Production Of Bioethanol From Different Leaves Waste And Performance And Emission Characteristics Of Single Cylinder CI Engine

Background: The need of bioethanol is being increased nowadays; hence the production of bioethanol must be increased using cheaper and eco-friendly raw materials. Based on these criteria, different leaves wastes are considered as cheaper and eco-friendly. In the present study selected tree leaves wastes such as Rain tree, Jackfruit tree, Mango tree and Singapore cherry tree leaves waste were used as raw materials to produce bioethanol by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). The operating conditions are pH 6.5, temperature 27±2°C, speed 80rpm, fermentation period 10 days. Also an attempt has been made to nd out the suitability of extracted bioethanol as a fuel in CI engine. Results: Experimental work on performance and emission characteristics of ethanol blended diesel fuel was conducted on single cylinder four stroke CI engines at operating pressure 210 bar. The results obtained from this work shows that the higher rate of ethanol can be produced through fermentation of wet Jackfruit tree leaves, which gives good percentage of ethanol as compared to other tree leaves wastes. Conclusions: The conversion of waste into fuel, which forms an attractive solution towards both waste management and Biofuels generation.This study concludes that the Jackfruit tree leaves contain rich fermentable sugar can be converted into useful products like bioethanol that can serve as an alternative energy source.


Background
The rapid depletions of fossil fuel create negative impact on our environment as greenhouse gas emissions are harmful. The need of fuel is increased because of increase in the vehicles and industries.
By using biofuels greenhouse gas emissions are reduced. The production of bio-fuels from plant waste gives an attractive solution towards the waste management and energy generation. The bioethanol produced from feed stocks such as fruits rind part, barley, wheat, etc. In this present study the feed stocks selected are plant wastes such as Rain tree leaves, Jackfruit leaves as possible resources by conversion of plant wastes to fuel [1].
The use of starch and sugar from cassava, corn, and sugar cane are basically human food which leads to the food crisis problem. Agro-industrial bio-fuel comprised on lignocellulose biomass is an inexpensive, renewable, abundant and obtained from the non-food resource [2].
The production of ethanol from leaves involves two stages 1) Hydrolysis of biomass 2) Ethanol fermentation. Hydrolysis of Biomass can be done by using acid or enzyme catalyst. Using acid for hydrolysis produces hazardous environmental acid wastes and also causes di culties in recovery of sugars. Enzymatic Hydrolysis is environmental friendly and e cient way to convert lignocellulose to bioethanol. The fermentation process is achieved from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely known organism that can utilize glucose and xylose for ethanol fermentation [3]. Because of more latent heat of vaporization and oxygen content, bioethanol produced from the fermentation process are having high octane number and it is less polluting compared to Diesel. Because of their longevity, regeneration after cut-off the leaves are considered as one of the most suitable energy crops.
Samanea saman (Rain Tree) is a species of owering tree in the Albizia family. The common name for Raintree includes Saman, monkey pod, giant thibet, ingasaman, cow tamarind, East Indian walnut, soar and suar. Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit) trees belongs to the Moraceae family. The jackfruit trees grow in India, Bangladesh and other parts of Southeast Asia. Jackfruit tree leaves are rich in starch and protein. Muntingia calabura (Singapore cherry) trees belong to a Muntingiaceae family [4]. The common name includes Jamaican cherry, panama berry, Singapore cherry. These thrive in poor soil, able to tolerate acid and alkaline condition and drought. Mangifera indica (Mango) trees belong to Anacardiaceae family. These trees belong to mangefera genus. These leaves contain 3-15% of lignin and 40% of cellulose.
Hence in our present study leaves waste are considered as raw material for the production bioethanol.
This bioethanol is mixed with diesel at different percentages of blends [5].

Essay of ethanol from both Jackfruit and Rain tree leaves
After fermentation ethanol obtained from both Jackfruit and Rain tree leaves was estimated by GC-MS method. Description of the samples and estimated ethanol percentages were given in Table 1

Peak pressure rise
The Fig. 6 illustrates the variation of Peak pressure rise with BP for Diesel and various percentages of ethanol blends. Ethanol has more content of oxygen and rapid combustion will occur hence sudden peak pressure rise was achieved. As the BP increases the peak pressure rise is higher in ethanol fuel blends and lower pressure rise in diesel for various loads. Thus 15% ethanol fuel blends is having higher peak pressure rise as compared to other fuel blend and diesel for various loads.

Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions
The Fig. 9 illustrates the variation of HC emissions with BP for various Ethanol blends and diesel. Ethanol blends having high latent heat of vaporization and low Cetane number, which reduces the exhaust gas temperature and promote the rapid combustion hence with increase in percentage of ethanol blends increases the Hydrocarbon emission compared to diesel. As Brake power increases hydrocarbon emissions also increases with increase in percentage of ethanol blends. At 0.58 kW BP about 38% of hydrocarbon emissions will be increased for 15% ethanol blends compared to diesel similarly at 4.11 kW BP about 19% of hydrocarbon emissions will be increased for 15% ethanol blend than diesel. Thus the above graph shows that there will be increase in HC emissions for ethanol blends compared to diesel for various loads.

