12.42 |
11.8 |
|
Research Octane Number (RON) |
90 |
92.7 |
94.8 |
101.7 |
105.6 |
|
Motor Octane Number (MON) |
80.3 |
81.6 |
83.3 |
90.8 |
102.8
|
|
Lower Heating value (kJ/Kg) |
44000 |
42510 |
39591 |
36870 |
33400 |
1.3 Experimental Set Up:
It consists of a single-cylinder, four-stroke petrol engine. An eddy current dynamometer with water-cooled loading units was attached to determine brake power. In order to record crank angle and cylinder pressure, the engine was also given the appropriate equipment, such as a crank angle encoder and a pressure transmitter. With each engine test, a fuel flow transmitter and an airflow transmitter were installed to measure the air and fuel flow rates. Two water rotameters were used to measure water flow measurement. The digital load indicators were used to record variations in load. Three blends of premium gasoline-ethanol i.e. E20, E40 & E60 were prepared in a laboratory on volumetric analysis basis and its characteristics were compared with E0 i.e. premium gasoline.
Table 3: Specification of Engine used for experimentation
|
Engine part Specifications |
Make Apex Innovations Private Ltd., Sangli, India |
|
Number of cylinders |
1 |
|
Number of strokes |
4 |
|
Bore diameter |
87.5 mm |
|
Stroke length |
110 mm |
|
Rated torque |
28.65 Nm |
|
Rated power |
4.5kW at 1500 rpm |
|
Combustion chamber shape and arrangement of variation of compression ratios |
Hemispherical bowl shape with tilting cylinder block type arrangement |
|
Connecting rod length |
234 mm |
|
Product code |
234 |
|
Compression ratio |
8: 1 to 10:1 |
|
Injection timing |
23 deg before TDC |
|
Combustion chamber shape |
Hemispherical bowl |
|
Intake valve open |
4.5 deg crank angle before TDC |
|
Intake valve close |
35.5 deg crank angle after BDC |
|
Exhaust valve open |
35.5 deg crank angle before BDC |
|
Exhaust valve close |
4.5 deg crank angle after TDC |
Table 4: Gas Analyser specifications [29]
|
Sr. No. |
Measured Quantity |
Measuring range |
Principle |
|
1 |
Nox |
0 – 5000 ppm vol. |
CLD |
|
2 |
CO |
0% - 10% |
NDIR |
|
3 |
CO2 |
0% - 20% |
NDIR |
|
4 |
HC |
0 – 20,000 ppm vol. |
FID |
|
5 |
O2 |
0% - 22% |
Electrochemical Sensor |
|
6 |
Power Consumption |
25 W |
|
|
7 |
Voltage |
11 -22 V DC |
|
|
8 |
Warm-up time |
7 min |
|
|
9 |
Operating temperature range |
5°C - 45°C |
|
|
10 |
Dimensions (W×B×H) |
270 × 320 × 85 |
|
|
11 |
Weight |
4.5 Kg |
|
The AVL five gas analyser were used which had measuring range of 0-5000 ppm vol. to measure nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (0-10%), CO2 (0-10%), hydrocarbon (0-20,000 ppm) as shown in Table No.04. The measured variables with instrument uncertainties and accuracy is as shown in Table No.05
Table 5: Accuracy and Uncertainty Analysis
|
Instrument |
Measured quantity |
Uncertainties (%) |
Accuracy |
|
Pressure transmitter |
Cylinder pressure |
|
|
|
Crank-angle encoder |
Crank angle |
|
|
|
Speed measuring unit |
Engine speed |
|
|
|
Burette |
Fuel flow |
|
|
|
Load cell unit |
Load |
|
|
|
Manometer |
Water level difference |
|
|
|
AVL-444 gas analyzer |
Nitrogen oxide |
|
|
|
Carbon monoxide |
|
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon |
|
|
The impact of three premium gasoline-ethanol blends were studied on emission characteristics of single cylinder spark ignition (S.I) engine with spark advancement and spark retardment and compared with neat premium gasoline.
Impact on Carbon monoxide: As the percentage of ethanol increases in premium gasoline blends, the carbon monoxide emission decreases considerably up to 33%. As ethanol is oxygenated fuel, it helps in complete combustion of premium gasoline. From Figure 5, it is clear that carbon monoxide emission decreases for all blends i.e. E0 to E60 in spark advancement as well as retardment. The maximum carbon monoxide were observed for E0 blend at 15° before Top dead center. Further, the carbon monoxide emissions found minimum at spark timing 24° before top dead center. Again, as the spark retardment increases from 24°b TDC to 30°b TDC, carbon monoxide emission starts increasing. For E60 fuel blends, CO emission were found less.
Impact on Carbon dioxide:
From Fig. 6, it is clear that as the percentage of ethanol in premium gasoline blend increases, the carbon dioxide emission decreases. This is because oxygenated fuel helps in complete combustion resulting in carbon dioxide as expected in complete combustion process. Carbon dioxide emission decreases up to 10% from E0 to E60 blend. The carbon dioxide emission were found low at 24° b TDC and as there is spark retardment, again CO2 increases as there may not be complete combustion at 30°b TDC.
Impact on hydrocarbon emissions:
There is gradual decrease in hydrocarbon (HC) emissions with increase in ethanol percentage in premium gasoline as shown in Fig. 7. The minimum HC emissions were found low for 24°b TDC. Again, HC emissions were low for E60 for all spark timing.Compared to premium gasoline, ethanol blends have a 20% reduction in hydrocarbon emissions. However, in comparison to regulated emissions, these emissions were quite insignificant (in a few micrograms). E20 fuel produced identical evaporative emission test results to E0.
-
CO emissions are greatly reduced in E20 to E60 blended fuel by comparing it to premium gasoline by 20 and 30% respectively. Also, hydrocarbon and Nox are also reduced.
-
Also, The adoption of E10 starting in 2022 is encouraged by a specific mandate. The RON specification for this fuel when blended with E10 should stay around 95. E20 Fuel (Min. RON 97) will be universally adopted starting in 2028 or with the upcoming regulation change (Emission/Fuel Consumption). This will be a big step in cutting CO2 emissions and reducing oil imports.
Funding: There is no funding for this research
Acknowledgement:
The impact testing of all the fuel blends were conducted at Apex innovation lab, Miraj Kupwad MIDC, Sangli, Maharashtra, India. We are thankful to management of Apex innovation lab. Also, we are thankful to colleague’s management of Sharad Institute of Technology College of Engineering, Yadrav (Ichalkaranji) who provided assistance to this research.
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No competing interests reported.