Water quality analysis for domestic use public water supply in the case of Asella town at the source of Ashebeka River, laboratory based cross-sectional study design

Background Water is essential for life. The objective of this research was designed to assess the physicochemical & bacteriological quality of drinking water come from Ashebeka river as a supply of Asella town. A cross-sectional study design was implemented on the study sites. Water samples had been taken for laboratory analysis. Statistical analysis were carried out with Epi info 7 for data entry & STATA 15 for data analysis. The first round laboratory test results for:-BOD test result 4mg/L at site one, 2 mg/L at fourth site, & 6 mg/L at site eight. COD test result 40mg/L at site one, 20 at fourth sites, & 60 at site eight. The result of total & fecal coliform count greater than 180CFU/100ml & Escherichia Coli 40 CFU/100ml of sample for the first sites. The laboratory investigation during test & The chemical analysis result found site & & at site six. Aluminum taste nill & sites. the calcium concentration had found that mg/L & mg/L The magnesium test results had found that & The dissolved oxygen concentration 3.667mgL, at sites 5.333mg/L, third sites 6.0mg/L, 4.667mg/L at fourth sites, 5mg/L at fifth sites & 2.667 mg/L at sixth sites. Conclusions Water quality was acceptable even though improvement will be required on chemical parameters.


Background
Water is one of the fundamental substances that determines for the existence of live on the surface of the earth. For human beings adequate, safe & accessible supply of water is the basic requirements for all citizens in the developing countries. To satisfy the human needs of drinking water maximum effort should be implemented to improve the quality of water(1).
In addition to human beings water is also the raw materials for the industries to produce different products in their pressing systems. Agricultural actives also highly dependent on water for the growth of different crops for the supply of food security even though their quality parameter different from human water supply. Animal husbandry also requires some quantity of water to enhance the existence there life so as a source of food especially milk and meat husbandry for human feeding systems. Water is also essential for plant growth. Although 70% of the earth surface covered by water only 1% of water from surface & ground water sources used for domestic water supply (2).
The surface & ground water sources are highly exposing for pollutants that is generating by anthropogenic and natural activities. The result of Physico-chemical analysis sewage polluted ground water samples had found that EC, TH, COD, nitrate, sulphate and trace metals had high concentration determined from laboratory analysis (3).
Globally, in developing country water related diseases continued as a major public health problems.
As literature pointed in the year 2000(4),4 billion diarrheal cases happened to caused 5.7% of deaths among the disease that happened in the worldwide. The main causes of water borne diseases are fecal material contamination that discharges from human beings as a result of poor waste management practices.
Therefore, regular microbial testing of drinking waters a major task to confirm the absence diseases pathogen according to the report of WHO, 1996. The research done Inpakistan 2010 had shown that due to the sanitation & water line system damaged by flood wate, so that the laboratory investigation of Escherichia coli in swat & sukkur village were 76% & 96 % respectively (5). The access to potable water supply in developing countries is very low so that they relay up on unsafe water supply sources like shallow & bore wells besides to surface water sources like river water which is highly exposed for water pollution during their consumption of domestic purposes (6).
The effective measures to improve the quality of water obtained from varies sources is to treat water by the use of house hold water treatment system in addition to conventional water treatments that eliminate microbial contaminants of water to save the life of people from infection of water borne diseases mostly in developing countries (7).
As a principle sanitary system of excreta disposal & safe water access to the community is a basic human rights, though the majority of developing countries lack off this facilities so that they exposed to water borne diseases (8). In the world Eight hundred eighty four million people get their water from unimproved water sources. From this figures above one third found in sub-Saharan African countries.
The population number in these countries increases from day to day so for their waste generated poorly managed then pollute their water sources (9).
Water which is contaminated with wastes especially which contain excreta of human & animal's at great risk to public health due the microbial concerns. Lots of pathogenic microbes found in human faeces which contain pathogens of intestines of the gastro-enteritis like dysentery, typhoid and cholera.
Diarrhea is the most predominant water borne diseases. The estimated incidence of diarrhea in each year is 4.6 billion episodes & causes every year 2.2 million deaths (10). Research had found that the main victims of diarrhea due faecal-oral rout of disease transmission. They also consider to be the main source of infections (11).
The microbial contaminant level of water is determined by the assessment of total & faecal coliform organisms (12). The laboratory analysis of these faecal & total coliform organisms is an indication of water contaminated by faecal pathogens for human faeces. Water sources from unimproved sources are more liable to these faecal pathogens than protected water sources (13).
Research that were identified the most common pathogens of Contamination water were the microbes of bacteria, Vibrio, Salmonella, bacterial and parasitic dysentery, and acute infection diarrhea causing E. coli (14). Water that were contaminated with microbial pathogens ingested cause death of children in developing countries (15).
One of the subs Saharan African countries which had low water & sanitation coverage is Ethiopia.
More than 80% of communicable diseases in Ethiopia were hygiene related diseases results from lack of adequate & safe water supply & sanitation services. The human wastes discharge to the environment & contaminated water sources. Thus unimproved water sources was at risk of contaminated with disease causing pathogens. (16).
The rationale /Significance of the study The Oromia regional state is one of the largest regions of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Asella, one of the towns found in this region, was exposed to a high risk environment in many aspects, like deficiency of pure water supply. Thus, this assessment is therefore essential and welltimed as public health issues like pure water supply are crucial in such environments especially among peoples in Asella town.
Finally, In line with those attributes & may have dual benefits to the concerned governmental authorities, stakeholders and communities at large. It helps to probe the grounds for the threat; helps to set and develop programs and strategies based on the study area's setup. It can also be used as a reference tool and base for further study.

