Influences of laser on the energy parameters of the electric arc in the case of laser-MIG hybrid welding

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3555056/v1

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Research Article

Influences of laser on the energy parameters of the electric arc in the case of laser-MIG hybrid welding

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3555056/v1

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published 22 Feb, 2024

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The work presented in this paper deals with the relationship between the laser and the electric arc during welding and chamfer filling operations using the hybrid laser welding process. This unconventional welding process requires perfect mastery, in order to increase the productivity and quality of welds, especially in nuclear facilities. Mastering the hybrid process involves a phase of understanding the phenomena involved in a welding operation. To better understand the role of each process in the combination of laser and MIG, we carried out a laser-only and MIG-only tests using the same operating parameters as those used in hybrid welding. Test results show that the laser preheats the surface, with some of the energy deposited on the side walls of the chamfer. The role of MIG is to deposit metal to fill the chamfer. We can therefore consider that its main role is to provide a volumetric energy deposit. Using the experimental design, we studied the influence of five parameters such as wire speed, distance between the laser and the MIG, welding speed, laser power and laser defocusing on the power of the MIG. The results show that the interaction between laser power and wire speed has the greatest effect on arc power, followed by wire speed and other interactions. To verify the arc energy values given by the FRONIUS generator, we carried out additional measurements using a SEFRAM device. The results measured by FRONIUS are always higher than those of SEFRAM. Both series of measurements follow the same variations.

Laser-MIG hybrid welding

arc energy parameters

laser power

chamfer filling

Laser-MIG interaction

new approach

Hybrid laser welding involves combining a laser beam with a conventional electric arc (GTAW, PAW, GMAW) in a common processing zone [1, 2]. The advantages of this process are manifold: in addition to the advantages of each process, it achieves better penetration and greater depth of penetration [3–5]. This is due to the synergy created by the interaction of arc and laser in the same molten zone [6–8]. The gains achieved with hybrid laser welding derive essentially from the synergy of the associated processes [9, 10]. In addition, the combination of arc and laser energy increases process stability and productivity. When a laser is coupled with a electric arc, for example, higher welding speeds can be envisaged [11, 12]. The influence of energy input plays a very important role in the study of the hybrid laser process: if the energy input is mainly from the arc, the width of the weld bead will be important, inversely, if the main energy input is related to the laser, penetration will then be favoured [13].

Our aim is to fill narrow chamfers in 304 L stainless steel using a specific process, which must be both productive and easy to install. We opted for the hybrid laser-MIG process because of all the advantages already mentioned. The laser is positioned in front of the MIG, and is used for preheating and arc stability. The MIG in the push position produces a more spread-out bead, thus allowing for maximum lateral penetration, it therefore deposits molten metal in the chamfer [14].

The hybrid Laser-MIG process is the most widely developed to date, for several reasons. First of all, MIG welding is one of the most widely used arc welding processes in the industrial world, and the most easily automated process involving the addition of material [15, 16]. However, the phenomena involved in the hybrid laser welding process are multiple, coupled, and require in-depth understanding [17, 18]. To achieve this, it is necessary to carry out a large number of tests combined with instrumentation methods [19]. A further difficulty lies on the one hand, in the coupling between the two types of energy source (laser and MIG) and on the other hand, the large number of welding operating parameters [20].

The theme is still topical, and to this end; several studies have looked at the combination of laser source and electric arc in different ways. This complex combination requires a thorough understanding of the phenomena involved in welding and filling operations for thick parts [21]. This understanding will enable us to better control this complex process. In the literature, several studies deal with the effect of the laser on the electric arc, with the aim of stabilizing the hybrid welding process. Yunfei Meng et al [22] quantitatively analysed the synergistic effects of hybrid laser-MIG welding of magnesium alloys using a new parameter called (𝜓). The results show that the greater the 𝜓, the greater the synergistic effects and the more stable the hybrid process. When the laser power is increased, the parameter 𝜓 increases, however, it decreases when the arc current increases. The 𝜓 changed slightly when the arc voltage was increased by 25%. Chen Zhang et al [23] investigated the effect of synergy and its influences on the hybrid laser-arc welding process using spectral analysis of the hybrid plasma plume and high-speed photographic analysis of the welding process. Synergy effect is quantified by spectral intensity. It increases with laser power and decreases with arc current and laser-arc distance. It is proportional to the cross-section of the weld, in particular the upper part, and helps to improve the use of welding energy. Shiwei Zhang et al [24] determined the characteristics of hybrid laser-MAG welding and the mechanisms of defect formation using high-speed images and real-time electrical signals. The synergy effect of the laser and the arc means that the arc stabilises and the droplets transfer smoothly and evenly in the projected transfer mode. And the final weld bead morphology for the arc welding mode is superior to that of the laser feed mode. Zefeng Sheng et al. [25] studied the effect of different laser assisted powers on arc plasma morphology, droplet transition behaviour, welding efficiency and stability. The laser has a compressive effect on the arc, which increases the arc's energy density and makes energy use more efficient. Fuyun Liu et al [26] determined the effect of laser power on droplet transfer in hybrid laser-MIG welding, using a high speed camera and electrical signals. The study shows that increasing the laser power had a significant effect on droplet transfer. The transfer frequency first increased with increasing laser power up to 3 kW, then decreased when the laser power exceeded a critical value (3 kW). Xin Li et al. [27] investigated the effects of laser power on double layer MIG arc energy. The results showed that the emergence of the arc layer was delayed by the interaction between the laser and the arc plasma, which reached a maximum time of 0.83 ms after the laser power was increased to 4 kW, i.e. 1.66 times that of the pure arc.