NO X Emissions
The Fig. 10

Conclusion
From results obtained following conclusions are made 1. In this present study, selected leaves wastes such as Rain tree leaves, Jackfruit tree leaves, Singapore cherry tree leaves, Mango tree leaves were considered as raw materials for the production of Bioethanol and the conversion of waste into fuel, which forms an attractive solution towards both waste management and Biofuels generation.
2. Due to more starch content in Jackfruit tree leaves and Rain tree leaves we have selected these leaves for the production of bioethanol. The percentage of ethanol from Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was found to be 4.34% in Wet Jackfruit tree leaves and 4.23% in Dry Jackfruit tree leaves. In Wet Rain tree leaves the percentage of ethanol was found to be 3.52% and in Dry Raintree leaves it was found to be 2.46%.
3. The extracted Bioethanol from wet Jackfruit tree leaves wastes and analysis of fuel properties, the performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder CI engine were carried out.

Microorganism and Culture media
The media was prepared with 22.75 g of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) in 350 ml of distilled water in a 1000 ml conical ask and mixed well thoroughly, which was plugged with cotton plug and sterilized or autoclaved for 30 min at 15psi and 121 °C. Then the media is allowed to cool to the room temperature and the medium is equally distributed petri dishes in laminar ow chamber. The SDB media was prepared by adding 65 g of Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) to 1000 ml of distilled water and mixed well thoroughly which was plugged with cotton plug and autoclaved (sterilized) for 30 minutes at 15psi and 121 °C. Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) with an organism is allowed to grow for 24hours.

Collection of raw material
Lignocellulosic dry and wet leaves such as Rain tree leaves, Jackfruit leaves, Singapore cherry leaves, Mango tree leaves were taken from agricultural rural areas [14]. All the leaves samples were dried and grounded into powder.

Iodine test to determine starch content in leaves
The iodine test is conducted to determine the starch content in the different plant leaves. The plant leaves have green parts (where the cells contains chlorophyll) and white parts (where there is no chlorophyll).
Only the parts that were green becomes blue black with iodine solution. From this test we observed that there is more starch content in Jackfruit and Rain tree leaves compared to Mango tree and Singapore cherry leaves [15]. We selected Rain tree and Jackfruit tree leaves for the production of bioethanol.

Extraction of juice from different plant wastes
About 50 g of wet leaves of Rain tree and jackfruit trees are weighed separately and which was rinsed with water and then washed and added 250 ml of distilled water. The wet leaves of rain tree and jackfruit trees were separately crushed in a mixer and stored in a conical ask. Similarly the dry leaves of the jackfruit trees and rain trees are collected and cleaned with distilled water and dried in sunlight for reduction of moisture content in the leaves [16]. About 500 g of dry leaves of both trees were weighed separately and 25 g of each plant wastes are taken in 10 different 250 ml conical ask and 100 ml of water is added.

Fermentation process
The 250 ml juice of wet leaves of both rain trees and jackfruit trees are taken in 500 ml conical ask and which were plugged with cotton plug. The content was autoclaved for 30minutes at 15psi and 121 °C.
The 25 g of each dry rain tree and jackfruit tree leaves are weighed separately and were taken separately in 9 different 250 ml conical asks and 100 ml of distilled water is added for each conical ask [17].
750 mg of sodium hydroxide is added for 2 conical asks of each plant leaves Heat Shock treatment is given for 1 conical ask of each samples.
750 mg of sodium sulphate is added for another 2 conical asks of each plant leaves and Heat Shock treatment is given for 1 conical ask of each samples.
750 mg of each sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphate is added for another 2 conical asks of each plant leaves and Heat Shock treatment is given for 1 conical ask of each samples.
For remaining 3 conical asks of each plant leaves no chemicals were added. Only control is maintained. Heat Shock (HS) is given for 1 conical ask at 10 power 5 minutes of each leaves and remaining 2 conical asks were used for biochemical tests and were plugged with cotton plug and were autoclaved for 30 minutes at 15psi, 121 °C. Pre-treatment of lingo cellulose biomass by microwave irradiation is based on non-thermal and thermal effects of microwaves. Heating is very essential parameter in pretreatment technology. Higher temperature accelerates the reaction rate and minimizes the chemicals requirement during pre-treatment [18].
The process was continued to nd the pH values of specimens by using pH paper method. These contents were allowed to cool and 10% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture was inoculated in 9 different 250 ml conical ask of each plant leaves in laminar air ow chamber. The media was incubated for 10days at 27 ± 2 °C temperature, 80 rpm in rotary shaker incubator [19]. After 10days of incubation the media was ltered and centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 10minutes to remove cell and suspended particles. The supernatant was collected and Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) test was conducted for the estimation of ethanol content [20].

Determination of Carbohydrate by Anthrone Reagent method
The major constraint beyond the carbohydrate estimation is that carbohydrates are dehydrated with concentrated H 2 SO 4 to form furfural. This furfural condenses with Anthrone reagent to form green colour which is measured by calorimeter at 670 nm. Anthrone reagent was prepared by dissolving 100 mg of Anthrone reagent in 50 ml of concentrated Sulphuric acid [21]. Standard Glucose was prepared by Adding 100 mg of Glucose or Maltose to 50 ml of distilled water.

Engine setup
The experiments were conducted on 4 Stroke, Single Cylinder Diesel engine with electrical loading is as shown in Fig. 11 Fig. 12 is a device used to measure the emissions. Declarations