Investigation of ASE contribution to copper bromide amplifier output signal

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415442/v1

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Investigation of ASE contribution to copper bromide amplifier output signal

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415442/v1

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published 14 Dec, 2023

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The paper is devoted to research the single-pass operating mode of active element on copper bromide vapors and time dependence of ratio «signal/ASE». The results show how the single-pass radiation power depends on time delay between ASE pulse and moment when the input signal enters to active element. Light waveforms (ASE, input signal, output signal) are recorded at each time delay. The minimal time delay was 5.2 ns, power radiation in this case was 3.47 W. The radiation power was reducing as the time delay was increased in increments of about 2 ns. The waveforms prove that the active element output signal contains two components: the first – ASE (amplified spontaneous emission), which is formed as result of the active substance atom excitation and their further spontaneous transitions; the second – single-pass radiation amplified by means of inverse population of the active media. The waveforms allow to estimate the useful signal to noise ratio or other words «signal/ASE». The highest gain is provided with the lowest time delay due to the population inversion is maximum in this case.

quantum amplifier

copper bromide

amplified spontaneous emission

Laser projection systems based on vapors of metals and their large halides were discovered back in the 70s of the 20th century and have gone through the path of formation and development [1–10]. Such systems are not widely used, but they are effective diagnostic tool in narrow areas of research. For example, laser active optical systems are used to study the refractory oxide laser ablation – new knowledge in this area can be applied to optimize the nanopowder production for manufacturing ceramics with the required physical and chemical properties [11–14]. Also such laser systems are applied for research of welding processes [15–17]. Nanopowders combustion are successful researched by means of laser imaging methods and their combination [18–20], [21, 22]. Bistatic laser monitor provides a more detailed study of different processes such as self-propagating high-temperature synthesis [23] or combustion of different materials [24]. It is impossible to study such processes without high-speed laser active optical systems.

There are two main factors that determine the effectiveness of laser active optical systems imaging: recording speed and image quality. Modern special digital cameras can operate in

10³-10⁴ pulse repetition frequency rate (PRF) and more, but there is PRF limitation of pump sources and active element radiation. Typical pump sources are designed using gas discharge devices [25]. Thyratrons TGI1-270/12 provide the maximal PRF of 50 kHz [26], but TGI1-1000/25 are used widely because of more high switching voltage and stable operating mode [27, 28]. Tasitron is another type of gas discharge commutators and its operating frequency exceeds 100 kHz [29, 30]. The development of system with three pump sources can be variable. There is another approach using composite switch based on semiconductor devices [31–33]. Besides it is possible to apply the hybrid high-voltage commutators, for example, combination of modulator lamp (GMI-27B) and MOSFET (STP20N95K5) [34, 35] etc.

Another important factor – image quality. Image quality can be estimated differently that is why it is necessary to use certain parameters for image quality estimation. The brightness is one of main characteristics. The relative brightness (each pixel or pixel array) is determined by means of special software. The estimation of difference between light and dark image fragment can be used to determine contrast, for example, Weber contrast [36]. Field of view and resolution are characteristics of laser system, but they also influence on image result [37–39]. There is signal-to-noise ratio. This ratio shows how many times the energy characteristics of the useful signal prevail over the energy characteristics of the noise (background). In this case noise means amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) due to spontaneous transitions at the working level. ASE illuminates the object under observation and part of this radiation passes through the objective formed useful signal (optical image). The increasing in energy characteristics of useful signal is provided by inverse population in active element. It means that useful signal is amplified.

It should be noted that signal-to-noise ratio can be determined not only at imaging, but also in mode with one mirror – one-pass operating mode. In this case output radiation is formed by the amplification of the reflected signal (from the mirror). The ratio of the output and input signal powers is called the coefficient of single-pass amplification. It is obviously that output signal in this mode includes ASE too. Therefore, the output signal is a combination of these two components.

This paper is devoted to study the single-pass operating mode of active medium on copper bromide and determine the time dependence of the signal-to-noise ration of the quantum amplifier output.

Figure 1 – Experimental setup: 1, 2, 3 – photodetector; AE – active element; M/Mꞌ – mirror; PM – power meter; STM 1, STM 2, STM 3 – semi-transparent mirror 1 and 2 respectively; LS – lock screen.

