Table 1 Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 positive patients at hospital admission
Characteristics
|
Total
215
|
Group-1
Alive
129
|
Group-2 Deceased
86
|
p-Value
(Alive vs Deceased)
|
Age
|
74 (60-82)
|
67 (57-79)
|
80 (73-86)
|
<0.001
|
Gender, Male
|
133 (61.9)
|
82 (63.5)
|
51 (59.3)
|
0.53
|
Ethnicity, Caucasian
|
188 (87.4)
|
111 (86)
|
77 (89.5)
|
0.45
|
Care home resident
|
60 (27.9)
|
23 (17.8)
|
37 (43)
|
<0.001
|
Frailty
|
110 (51.2)
|
41 (37.3)
|
69 (62.7)
|
<0.001
|
Smoking
|
120 (55.8)
|
65 (50.4)
|
55 (63.9)
|
0.05
|
Weight
|
78 (67-92)
|
84.5 (71.6-100)
|
70 (63-84)
|
<0.001
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
28 (24-32)
|
29.4 (26-34)
|
26 (23-29)
|
<0.001
|
Hypertension
|
114 (53)
|
62 (48.1)
|
52 (60.5)
|
0.07
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
65 (30.2)
|
42 (32.5)
|
23 (26.7)
|
0.36
|
CVD
|
93 (43.3)
|
43 (33.3)
|
50 (58.1)
|
<0.001
|
IHD and MI
|
53 (24.7)
|
28 (21.7)
|
25 (29.1)
|
0.22
|
CCF
|
39 (18.1)
|
15 (11.6)
|
24 (27.9)
|
0.002
|
CVA
|
30 (14)
|
11 (8.5)
|
19 (22.1)
|
0.005
|
CKD (stage 3-5)
|
42 (19.5)
|
24 (18.6)
|
18 (20.9)
|
0.67
|
Cancer
|
19 (8.8)
|
13(10.1)
|
6 (7)
|
0.43
|
Respiratory diseases
|
65 (30.2)
|
32 (24.8)
|
33 (38.4)
|
0.03
|
On RAASi treatment
|
54 (25)
|
37 (28.7)
|
17 (19.8)
|
0.09
|
Immunosuppression
|
12 (5.6)
|
6 (4.6)
|
6 (7)
|
0.47
|
Trial participation
|
39 (18.1)
|
27 (20.9)
|
12 (13.9)
|
0.19
|
Presenting complaint
|
|
|
|
|
Shortness of breath
|
172 (80)
|
100 (77.5)
|
72 (83.7)
|
0.27
|
Fever
|
98 (45.6)
|
66 (51.2)
|
32 (37.2)
|
0.08
|
Cough
|
122 (56.7)
|
92 (71.3)
|
30 (34.8)
|
<0.001
|
Mechanical ventilation
|
24 (11.2)
|
12 (9.3)
|
12 (13.9)
|
0.20
|
Non-invasive ventilation
|
16 (7.5)
|
9 (7.0)
|
7 (5.4)
|
0.75
|
Intubation & Ventilation
|
8 (3.7)
|
3 (3.5)
|
5 (5.8)
|
0.19
|
Hospital inpatient (days)
|
5 (2-10)
|
5 (2-10)
|
5 (3-9)
|
0.47
|
BMI-body mass index, CVD- cardio vascular disease; includes at least one of the following- ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial infarction (MI), congestive cardiac failure (CCF), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), CKD- chronic kidney disease, RASi-renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Respiratory diseases include a composite of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary fibrosis.
Continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range) and p-Value by Man-Whitney U test
Categorical variables are expressed as number (%) and p-Value by Chi-square test.
