Omadacycline efficacy against Streptococcus agalactiae isolated in China: in vitro activity, resistance analysis, clonality of MIC distribution, and the correlation between resistance and virulence gene and biofilm formation

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-35559/v1

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Omadacycline efficacy against Streptococcus agalactiae isolated in China: in vitro activity, resistance analysis, clonality of MIC distribution, and the correlation between resistance and virulence gene and biofilm formation

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-35559/v1

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Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate activity，resistance, clonality of MIC distribution, and the correlation between virulence＆resistance gene and biofilm formation of omadacycline (OMC) in clinical for Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from China.

Methods: 162 isolates were collected retrospectively in China from 2018 to 2019. The S. agalactiae were mainly collected from the body's cervical secretions, wound secretions, ear swab, secretions, semen, venous blood, cerebrospinal fluid, pee, urethral discharge, pus, umbilical secretions, wound secretions, reproductive tract secretions, sputum, gastric juice, throat swab, eye secretions and amniotic fluid. The MIC of OMC against S. agalactiae were determined by broth microdilution. Filter paper was used to measure the inhibition zone diameters of OMC and other common antibiotics. D-test detected the incidence of erythromycin resistance to inductively clindamycin. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST)，resistance＆virulence gene of the isolates were investigated using qRT-PCR. Biofilms were detected by crystal violet staining.

Results: The OMC MIC of clinical S. agalactiae isolates ranged from ≤0.25 to 0.5 mg/L. 19.7% of the S. agalactiae isolates with an OMC MIC of 0.25 mg/L were found to be sequence type (ST) 17. The S. agalactiae had highly resistant to Minocyclin, Erytromycin, Solithromycin and Clindamycin and the resistance rate of OMA was 13.6%. The positive rate of D-test was 90.74 %. The formation of biofilm was related to scpB gene, and indicated the resistance of OMA may be related to the virulence gene scpB.

Conclusion: OMC exhibited better activity against clinical S. agalactiae isolates from China than DOX or MIN, and scpB was related with biofilm formation in OMC- resistance S. agalactiae.

Infectious Diseases

Applied & Industrial Microbiology

omadacycline

S. agalactiae

multilocus sequence typing

resistance genes

virulence genes

S. agalactiae belong to Group B Streptococcus (GBS)^[1]. S. agalactiae is a kind of gram-positive cocci that microscopically examined for long-chain or long-chain chain arrangement. There are 10 serotypes in Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ, Ⅶ, Ⅷ, and Ⅸ^[2]. S. agalactiae is ubiquitous in the natural environment and can reside in the human reproductive tract and digestive tract. It is one of the main pathogenic bacteria in humans and animals^[3]. S. agalactiae is the most important pathogenic bacteria causing mastitis in dairy cows. S. agalactiae which has a strong infectivity, has also been isolated in the main culture area of tilapia. Human-derived S. agalactiae can cause morbidity or even death in newborns, pregnant women, the elderly, and immunocompromised persons. Human-derived S. agalactiae mainly causes endometritis in women and meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia in infants and young children, among which the infection rate of pregnant women is higher. Studies have reported that about 15–40% of adult women carry or are infected with S. agalactiae, and 25% passing on to babies of which 2% of infants show clinical symptoms, and the mortality rate can be up to 50%, most of the surviving children have permanent neurological sequelae. The neonatal invasive infections caused by them have caused widespread concern worldwide.

In recent years, bacterial resistance and multi-drug resistance caused by a large number of clinically unreasonable use of antibiotics are becoming more and more common^[4], and the resistance and resistance spectrum of S. agalactiae are also increasing. Human-derived S. agalactiae is highly resistant to erythromycin, while tilapia is sensitive. Mataini et al^[5] found that S. agalactiae in Italy has the highest resistance rate to clindamycin, reaching 43.75%, followed by erythromycin resistance rate of 32.20%.

S. agalactiae showed resistance to antibiotics mediated by corresponding resistance genes. The efflux pump mechanism, the ribosomal 23SrRNA methylation mechanism^[6], and the ribosomal protective protein effect mechanism^[7] regulated by the coding of the tet gene are the three main resistance mechanisms of S. agalactiae. The efflux pump mechanism is the main form of S. agalactiae anti-macrolide drugs, which is expressed in the form of a proton efflux pump mediated by mefA gene, which will expel the macrolide antibiotics out of the cell body, so that the target site drugs. The concentration is lower than the effective bacteriostatic concentration, thus showing resistance to 14- and 15-membered ring macrolide antibiotics. The ribosomal 23SrRNA methylation mechanism leads to resistance to erythromycin. The Erm gene carrying a rate of 72.7% encodes ribosomal methylase to methylate the ribosomal 23SrRNA at the target of erythromycin^[8]. In turn, it is resistant to erythromycin.