The aim of this work is to master the hybrid laser-MIG welding process in order to increase productivity and improve weld bead quality. Mastering this process requires a good understanding of the phenomena involved in welding and filling operations. In order to achieve our objectives, we have developed a scientific working methodology which differs from other methods already in use. This methodology consists first of all in carrying out preliminary tests to better understand the role of each process in the combination of the two sources (laser and electric arc). We therefore carried out laser-only and MIG-only tests using the same operating parameters as those used for hybrid laser welding. The work continues with a comparison between the arc energy values measured by the SEFRAM device and the values recorded on the FRONIUS generator. This comparison will enable the values to be validated. The last step is the most important in this work, and consists in studying the relationship between the laser and the MIG, given that several probable interactions exist between the laser parameters and the MIG parameters, which can affect the stability of the hybrid laser process [28]. We mainly studied the effect of the laser on the power of the electric arc. Understanding the synergy created between the laser source and MIG will enable us to better master the hybrid laser welding process. To this end, we used a fractional design of experiments to study the effects of five influencing factors (wire speed (Vf), laser-MIG distance (D_lm), welding speed (Vs), laser power (P_L) and laser defocusing (Def)) on the energy parameters of the electric arc (voltage and current). The research results obtained in this work are beneficial for understanding the hybrid welding mechanism and optimizing the welding process. Figure 1 summarizes the approach developed in this work.

2.1 Welding configuration

Our aim is to fill narrow chamfers using a process that is both productive and easy to implement. We chose the hybrid laser-MIG process because of all the advantages it offers. The pulsed laser is positioned in front of the MIG, and is used for preheating and arc stability. With the MIG in the pushing position, the bead is spread-out to achieve maximum lateral penetration. It therefore deposits molten metal in the chamfer (Fig. 2). The position of the arc relative to the laser is defined by two parameters: the distance between the laser and the MIG wire (2.8 mm) and the angle of inclination of the MIG torch relative to the laser axis (30°) (Fig. 3).

In this study, the workpiece used is 304 L austenitic stainless steel (Table 1). For the filler metal, we used an austenitic stainless steel wire, grade 308 L, with a diameter of 1.2 mm and a chemical composition as shown in Table 2. Several chamfers were machined in order to obtain a maximum number of tests and a large amount of experimental information (Fig. 4).

Table 1

Chemical composition of the stainless steel 304 L for work piece.
C	Mn	Si	S	P	Cr	Ni	N	Co
0.019	1.814	0.332	0.002	0.032	18.019	8.003	0.055	0.167

Table 2

Chemical composition of the stainless steel 308 L for filler wire.
C	Si	Mn	P	S	Cr	Ni
0.018	0.42	1.75	0.018	0.009	19.97	9.99

2.2 Welding equipment used

The hybrid welding process requires the use of two sources: a Laser source and a MIG source. The laser is a diode-pumped Yb: YAG disc laser (λ = 1030 nm) (Trudisk 6002 from TRUMPF), (Fig. 5) delivering a maximum workpiece power of 6 kW. The transportation of the laser beam is provided by an optical fiber at step index of 600 µm in diameter. The shaping of the laser beam is provided by TRUMPF head type D70, comprising a collimating lens and a focusing lens of the same focal length (200 mm). We worked with a defocus of + 35 mm which allowed us to have a spot of 5.5 mm. In this study, the criterion that indicates the quality of the laser beam is M².