Weight missing in 12/215, BMI missing in 15/215
Table 2 Laboratory and radiological characteristics of COVID-19 positive patients at hospital admission
Characteristics
|
Total
215
|
Group-1
Alive
129
|
Group-2
Deceased
86
|
p-Value
(Alive vs Deceased)
|
Haemoglobin, g/L
|
133 (120-146)
|
134 (122-148)
|
129 (118-143)
|
0.08
|
Neutrophil count, x109/L
|
6 (4-9)
|
6 (4-8)
|
7 (4-9)
|
0.02
|
Lymphocyte count, x109/L
|
0.9 (0.6-1.3)
|
0.9 (0.6-1.4)
|
0.8 (0.5-1.2)
|
0.03
|
New lymphopenia
|
85 (39.5)
|
49 (37.9)
|
36 (41.9)
|
0.57
|
Neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio
|
7 (4-13)
|
6 (4-11)
|
9 (5 -18)
|
0.004
|
Platelet count, x109/L
|
217 (161-270)
|
223 (162-270)
|
210 (155-265)
|
0.23
|
Albumin, g/L
|
30 (27-34)
|
31 (28-35)
|
29 (26-32)
|
0.01
|
Bilirubin, umol/L
|
12 (8-17)
|
12 (8-18)
|
11 (8-16)
|
0.86
|
Alanine transaminase, U/L
|
27 (18-45)
|
28 (18-48)
|
27 (19-39)
|
0.66
|
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L
|
81 (63-109)
|
79 (62-107)
|
85.5 (65-109)
|
0.35
|
C-reactive protein, mg/L
|
107 (56-177)
|
90 (41-164)
|
123 (72-189)
|
0.009
|
D-Dimer, ng/mL
|
610 (297-809)
|
559 (412-748)
|
775 (701-848)
|
0.04
|
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2
|
67 (42-90)
|
77 (56-90)
|
48.5 (28-74)
|
<0.001
|
Acute kidney injury (any stage)
|
65 (30.2)
|
25 (19.4)
|
40 (46.5)
|
<0.001
|
Chest X-Ray report
|
|
|
|
|
Suggestive of COVID-19
|
166 (79.8)
|
98 (77.8)
|
68 (82.9)
|
0.37
|
Bilateral infiltrates
|
117 (56.2)
|
67 (53.2)
|
50 (61)
|
0.27
|
Unilateral consolidation
|
48 (23.1)
|
31 (24)
|
17 (19.8)
|
0.46
|
eGFR - estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by CKD-EPI equation. U/L- units/litre.
Continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range) and p-Value by Man-Whitney U test. Categorical variables are expressed as number (%) and p-Value by Chi-square test.
Missing albumin, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin in 32/215 patients. Missing c-reactive protein in 5/215 patients. D-Dimer available only from 15 patients. Missing chest X-ray report- 7 patients.
Table 3 Predictors of mortality in COVID-19 positive patients by binary logistic regression models (univariate and multivariate model 1&2)
Characteristics
|
Univariate model
OR (95% CI)
|
p-Value
|
Multivariate model 1
OR (95% CI)
|
p-Value
|
Multivariate model 2
OR (95% CI)
|
p-Value
|
Age
|
1.06 (1.03-1.09)
|
<0.001
|
1.03 (1.01-1.06)
|
0.03
|
|
|
Gender, Male
|
0.83 (0.48-1.46)
|
0.53
|
|
|
|
|
Ethnicity, Caucasian
|
1.38 (0.59-3.20)
|
0.45
|
|
|
|
|
Care home resident
|
3.48 (1.57-6.47)
|
<0.001
|
1.12 (0.52-2.40)
|
0.77
|
|
|
Frailty
|
8.71 (4.56-16.6)
|
<0.001
|
5.1 (2.3-11.60)
|
<0.001
|
|
|
Smoking
|
1.75 (0.99-3.05)
|
0.05
|
1.57 (0.81-3.01)
|
0.18
|
|
|
Weight
|
0.96 (0.95-0.98)
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
BMI
|
0.90 (0.86-0.95)
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
Hypertension
|
1.60 (0.95-2.87)
|
0.07
|
|
|
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
0.76 (0.41-1.38)
|
0.36
|
|
|
|
|
CVD
|
2.77 (1.58-4.88)
|
<0.001
|
1.20(0.61-2.40)
|
0.59
|
|
|
IHD/MI
|
1.47 (0.79-2.76)
|
0.22
|
|
|
|
|
CCF
|
2.94 (1.43-6.02)
|
0.003
|
|
|
|
|
CVA
|
3.04 (1.36-6.77)
|
0.006
|
|
|
|
|
CKD (stage 3-5)
|
1.15 (0.58-2.29)