Biofilm formation is one of the important reasons for bacterial resistance. In recent years, studies have shown that resistant S. agalactiae has become a relatively high proportion, but the relationship between resistant S. agalactiae gene and biofilm formation is rarely reported^[9]. The distribution of these resistant and virulence factors in OMC-resistant S. agalactiae is unclear.

OMC is a new aminomethylcycline antibiotic first-in-class against Gram-positive and negative aerobic, atypical pathogens and anaerobic ^[10]. OMC has shown excellent efficacy in the treatment of acute skin, soft tissue infections^[11] and community-acquired pneumonia^[12]. However,the resistance of OMC against isolates of S. agalactiae in clinical from China has not been reported^[13].

The purpose of the study was evaluating activity,resistance, clonality of MIC distribution, and the correlation between resistance༆virulence gene and biofilm formation of OMC-resistance S. agalactiae isolates in clinical from China.

We examined the MIC of OMC against S.agalactiae by broth microdilution. Filter paper was used to measure the inhibition zone diameters of OMC. The incidence of erythromycin resistance to inductively clindamycin were detected by D-test. We also used qRT-PCR to investigate MLST,virulence༆resistance gene of the isolates. Biofilms were detected by crystal violet staining. The correlation between resistance ༆resistance genes and biofilm formation was calculated and observed.

Bacterial isolates，culture and chemicals.

163 non-duplicate clinical S.agalactiae strains were collected from patients at Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019. Bacterial species were identified by standard methods using a VITEK 2 compact system (Biomérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France). The S.agalactiae strains were cultured in 5% calf serum in TSB broth medium in 37℃ constant temperature shaker for 18-24h and then removed. The OMC was purchased from MedChem Express(Princeton, NJ). The tigecycline，doxycycline，minocyclin，eravacylcine，radezolind，erytromycin，solithromycin，telavancin，cefprozil，tetracycline，clindamycin，chloramphenicol，levofloxacin were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China).

Antibiotic susceptibility testing

Antimicrobial susceptibility of OMC and several common antibiotics, including the tigecycline，doxycycline，minocyclin，eravacylcine，radezolind，erytromycin，solithromycin，telavancin，cefprozil，tetracycline，clindamycin，chloramphenicol，levofloxacin were determined by broth microdilution using the VITEK 2 compact system as before. The MICs and Inhibition Zone Diameter of antibiotics were determined respectively according to the 2020 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The MIC breakpoint of omadacycline，tigecycline，doxycycline，minocyclin，eravacylcine，radezolind，erytromycin，solithromycin，telavancin，cefprozil，tetracycline，clindamycin，chloramphenicol，and levofloxacin were selected from 2020 CLSI. The MIC breakpoint of OMC: ≤0.25 mg/L as susceptible；0.5 mg/L as intermediate；and ≥1 mg/L as resistant which were selected according to previous literature.

D-test for detectig the incidence of erythromycin resistance to inductively clindamycin

Spread the S.agalactiae with a concentration of 0.5 McLaren's turbidity tube on the MH agar plate, applied erythromycin and clindamycin paper at 15mm intervals, and placed it in a 35℃constant temperature incubator for 16-18 hours.When the bacteriostatic ring of clindamycin paper seemed to be a capital "D", it was judged as "D" test positive indicating that erythromycin had induced resistance to clindamycin.

qRT-PCR analysis

QRT-PCR was used for the analysis of MLST and the detection of resistance and virulence genes. Total bacterial RNA was extracted from S.agalactiae isolates, and reverse transcribed into cDNA which performed as previous literature we published. The primers of resistance and virulence genes were synthesized by Beijing Liuhe Huada Gene Company. Overnight cultures of the bacterial strains growing for 4 h at 37°C. Extract the genomic DNA of the strain according to the instructions of the kit and store at -20℃ for future use.

The system for amplification of qRT-PCR(50μl): Dream Taq Green PCR Master Mix (2×) 25μl, forward primers 1μl and reverse primers 1μl, DNA 2μl, added ddH₂O to make up to 50μl.

qRT-PCR reaction conditions: pre-denaturation at 95℃for 3 min; denaturation at 95℃for 30 s, annealing at 52℃for 30 s, extension at 72℃for 1 min, 30 cycles; 72℃for 10 min.