The second source used is a FRONIUS Trans Puls Synergic 5000 MIG/MAG welding generator (Fig. 6). To couple the two sources, a FRONIUS-designed head combines a LASER head and a MIG torch. This head provides all the functions for adjusting the focus and distance between the wire and the laser beam. The head itself is mounted on a 6-axis KUKA robot. The tests were carried out at the Carnot Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Burgundy, France (ICB).

2.3 Welding operating parameters

In this work, the choice of parameters is linked, on the one hand, to the geometry of the chamfer (to avoid bonding problems and achieve total lateral penetration) and, on the other hand, to the material resources available to the laboratory (maximum laser power 6 kW). The welding parameters used in our study are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Operating parameters of hybrid welding.
Parameters	Values
Speed welding [m.min^− 1]	1
Wire speed [m.min^− 1]	9
Intensity of the arc [A]	194
Tension of the arc [V]	18
Wire diameter [mm]	1.2
Wire stickout length [mm]	15
Laser power [kW]	5
Diameter of the laser beam [mm]	5.5
Distance laser-MAG [mm]	2.8
Shielding gas flow in the nozzle: ARCAL 12 [L.min^− 1]	20
Shielding gas flow in the saddle: ARCAL 12 [L.min^− 1]	20

2.4 Test process steps

To better protect the weld bead, we set up a cycle as follows: at the start of the test, we inject Arcal 12 for 15 seconds (pre-gas) to expel air from the nozzle and chamfer. The welding operation is then carried out for 10 seconds. Lastly, the gas is maintained in the trainard for 15 s to protect the weld bead during cooling (Postgaz) (Fig. 7).

To carry out our tests, we set up a test bench containing all the elements required for the experiments to run smoothly (the two laser and MIG sources, the robot, the workpiece and the SEFRAM measuring device) (Fig. 8).

Given the complexity of the laser-MIG hybrid welding process in terms of understanding the physical phenomena involved, we carried out additional tests to gain a better understanding of the role of each process in the combination of the two sources (laser and MIG). We therefore carried out laser-only and MIG-only tests using the same operating parameters as those used for hybrid welding (Table 3).

3.1 Laser test only

At the end of the laser only welding tests, we obtained two types of information: the geometry of the melted zone using macrographs (Fig. 9) and the temperatures reached in the vicinity of this zone using two thermocouples (Fig. 10).

The macrograph (Fig. 9) shows firstly that the material is melted by the laser at the bottom of the chamfer (in conductive mode, to a depth of 1.33 mm and a surface area of the melted zone equal to 5.5 mm²), and secondly, that the laser does not melt the side walls. When used defocussed, the laser beam acts as a preheater, ensuring good wetting of the bead and good arc stability during metal deposition.

Figure 10 shows the changes in temperatures over time, as well as the maximum values reached by two implanted thermocouples, taken at the measurement points observable in Fig. 10. The thermal levels confirm that a certain amount of energy (insufficient, however, to melt the material) is deposited on the side walls. Thermal levels reached on these walls (on the inside of the chamfer) are of the order of 400°C. It is likely that this energy comes from multiple reflections of the laser beam on the walls of the chamfer.

3.2 MIG test only

Following MIG-only tests, we carried out a macrograph in the transverse plane, and a macrograph in the longitudinal plane. The longitudinal macrograph shows the instability of the MIG-only process (Fig. 11).

Figure 11.b shows that the molten material by the MIG is almost deposited in the chamfer, with a depth penetration of 0.73 mm and a surface area of the melted zone equal to 11 mm². It should be noted that MIG does not cause lateral penetration (bearing in mind that lateral penetration is a very important function when filling chamfers).

The total surface area of the melted zone in hybrid welding is of the order of 22 mm², whereas the cumulative surface area of laser alone and MIG alone is of the order of 17 mm², with a depth penetration of the order of 1.63 mm (Fig. 12c). So, the combination of laser and MIG creates a synergy that helps increase energy efficiency during welding operations.

Figure 12. Macrographic cross-section from 3 welding processes (laser, MIG and Hybrid).

Given the complexity of the hybrid laser-MIG welding process, in terms of the number of operating parameters on the one hand, and the likely interactions between these parameters on the other, we used the experimental design method (ED) to highlight the most influential parameters and their interactions on the power of the electric arc (MIG). The (ED) consists of studying the influence of 5 parameters and their interactions: wire speed (Vf), laser-MIG distance (D_lm), welding speed (Vs), laser power (P_L) and laser defocusing (Def) on the energy parameters of the electric arc such as voltage and current [29].