|
0.67
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer
|
0.67 (0.24-1.83)
|
0.44
|
|
|
|
|
Respiratory diseases
|
1.88 (1.05-3.40)
|
0.035
|
1.51 (0.75-3.06)
|
0.24
|
|
|
On RAASi treatment
|
0.61 (0.32-1.17)
|
0.14
|
|
|
|
|
Immunosuppression
|
1.50 (0.48-4.90)
|
0.47
|
|
|
|
|
Haemoglobin
|
0.99 (0.97-1.00)
|
0.16
|
|
|
|
|
Neutrophil count
|
1.08 (1.01-1.14)
|
0.02
|
|
|
0.95 (0.85-1.04)
|
0.28
|
Lymphocyte count
|
0.59 (0.36-0.98)
|
0.04
|
|
|
1.19 (0.66-2.10)
|
0.55
|
Neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio
|
1.05 (1.01-1.08)
|
0.002
|
|
|
1.05 (0.99-1.11)
|
0.06
|
Platelet count
|
0.99 (0.96-1.00)
|
0.31
|
|
|
|
|
Albumin
|
1.00 (0.98-1.02)
|
0.99
|
|
|
|
|
Bilirubin
|
1.01 (0.98-1.04)
|
0.44
|
|
|
|
|
Alanine transaminase
|
1.00 (0.99-1.00)
|
0.45
|
|
|
|
|
Alkaline phosphatase
|
1.01 (0.99-1.01)
|
0.27
|
|
|
|
|
C-reactive protein
|
1.01 (1.0-1.010)
|
0.010
|
|
|
1.0 (0.99-1.00)
|
0.26
|
eGFR
|
0.97 (0.96-0.98)
|
<0.001
|
|
|
0.98 (0.96-0.99)
|
0.01
|
Acute kidney injury
|
3.60 (1.96-6.65)
|
<0.001
|
|
|
1.78 (0.80-3.99)
|
0.16
|
BMI-body mass index, CVD- cardio vascular disease; includes at least one of the following- ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial infarction (MI), congestive cardiac failure (CCF), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), CKD- chronic kidney disease, RASi-renin-angiotensin system inhibitors . Respiratory diseases include a composite of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary fibrosis. eGFR - estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by CKD-EPI equation. OR-odds ratio, CI-confidence interval
Multivariate model 1: adjusted for age, care home resident, frailty, smoking, CVD, and respiratory diseases
Multivariate model 2: adjusted for neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, eGFR, and acute kidney injury
Table 4 Predictors of mortality in COVID-19 positive patients by binary logistic regression model (multivariate model 3)
Characteristics
|
Multivariate model 3
OR (95% CI)
|
p-Value
|
Age
|
1.03 (0.99-.07)
|
0.10
|
Care home resident
|
0.69 (0.28-1.68)
|
0.42
|
Frailty
|
4.3 (1.71-10.76)
|
0.002
|
Smoking
|
1.64 (0.75-3.58)
|
0.21
|
BMI
|
0.96 (0.91-1.03)
|
0.29
|
CVD
|
1.68 (0.77-3.68)
|
0.19
|
Respiratory diseases
|
1.25 (0.57-2.78)
|
0.57
|
Neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio
|
1.02 (0.98-1.06)
|
0.25
|
C-reactive protein
|
1.01 (1-1.01)
|
0.07
|
eGFR
|
0.99 (0.97-1.01)
|
0.32
|
Acute kidney injury
|
1.6 (0.63-4.09)
|
0.31
|
BMI-body mass index, CVD- cardio vascular disease; includes at least one of the following- ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial infarction (MI), congestive cardiac failure (CCF), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), Respiratory diseases include a composite of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary fibrosis. eGFR - estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by CKD-EPI equation. OR-odds ratio, CI-confidence interval
Multivariate model 3: adjusted for age, care home resident, frailty, smoking, BMI, CVD, respiratory diseases, neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein (CRP), eGFR, and acute kidney injury. Model did not include 18 patients without BMI and CRP values.