The RNA were submitted to qRT-PCR after adding the qRT-PCR Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific Waltham, MA, USA). The products of qRT-PCR were stored at 4℃. The recA was used as internal control gene. The threshold cycle (Ct) numbers were analyzed using the 2^−ΔΔCt method. The qRT-PCR reaction products were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel, and judged and analyzed according to the presence or absence of positive amplification products and the length of the target gene fragment. All qRT-PCRs were conducted in triplicate.

Crystal violet staining for investigating resistance＆virulence gene of the isolates detection of Biofilms

After bacteria grown overnight in TSB medium, diluted 200 and TSBG medium with 0.5% glucose. 200ul per well was added to 96-well polystyrene microplates with 3 replicate wells, 37 ℃ incubated at room temperature for 24 hours at static temperature. And then blotted the pores and rinsed with PBS 3 times, fixed with methanol for 15 minutes, stain with 0.5% crystal violet for 10 minutes, and rinsed with distilled water. Added 4 :1 confluence solution of absolute ethanol and acetone, mixed evenly and tested under OD570 photometry in the end. OG1RF and CHS787 were used as the quality control strain. The interpretation of the OD value of the biofilm varies from 0.05 to 3.5 in 96 microwells after staining. Biofilm phenotype classification was based on the method of others, strong positive (OD570> 2), moderate (OD 570, 1-2), or weak (0.5<OD570<1).

Statistical analysis

The data was analysed using t-test by SPSS software. Significantly P values <0.05.

Antimicrobial activity and resistance analysis of OMC against S.agalactiae isolates clinical in vitro

The clinical S.agalactiae strains were isolated from various infective sample sources, including cervical secretions, wound secretions, ear swab, secretions, semen, venous blood, cerebrospinal fluid, pee, urethral discharge, pus, umbilical secretions, wound secretions, reproductive tract secretions, sputum, gastric juice, throat swab, eye secretions and amniotic fluid ( Figue 1). The MIC and resistance rate of those isolates against antibiotic were obtained（Table 1）, and OMC had in vitro resistance against S.agalactiae. OMC had robust antimicrobial activity against S.agalactiae in vitro, the clinical S.agalactiae isolates exhibited high-proportion resistance rate to Minocyclin, Erytromycin, Solithromycin and Clindamycin. The range of OMC MIC values against S.agalactiae was 0.25–1.0 mg/L.The incidence of erythromycin resistance to inductively clindamycin against S.agalactiae was 90.74%(Table 2)，indicated that the incidence of inducing clindamycin resistance was high. The distribution of TET-specific resistance genes in clinical S.agalactiae isolates is shown in Table 3, the data suggested that the presence of tet(M)、tet(O)、tet(K)、tet(M), and tet(O) genes did not affect OMC sensitivity in S.agalactiae.

Clonality of OMC MIC distribution

Twenty-one STs were identified among the S.agalactiae isolated. The predominant STs were ST10 (32/162; 19.7%) and ST17 (20/162; 12.3%). A new typing had been detected. And 18.8% of ST10 strains and 25.0% of ST17 strains had an OMC MIC level of 1 mg/L, demonstrated clonal clustering toward the ST17 genotype(Table 4 ) .

Formation characteristics of OMC-resistant S.agalactiae

The 96-well plate readings after crystal violet staining ranged from 0.13 to 3.10. The median values of OG1RF strain and CHS787 control strain OD570 were 1.09 and 1.42, respectively. Among all the S.agalactiae isolates tested, most of the S.agalactiae biofilms showed weak positive and above. Among the strains formed by these biofilms, the weak biofilm phenotypes were different from the medium biofilm phenotypes and strong . The number of strains in the biofilm phenotype was similar.

The correlation between virulence＆resistance gene and biofilm formation

PCR test results suggested that the OMC-resistant S.agalactiae resistance-positive genes ermB, ermC, OptrA, msrB, mefAE, tetM, tetO, tetK were detected, no ermA, cfr, cfrB, msrA gene-positive strains were detected(Table 5 ). The relationship between drug genes and biofilm formation still needed further study. There was no significant correlation between genes and biofilm formation by statistical analysis (P>0.05). 136 strains of S.agalactiae resistant to OMC, analysis of PCR amplified virulence genes showed that bac, bca, fbsA, fbsB, cfb, hylB, Imb, cylE, cpsA, rib, cpsIII, PI-1, PI-2a and PI-2b positive S.agalactiae strains were not statistically correlated with biofilm formation (P>0.05), while the scpB gene was just the opposite of its results, and it was correlated with biofilm formation by statistical analysis (P<0.05) (Table 6 ).