4.1 Influencing factors

We assigned 2 levels to each of the 5 parameters (Table 4). The choice of these levels was based on the knowledge acquired by the laboratory (ICB).

Table 4

Influence factors and their variation domains.
Influence factors	Variation domains
Wire speed, Vf [m.min^− 1]	[7.5 ; 10.5]
Welding speed, V_s [m.min^− 1]	[0.7 ; 1.3]
Outdistance laser-MAG, D_lm	[1.6 ; 4]
Laser power, P_L [kW]	[4 ; 6]
Laser defocusing., Déf [mm]	[26; 40]

4.2 Objective Functions (OF)

In order to better understand the effect of welding operating parameters on arc energy, we have chosen two objective functions, the first being voltage and the second intensity. These two functions are obtained by two measuring devices: the FRONIUS welding unit and the SEFRAM electrical measuring device (Table 5).

Table 5

objective functions.
objective functions (OF)	Designation
I Fron [A]	Intensity FRONIUS
U Fron [V]	Voltage FRONIUS
I Sef [A]	Intensity SEFRAM
U Sef [V]	Voltage SEFRAM

4.3 Design matrix (FED 2⁵⁻¹)

To limit the number of tests, we have set up a fractional experimental design (FED) whose program matrix, for the imposed experimental conditions (5 influence factors with 2 levels and 4 Objective Functions), comprises 16 tests (2⁵⁻¹ tests) and 3 tests for the central point (PC1, PC2 and PC3 with optimal parameters) in order to check the reproducibility of voltage and current values (FRONIUS and SEFRAM cases). The measured values of the objective functions are presented in Table 6 as a function of the physical values of the influence factors (IF) [30, 31].

Table 6

Design matrix (CED 2⁵⁻¹)
Test	Influence Factors (IF)					Objective functions (OF)
	Physical Values					Objective functions (OF)
	Vf [m.min^− 1]	D_lm [mm]	V_s [m.min^− 1]	P_L [kW]	Def [mm]	I Fron [A]	I Sef [A]	U Fron [V]	U Sef [V]
PC1	9	2.8	1	5	35	194	190	16.6	15.4
1	7.5	1.6	0.7	4	26	167	163	19.8	18.9
2	10.5	1 .6	0.7	4	40	204	197	16.3	15.0
3	7.5	4	0.7	4	40	165	161	18.8	18.0
4	10.5	4	0.7	4	26	223	207	15.4	14.1
5	7.5	1.6	1.3	4	40	158	153	21.4	20.6
6	10.5	1 .6	1.3	4	26	200	195	15.5	14.5
7	7.5	4	1.3	4	26	162	155	20.2	19.5
8	10.5	4	1.3	4	40	191	187	16.3	15.2
PC2	9	2.8	1	5	35	192	188	16.5	15.2
9	7.5	1.6	0.7	6	40	162	157	17.3	16.2
10	10.5	1 .6	0.7	6	26	223	206	16.3	14.5
11	7.5	4	0.7	6	26	168	164	19.4	18.4
12	10.5	4	0.7	6	40	221	204	16.0	14.8
13	7.5	1.6	1.3	6	26	166	161	17.6	16.5
14	10.5	1 .6	1.3	6	40	205	197	14.9	13.3
15	7.5	4	1.3	6	40	162	158	18.2	17.3
16	10.5	4	1.3	6	26	221	203	15.8	14.5
PC3	9	2;8	1	5	35	193	192	16.5	15.4

5.1 Comparison of FRONIUS results with SEFRAM

One of the aims of this work is to verify the voltage and current values given by the FRONIUS generator. This is achieved by comparing the arc energy values (U and I) measured by the FRONIUS generator with those measured by the SEFRAM device.

For a constant wire feed (constant wire speed), there are sometimes significant changes in the measured values of the MIG arc parameters (I and U) from one test to the next (changes in: laser-MIG distance (D_lm), welding speed (Vs), laser power (P_L), laser defocus (Def)) (Fig. 13 and Fig. 14).

The results measured by the FRONIUS generator are always superior to those obtained with the SERFAM measuring device (Fig. 13 and Fig. 14). In addition, the two series of measurements follow the same variations.

