Study,
year
|
Design
|
Age
|
Participants,
Cases
|
Country
|
Disease type
|
Assessment of intake
|
OR (95%CI)
Highest vs. lowest
|
Adjusted for or matched for
|
Chen et al.
2002
|
PBCC
|
62.3±12.4
|
573,
124
|
United States
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
HHHQ
|
0.4(0.2-0.9)
|
Age, age squared, sex, respondent type, BMI, alcohol use, tobacco use, education, family history of cancers, and vitamin supplement use
|
De Stefani et al.
2006
|
HBCC
|
40-89
|
1170,
234
|
Uruguay
|
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.74(0.47-1.17)
|
Age, sex, residence, urban/rural status, birthplace, education, body mass index, smoking status, years since quit smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day, alcohol drinking, mate consumption, and total energy intake.
|
De Stefani et al.
1999
|
HBCC
|
NA
|
459,
66
|
Uruguay
|
Esophageal cancer
|
FFQ
|
0.8(0.5-1.1)
|
Age, sex, residence, urban/rural status, education, BMI, tobacco smoking, total alcohol intake and total energy intake
|
Jessri et al.
2011
|
HBCC
|
40-75
|
143,
47
|
Iran
|
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.22(0.05-0.84)
|
Age, sex, reflux, BMI, smoking, physical activity, and education
|
Lagergren et al.
2013
|
PBCC
|
<80
|
1008,
188
|
Sweden
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.68(0.40-1.16)
|
Age, sex, reflux, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, education grade, and total energy intake
|
Lagergren et al.
2013
|
PBCC
|
<80
|
987,
167
|
Sweden
|
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
|
FFQ
|
1.05(0.61-1.80)
|
Age, sex, reflux, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, education grade, and total energy intake
|
Lahmann et al.
2014
|
PBCC
|
18-79
|
1778,
88
|
Australia
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.79(0.49-1.25)
|
Age, sex, education, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, NSAID, diabetes, total fruit intake (except for fiber), red meat, processed meat, and total energy
|
Lahmann et al.
2014
|
PBCC
|
18-79
|
1717,
227
|
Australia
|
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.46(0.28-0.75)
|
Age, sex, education, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, NSAID, diabetes, total fruit intake (except for fiber), red meat, processed meat, and total energy
|
Li et al.
2017
|
PBCC
|
30-79
|
2527,
500
|
United States
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.93(0.56-1.54)
|
Age, sex, race, study indicator, BMI, fruits and vegetables intake, cigarette smoking, GERD frequency and total energy intake.
|
Mayne et al.
2001
|
PBCC
|
30-80
|
969,
282
|
United States
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.34(0.20-0.58)
|
Age, site, sex, race, proxy status, BMI, income, education, smoking, and alcohol consumption
|
Mayne et al.
2001
|
PBCC
|
30-80
|
893,
206
|
United States
|
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.68(0.37-1.25)
|
Age, site, sex, race, proxy status, BMI, income, education, smoking, and alcohol consumption
|
Mulholland et al.
2009
|
PBCC
|
64±11
|
480,
224
|
Ireland
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.39(0.16-0.98)
|
Age, sex, energy intake, smoking, BMI, education, occupation, alcohol, regular NSAID use, location, and H. pylori
|
Tzonou et al.
1996
|
HBCC
|
NA
|
256,
56
|
Greece
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.84(0.59-1.19)
|
Age, sex, birth place, schooling, height, analgesics, coffee drinking, alcohol intake, tobacco smoking, and energy intake
|
Tzonou et al.
1996
|
HBCC
|
NA
|
243,
43
|
Greece
|
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
|
FFQ
|
1.12(0.75-1.69)
|
Age, sex, birth place, schooling, height, analgesics, coffee drinking, alcohol intake, tobacco smoking, and energy intake
|
Wolfgarten et al.
2001
|
PBCC
|
62.2±1.9
|
140,
40
|
Germany
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.07(0.03-0.40)
|
Age, gender, height, weight, BMI and socioeconomic data such as marital status and earning capacity
|
Wolfgarten et al.
2001
|
PBCC
|
58.1±1.2
|
145,
45
|
Germany
|
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.16(0.03-0.59)
|
Age, gender, height, weight, BMI and socioeconomic data such as marital status and earning capacity
|
Wu et al.
2007
|
PBCC
|
30-74
|
1514,
206
|
United States
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
FFQ
|
0.66(0.40-1.10)
|
Age, sex, race, birthplace, education, smoking, BMI, reflux, use of vitamins, total calories, and fat
|
Zhang et al.
1997
|
HBCC
|
NA
|
214,
90
|
United States
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
HHHQ
|
0.7(0.3-1.8)
|
Age, sex, race, education, smoking, alcohol intake, BMI, and total dietary intake in calories
|