In this study, OMC exhibited robust activity , resistance in vitro against S.agalactiae, and the clinical S.agalactiae isolates exhibited high resistance rate against Minocyclin, Erytromycin, Solithromycin and Clindamycin. The main STs observed were ST10 and ST17. The data indicated the clonality of S.agalactiae with clustering of the 1 mg/L OMC MIC in the ST17 genotype. The incidence of erythromycin resistance to inductively clindamycin against S. agalactiae was higher. So the clinical microbiology laboratory must strengthen the detection of the S.agalactiae D- test which is resistant to erythromycin and sensitive to clindamycin in order to guide the clinical rational use.

The OMC resistance genes ermA, rmB^[14], ermC, OptrA, msrB, mefAE, cfr, cfrB, msrA, tetM, tetO and tetK had no significant correlation with biofilm formation. Analysis of PCR amplified virulence genes showed that bac, bca, fbsA, fbsB, cfb, hylB, Imb, cylE, cpsA, rib, cpsIII, PI-1, PI-2a and PI-2b^[15] positive S.agalactiae strains have no significant correlation with biofilm formation by statistical analysis (P>0.05), while the scpB gene was just opposite to its result, and it was correlated with biofilm formation by statistical analysis (P<0.05).

In conclusion, OMC exhibited robust activity and resistance in vitro against S.agalactiae isolates. And OMC MIC with 1mg/L showed ST17 clonality clustering. The incidence of erythromycin resistance to inductively clindamycin against S. agalactiae was high. The detection of the D-test for S.agalactiae must be strengthen in clinical because of its resistance. Biofilm formation ability and OMC resistance genes ermB, ermC, OptrA, msrB, mefAE, tetM, tetO, tetK, ermA, cfr, cfrB, msrA and virulence genes bca, bac, fbsA, fbsB, cfb, hylB, Imb, cylE, cpsA, rib, cpsIII, PI-1, PI-2a, PI-2b there was no significant correlation. ScpB was significantly associated with biofilm formation of S.agalactiae and OMC-resistant.

Table 1. Comparison of in vitro antimicrobial activity of OMC and various common antibiotics against S. agalactiae.

Antibiotic	N of isolates(MIC /Inhibition Zone Diameter)	MIC(mg/l)	Resistance rate (%)	MIC (ug/ml) breakpoint	N	Inhibition Zone Diameter(mm)^a breakpoint	N
Total	162/n	--	--	--	--	--	--
Tigecycline	162	0.06-0.5	0	≤2	162	--	--
				4	0	--	--
				≥8	0	--	--
Doxycycline	162	0.25-22	22.2	≤0.25	12	--	--
				0.5	4	--	--
				≥1	110	--	--
Minocyclin	162	0.125-32	82.1	≤4	23	--	--
				8	4	--	--
				≥16	133	--	--
Eravacylcine	162	0.015-0.25	0	≤0.25	162	--	--
				0.5	0	--	--
				≥1	0	--	--
Omadacycline	162	0.25-0.5	13.6	≤0.25	68	--	--
				0.5	72	--	--
				≥1	22	--	--
Radezolind	162	0.03-1	0	≤2	162	--	--
				4	--	--	--
				≥8	--	--	--
Erytromycin	136/25	≤0.06-16	46.3/88.0	≤0.25	66	≥23	1
				0.5	7	14-22	2
				≥1	63	≤13	22
Solithromycin	142	0.015-2	54.2	≤0.25	21	--	--
				0.5	38	--	--
				≥1	77	--	--
Telavancin	139	0.06-2	--	≤0.12	24	--	--
				-	-	--	--
				-	-	--	--
Cefprozil	142	0.004-2	0	≤2	43	--	--
				4	0	--	--
				≥8	0	--	--
Tetracycline	162	--	--	≤1		--	--
				2		--	--
				≥4		--	--
Clindamycin	16	--	81.2	--	--	≥19	2
				--	--	16-18	1
				--	--	≤15	13
Chloramphenicol	39	--	15.4	--	--	≥21	11
				--	--	18-20	22
				--	--	≤17	6
Levofloxacin	16	--	25.0	--	--	≥17	8
				--	--	14-16	4
				--	--	≤13	4

Table 2. Drug resistnce rate of D-test against S. agalactiae.

*Antibiotics*	N	*D-test*		*Drug resistnce rate*
		D（+）	D（—）
Omadacycline	162	15	147	90.74%

Table 3. The relationship among OMC, DOX, and MIN MIC distributions with ST10 and ST17 genotypes in S. agalactiae.