5.2 Analysis of the influence of factors on arc energy parameters

The magnitude of the effects caused by the influencing factors on the objective functions is presented in the figures (Fig. 15, Fig. 16, Fig. 17 and Fig. 18) in the form of Pareto histograms. The Pareto histogram is a graphical representation in descending order of importance of the effects caused by the factors on the objective functions.

It can be seen that current intensity I, whether measured by FRONIUS or SEFRAM, is influenced predominantly by wire speed (Vf) and insignificantly by other factors (Fig. 15 and Fig. 16). If wire speed (Vf) varies from 7.5 to 10.5 m.min^− 1, the current I increases by 47.25 A for FRONIUS and 40.27 A for SEFRAM.

The main influencing factors and their interactions are listed in Table 7 in descending order of effect.

Table 7

Ranking of the effects of factors and their interactions on the intensity function.
Factor	Effect (F) [A]	Factor	Effect (S) [A]
Wire speed, Vf	47.3	Wire speed, Vf	40.5
Welding speed, V_s	-8.5	Welding speed, V_s	− 6.6
Laser defocusing, Déf	-7.8	Laser defocusing, Déf	-5.0
Laser power, P_L	7.3	Laser power, P_L	3.9

Figures 17 and 18 show that the U voltage obtained by FRONIUS and SEFRAM is mainly influenced by wire speed (Vf), followed by laser power (P_L) and their interaction. Complex interactions between laser power and other influencing factors (mainly: laser/MIG distance (D_lm), welding speed (V_S), defocusing (Def)) also have significant influences on U tension. This is a complex objective function, strongly influenced by the interactions between the influencing factors. If laser power (P_L) varies from 4 to 6 kW, voltage U decreases by 1.02 V for FRONIUS and by 1.28 V for SEFRAM [26].

The main Influencing Factors and their interactions are listed in Table 8 in descending order of effect.

Table 8

Ranking the effects of factors and their interactions on the voltage function.
Factor	Effect (F) [V]	Factor	Effect (S) [V]
Wire speed, Vf	-3.3	Wire speed, Vf	-3.7
Laser power, P_L	-1.0	Laser power, P_L	-1.3
Vf. P_L	0.9	Vf. P_L	0.9
D_lm. P_L	0.7	D_lm. P_L	0.8

5.3 Analysis of the influence of factors on arc power

The main objective of this work is to study the influence of factors on the energy of the MIG electric arc. Mastery of the hybrid welding process requires mastery of the synergy created by combining the two energy sources (laser and MIG). The experimental design method is used to study the influence of the laser on the power of the electric arc. The arc power values are calculated as a function of two parameters: the voltage and current measured at the FRONIUS station. Table 9 shows the arc power values as a function of the physical values of the influencing factors.

Table 9

Arc power values.
Test	Influence Factors (IF)					(OF)
	Physical Values					(OF)
	Vf [m.min^− 1]	D_lm [mm]	V_s [m.min^− 1]	P_L [kW]	Def [mm]	Parc Fron [W]
1	7.5	1.6	0.7	4	26	3307
2	10.5	1 .6	0.7	4	40	3325
3	7.5	4	0.7	4	40	3102
4	10.5	4	0.7	4	26	3434
5	7.5	1.6	1.3	4	40	3381
6	10.5	1 .6	1.3	4	26	3100
7	7.5	4	1.3	4	26	3272
8	10.5	4	1.3	4	40	3113
9	7.5	1.6	0.7	6	40	2803
10	10.5	1 .6	0.7	6	26	3635
11	7.5	4	0.7	6	26	3259
12	10.5	4	0.7	6	40	3536
13	7.5	1.6	1.3	6	26	2922
14	10.5	1 .6	1.3	6	40	3055
15	7.5	4	1.3	6	40	2948
16	10.5	4	1.3	6	26	3492

For a constant wire speed, some tests show a significant change in arc power compared to the rest of the tests (changes in the values of the other factors: Vs, P_L, D_lm and Def) (Fig. 19 and Fig. 20).

The FRONIUS arc power results are always higher than those measured with the SERFAM device (Fig. 19 and Fig. 20). Overall, the two series of measurements show the same variations.

The magnitude of the effects, caused by the influencing factors, on arc power is presented in Fig. 21 in the form of Pareto histograms. It can be seen that the interaction between laser power and wire speed has the largest estimated effect on arc power (in the range explored). Followed by: wire speed and an interaction between wire speed and welding speed, defocusing, welding speed and other interactions such as (MIG laser distance and laser power, laser power and defocusing). Arc power is a highly complex function, strongly influenced by interactions between influencing factors.