In Fig. 1 photodetectors are marked with numbers 1, 2 and 3. Radiation pulses recorded by these photodetectors have the same numbers. The Table 1 contains information about which photodetectors were used and what signal was recorded by each of them. All photodetectors were connected to a four-channel oscilloscope LeCroy (WJ 342A), which is not shown in Fig. 1 for a more compact view of the experimental setup.

Table 1

– Photodetectors and recorded signals
Designator	Photodetector	Recorded signal
1	Coaxial photodetector (FEK 22-SPU-M)	Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE)
2	Coaxial photodetector (FEK 22-SPU-M)	Output signal / single-pass radiation
3	Photodiode (DET10A/M)	Input signal

All these photodetectors record radiation pulses of active element (AE) on copper bromide vapors. ASE of active element (λ1 = 510.6 nm; λ2 = 578.2 nm) is reflected from mirror (M) and direct to the active element. It means that reflected signal can be identified as input signal of the active element. Input signal is amplified due to inverse population and output radiation power is measured by Ophir 30C-SH. The part of radiation is reflected from semi-transparent mirror (STM 1, STM 2) and directed to the corresponding photodetectors. It should be noted that all distances except for x2 remained unchanged during the entire experiment. The distance x2 was increased with a fixed step Δx = 0.3 m. The increasing in distance x2 led to increasing in time delay (td) between ASE formation and the moment when the input signal enters to the active element (AE). The distance from output window of active element (AE) to mirror (M) is summary of fixed distance x1 and variable component x2. This summary can be designate as L1 = x1 + x2 and this designator will be used further.

Active element (AE) was excited by pump source with pulse charge mode of storage capacitor. The storage capacitor was discharged by means of thyratron TGI1-1000/25 [25]. The Table 2 represents excitation conditions. Mirror (Mꞌ) was placed near output window of active element (AE) to measure the single-pass radiation power (P1 = 3.7 W). STM 3 was also added to form an optical cavity and for measuring of the lasing (P = 4.7 W). ASE was measured at absent of all mirrors (P0 = 0,86 W) – in this case the lock screen (LS) was placed in front of mirror (M).

Table 2

– Active element excitation conditions
Supply voltage U, V	Current consumption I, A	Power consumption Pc, W	Storage capacitor C, pF	PRF f, kHz
200	5,35	1070	892	16

Pulse waveforms and radiation power were detected at different distance x2. It is obviously that increasing in x2 leads to increasing in optical path L1 (x1 + x2) that ASE passes twice. Thus, the increasing in L1 with a step 0.3 m leads to an increase in time delay (td) between ASE and input signal with a step:

Δt = 2∙Δx2∙v∙10^− 9=2∙0.3∙3.3∙10^− 9=0.6∙3.3∙10^− 9=1.98 ns,

Where v – speed of light per nanosecond (m/ns).

Figure 2, a represents the dependencies of output radiation power (P_OUT), single-pass radiation (P1) and two dependencies of amplified-spontaneous emission (P0) in different operating modes on distance (L1) and time delay (td) respectively. It should be noted that the dependence of output radiation (P_OUT) and constant value of ASE (P0) were determined due to experimental measurements, while two others were calculated. At this stage only the dependence of the output radiation (P_OUT) on distance should be taken into account. It is obviously that precision measurement of time delay (td) is almost impossible in this case. Firstly, time delay (td) between two signals should be measure relative to the selected fixed level, for example, to 10% of the signal amplitude (0.1∙Um). The increase in L1 leads to a decrease in the power of input signal due to its divergence and losses. Hence the signal amplitude is decreased and its form also is changed. Thus, in this case the reference point is a 10% of the first signal peak. It means that the time delay in nanoseconds range between two radiation pulses cannot be determine without measurement error. The comparison of the experimental data with calculated ones shows that the measurement error does not exceed 1 ns in most cases. The maximal measurement error was 1,8 ns.