*Sequence type*	*N(%) of isolates*	*N(%) of isolates at each MIC level (mg/L)*
		*ERAV MIC distribution*	*OMC MIC distribution*	*RADE MIC distribution*
		≤0.25 0.5 ≥1	≤0.25 0.5 ≥1	≤2 4 ≥8
ST10 ST17	32 (19.7) 20(12.3)	32 (100) 0(0) 0 (0) 20(100) 0(0) 0(0)	9(28.1) 17(53.1) 6(18.8) 9 (45.0) 6(30.0) 5(25.0)	32(100) 0(0) 0(0) 20(100) 0(0) 0(0)

Table 4. In vitro antimicrobial activity of OMC against S. agalactiae with TET-specific resistance genes

TET resistance gene(s)

No.

ERAV MIC(mg/L)

OMC MIC(mg/L)

RADE MIC(mg/L)

≤0.25 0.5 ≥1 Range

≤2 4 ≥8 Range

tet(M)

tet(O)

tet(K)

tet(M), tet(O)

OptrA

None detected

9/149

71 0 0 0.008-0.25

46 0 0 0.008-0.25

44 0 0 0.008-0.25

7 0 0 0.008-0.25

- - - -

9 0 0 0.015-0.25

32 28 8 0.25-1.00

14 21 6 0.25-1.00

14 26 6 0.125-1.00

4 0 2 0.25-1.00

- - - -

4 2 3 0.25-1.00

- - - -

13 0 0 0.06-0.25

149 0 0 0.03-0.25

Table 5. Relationships of OMC virulence genes with biofilm formation in S. agalactiae.

*OMC resistant genes*	*Number* *and percentage of* *Streptococcus agalactiae* *(N=136)*
	N	*Strong*		*Medium*		*Weak*		*Negative*		*All positive*		P
	N	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	P
ermA(+)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.145744203
ermA(-)	136	8	5.88	14	10.3	35	25.7	79	58.1	57	41.9
ermB(+)	98	7	7.14	11	11.2	29	29.6	51	52.0	47	48.0	0.122867448
ermB(-)	38	1	2.63	3	7.89	7	18.4	27	71.5	11	28.9
ermC(+)	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1.00	0	0	0.146326519
ermC(-)	134	8	5.97	14	10.4	35	26.1	77	57.5	57	42.5
OptrA(+)	13	2	15.4	2	15.4	2	15.4	7	53.8	6	46.1	0.863018713
OptrA(-)	126	6	4.76	12	9.52	35	27.8	73	57.9	53	42.1
Cfr(+)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.145744203
Cfr(-)	136	8	5.88	14	10.3	35	25.7	79	58.1	57	41.9
cfrB(+)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.145744203
cfrB(-)	136	8	5.88	14	10.3	35	25.7	79	58.1	57	41.9
msrA(+)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.145744203
msrA(-)	136	8	5.88	14	10.3	35	25.7	79	58.1	57	41.9
msrB(+)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.145744203
msrB(-)	136	8	5.88	14	10.3	35	25.7	79	58.1	57	41.9
mefAE(+)	30	6	20.0	1	3.33	3	10.0	20	66.7	10	33.327	0.094142032
mefAE(-)	106	29	27.4	13	12.3	32	30.2	32	30.2	74	69.8
tetM(+)	61	5	8.20	3	4.92	16	26.2	37	60.7	24	39.3	0.74704373
tetM(-)	75	3	4.00	11	14.7	19	25.3	42	56.0	33	44.0
tetO(+)	46	2	4.34	7	15.2	12	26.1	25	54.3	21	45.7	0.504670116
tetO(-)	90	6	6.67	7	1.11	23	25.6	54	60.0	36	40.0
tetK(+)	27	1	3.70	2	7.40	10	37.0	14	51.9	13	48.1	0.696589923
tetK(-)	109	7	6.42	12	11.0	25	22.9	65	59.6	44	40.4

Data availability

The RNA-sequencing data were deposited in the NCBI database (https://www.ncbi.) with BioSample of qRT-PCR.

Funding

This work was supported by the grants from provincial medical funds of Guangdong in China(No. 2018A0303130031).

Author contributions

Zhijian Yu participated in the design of the study and drafted the manuscript. Qiwen Deng, Zhijian Yu, and Guiqiu Li were involved in RNA-sequencing analysis, qRT-PCR assays and performed the antibiotic susceptibility tests. Ying Wei, Yan Guo, Jie Lian，Shaoyuan Wu，Bing Bai and Guangjian Xu performed the PCR detections for MLST. Zhijian Yu，Qiwen Deng and Guiqiu Li designed the study and revised the manuscript.

Transparency declarations

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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