The variation in MIG arc energy as a function of significant influencing factors can be seen in the figure (Fig. 22). Figure 22 shows that the interaction between wire speed (Vf) and laser power (P_L) has a significant effect (Fig. 22) on arc energy (in the range explored). Under these conditions, the effect of wire speed on arc energy is influenced by the laser power level. For high laser powers, the effect of wire speed on arc energy is greater than for low laser powers.

Today, the development of new welding techniques remains a priority for manufacturers. In particular, increasing productivity is a key issue. The hybrid laser welding and filling process (laser-MIG) offers a good solution for advanced industries such as the nuclear field. Despite the advantages offered by the hybrid process, it requires particular mastery with regards to the coupling of two different types of energy source (laser and MIG). Understanding the physical phenomena involved, and the large number of welding operating parameters to be studied, led us to develop a scientific approach consisting of three phases. In the first phase, we carried out preliminary tests to better understand the role of each process in the combination of two sources (laser and MIG). The analysis of this first phase was based on the results obtained from macrographic sections (longitudinal and transverse) and thermograms. In the second phase, and in order to validate the energy values of the electric arc (voltage and intensity) given by the FRONIUS substation. Measurements were taken using the SEFRAM device. In the third phase, using the experimental design method, we carried out measurements to study the influence of factors on the power of the electric arc. This rich experimental study enabled us to present the following results:

The laser's role is to preheat the surface, with part of the energy deposited on the sidewalls of the chamfer. Thermal levels confirm that a certain amount of energy (maximum temperature 400°C) which is insufficient to melt the material is deposited on the sidewalls. On the other hand, the role of MIG is to deposit metal to fill the chamfer. We can therefore consider that its main role is to provide a volumetric energy deposit. However, it should be stressed that the energy provided by MIG comes from the electric arc and the molten metal. Furthermore, MIG does not cause lateral penetration.
The synergy created between laser and MIG enables sufficient lateral penetration for chamfer filling.
The results measured by the FRONIUS generator are always superior to the SEFRAM results. Both series of measurements follow the same variations.
The intensity of current I, whether measured by FRONIUS or SEFRAM, is predominantly influenced by wire speed.
The voltage U obtained by FRONIUS and SEFRAM, is mainly influenced by the wire speed, followed by the laser power and their interaction. Complex interactions exist between laser power and other factors.
The power of the arc is mainly influenced by the interaction between laser power and wire speed. The result is the consequence of the fact that especially U is influenced by laser power. The influence changes as a function of wire speed. In conclusion, arc power is a highly complex function, strongly influenced by interactions between factors.
The effect of wire speed on arc power is influenced by the level of laser power.

In addition, this study provides a solid basis for mastering hybrid laser welding techniques (welding or filling). Above all, it will help us to develop numerical models, in an attempt to reproduce as faithfully as possible all the phenomena involved in welding operations.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgment

This document summarizes the results of a research project (reference no. 079201AAO37S4850) supported by the Regional Council of Bourgogne and AREVA NP. The tests were carried out at the Carnot Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Bourgogne (ICB).

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You are reading this latest preprint version

Influences of laser on the energy parameters of the electric arc in the case of laser-MIG hybrid welding

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Materials and experimental procedure

2.1 Welding configuration

2.2 Welding equipment used

2.3 Welding operating parameters

2.4 Test process steps

3. Phenomenological analysis

3.1 Laser test only

3.2 MIG test only

4. Experimental model

4.1 Influencing factors

4.2 Objective Functions (OF)

4.3 Design matrix (FED 2⁵⁻¹)

5. Results and discussion

5.1 Comparison of FRONIUS results with SEFRAM

5.2 Analysis of the influence of factors on arc energy parameters

5.3 Analysis of the influence of factors on arc power

6. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Influences of laser on the energy parameters of the electric arc in the case of laser-MIG hybrid welding

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Materials and experimental procedure

2.1 Welding configuration

2.2 Welding equipment used

2.3 Welding operating parameters

2.4 Test process steps

3. Phenomenological analysis

3.1 Laser test only

3.2 MIG test only

4. Experimental model

4.1 Influencing factors

4.2 Objective Functions (OF)

4.3 Design matrix (FED 25−1)

5. Results and discussion

5.1 Comparison of FRONIUS results with SEFRAM

5.2 Analysis of the influence of factors on arc energy parameters

5.3 Analysis of the influence of factors on arc power

6. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

4.3 Design matrix (FED 2⁵⁻¹)