Figure 2, a shows that the maximal power radiation is 3,47 W at minimal distance (L1) of 0.8 m respectively. The time delay (t_d) equals 5,28 ns at this distance. Next the distance (time delay) is increased and as results the radiation power is decreased. Figure 2, b represents example of light waveforms at time delay (t_d) equals 17.2 ns. The dashed curve 1 indicates ASE when lock screen (LS) is placed in front of mirror (M). The curves 2 and 3 are single-pass radiation and input signal at absent of lock screen (LS) respectively. The main feature of theses waveforms is the correspondence between ASE and single-pass radiation. The single-pass radiation completely repeats the ASE until the moment that input signal enters to active element. Further input signal is amplified due to the inverse population and its amplitude and power are increased.

The number of waveforms is presented in Fig. 3. Two types of waveforms are shown at each time delay (t_d). The first type contains ASE (1 – L_ASE), single-pass radiation (2 – L_SP) and input signal (3 – L_INP). The second type of waveforms contains ASE (1ꞌ, 2ꞌ) at each output window when lock screen (LS) was placed in front of mirror (M). The signal amplitudes are different due to the use of different photodetectors, each of them is calibrated according to its own features. Nevertheless, pulse forms are almost identical. It is interesting that the output signal has two stages of increasing before input signal and after it – it can be seen, for example, Fig. 3, a). The first stage duration is very small, but nevertheless it is similar to the ASE.

All other examples in Fig. 3 show cases when time delay (t_d) is increased and hence the part of output signal begins more similar to ASE. It is obviously that output signal recorded by photodetector 2 represents set of ASE and input signal amplified by active medium. The reason of this effect is propagation time of ASE to mirror and its return to the active medium. The part of ASE, which return to the active element, is input signal. All graphs of the output signal (L_OUT) were integrated, and the integration was carried out in two stages: first, the area under the graph corresponded to ASE was determined and then the same was carried out for the remaining area under the rest of the output signal graph. For example, ASE is only 3.84% of the output signal at time delay (t_d=7.2 ns) while the remaining 96.16% corresponds to single-pass radiation. The power of output signal is 3.28 W in this case, it means that ASE is 0.13 W and single-pass radiation is 3.15 W. The results of integration and recalculation of the obtained values from percent to power are presented in Table 2. The obtained dependencies are shown in Fig. 2, a.

Table 2

– The part of single-pass radiation (P1) and ASE (P0) in the output signal (P_OUT)
t_d, ns	P_OUT, W	P1, W	P0, W	P1/P0
5.2	3.47	3.42	0.05	65,45
7.2	3.28	3.15	0.13	25,07
9.2	3.05	2.88	0.17	16,51
11.2	2.71	2.43	0.28	8,66
13.2	2.53	2.18	0.35	6,29
15.2	2.39	2.00	0.39	5,07
17.2	2.13	1.68	0.45	3,74
19.2	2.02	1.48	0.54	2,77
21.2	1.82	1.22	0.60	2.04
23.2	1.68	1.02	0.66	1.56

Thus, as the time delay increased, the contribution of ASE to the output signal increased. The largest ASE contribution was 0.66 W with a maximum time delay of 23.2 ns. It should be taken into account for laser active optical systems based on the brightness amplifier. It means, that the numerical parameters the images determine not only on the object parameters but on the optical circuits (distance between the object under observations and brightness amplifier).

The experimental results prove that output signal of quantum amplifier contains two components. It was shown for the first time for the metal atom active media. The first component is ASE due to excitation of active substance and its spontaneous transitions at the working level. The second component is input signal amplified by population inversion of active medium. Waveforms and radiation power detected at one mirror and hence amplification is single-pass. It means that the second component is single-pass radiation. The contributions of single-pass radiation and ASE in output signal were determined by integration. The contribution of single-pass radiation is largest when time delay is minimal since almost all inverse population is used for input signal amplification. Thus, the maximal signal-to-ASE ratio is reached indeed in this case, when time delay between ASE pulse and moment when the input signal enters to active element is minimal. The results are useful for active optical systems (laser monitors) using.

Funding

The study of the amplification features was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 19-79-10096-P.

The excitation source was made within the framework of the IAO SB RAS base budget, project FWRU-2021-0006 (121040200025-7).

Availability of data and materials

The data is available by the request.

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Investigation of ASE contribution to copper bromide amplifier output signal

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