General objectives
To assess the quality of water for domestic use of Asella town municipality public water supply from Ashebeka River at, Dosha treatment plant & selected public water supply sites (kebeles) in Asella town.

Specific objectives
To test physical quality of drinking water To analyses chemical quality of municipality water supply

Sample size
Water samples had been collected from eight different sites with two rounds. 12*4=48 water quality parameter for first round & 24*6=144 water quality parameters for second round A total of 192 water quality parameter had been carried out at Addis Ababa water & sewerage laboratory.

Reliability & validity
Water samples had been collected by health professional including medical laboratory technologist.
All samples were transported to analysis laboratory before 4hours.
Before starting any work three days sensitization training provide by principal investigators for data collectors..

Sampling Technique
The study had been repeated for two rounds.  (18,19).

Bacteriological Analyses
The bacteriological quality of water samples had been assessed by the MPN test and Total Plate Count Method. Total coliform & E.colli also analyzed for the representatives of bacteriological water quality.
Others, especially those which constitute natural micro flora of human and animal food tracts, can induce acute or chronic gastric diseases (20 The total solid analysis result was highest at site one & lowest at site three. The dissolved solid result was highest at site six & lowest at site one followed by significant variation for the rest four sites sampling points. The total hardness result was slight deviations with all areas of study in Asella water quality analysis (figure 2).
Site here (figure 2) The dominant metal was sodium ranging from 2.7mg/L to 8.8mg/L. The concentration of sodium was highest at site one & lowest at site four of public water fountain, then vary for the rest sites.
The potassium tests were identical at four sites with slight variation at site four & site six. Total iron test were highest at site one & lowest at site three for the rest sites little variation were obtained.
Calcium test were highest at site one & site three, similar results were obtained for the rest four sites.
Aluminum test was highest at site two & lowest at site one, followed by variation for the rest sites.
The test result for zinc was highest at site four & lowest at site one. The heavy metal analysis result shows there was a variations when we had moved from one study sites to the others as had shown in Site here (table 2) Alkalinity test were highest at site one, while for the rest five sites identical results were obtained.  (30).similar studies in India ranged 32-98mg/L for calcium & 10-89 mg/L for magnesium study done on Uttarakhand river (32). The finding of this study was too much lower than with Uttarakhand River. The stated metal analysis results of this study were found below WHO standard for each specific metal analysis.
The WHO standard for fluoride concentration is 1.5mg/L. the result of this investigation in all sites was below this standard. Low fluoride centration causes tooth decay. Similar study on boreholes in Nigeria ranged 0.13-0.92 mg/L (22), which was higher than Asella municipality water supply. This indicates that ground water had greater fluorine concentration than river water.
Use full water quality test like alkalinity & electrical conductivity tests were performed, but the result was below WHO requirements which did not affect the health the costumers.  (35) water supply the total coliform count bore holes 10-15MPN/100ml, which were lower than Asella municipality water supply before the treatment plant.
The ammonia concentration throughout the study sites above the WHO standards of 0.05mg/L. This  Since the study was carried out on water sample analysis in Asella town the sample was not taken from humans or animals including plants. Therefore "Not applicable"

Consent to publish
To come to visualize the scientific world the status of water quality in Asella town for serving of the underdeveloped world population in case of Asella town how much exposed to water borne diseases.

Availability of data and materials
Physicochemical & bacteriological water quality parameters of laboratory investigation results were available at the hand of principal investigator & Addis Ababa water & sewerage laboratory office for the safety of mishandling data not to occur for avoiding public violence process. If the journal needs it I will attach with email address separately;

Competing Interests
The authors declare that I have no competing interests   Figure 1 Water sampling station in Asella town, 20176 G.C. Since the sketch map was drafted manually to show from where water sample was collected I was not prepared legend Concentrations of solids in water quality analysis in Asella town, march/2017G.C.

Figure 3
Analysis of metal concentration in water quality of Asella town, March /2017G.C.

Figure 4
Water quality analysis of Asella town at different sites, March /2017G.C.