Sustainable sewage water treatment is becoming increasingly important in the current global scenario of water scarcity and environmental degradation. One promising technique in natural plant coagulation that has gained attention in recent years is the use of Moringa oleifera for wastewater treatment. The statement of my study was to investigate the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera in reducing turbidity and impurities in sewage water using a jar test as a qualitative technique in coagulant and flocculation, analyze physical and chemical parameters for raw water and treated water, the optimum dose shown to treat water was 0.4g/1000ml. The obtained result indicated that Moringa oleifera is effective in reducing turbidity respectively by 92%, COD by 88%, Total solids by 96%, Chloride by 75%, Total hardness by 74%, Inorganic phosphorous by 68%, and BOD found. This study concludes that the use of Moringa oleifera for sustainable sewage water treatment is a promising green technique that has the potential to contribute more benefit to people, moringa oleifera as NPC for water treatment can lead to significant improvements in the quality of water and the health of societies while also promoting sustainability and environmental harmony.
Research Article
Sustainable sewage water treatment based on natural plant coagulant: Moringa oleifera (Moringa Seeds)
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3583557/v1
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License
Journal Publication
published 27 Mar, 2024
You are reading this latest preprint version
Moringa oleifera
Natural plant
coagulation
Sustainable
Sewage water treatment
Environmentally friendly
Water is the most vital resource to contribute to all sectors of life on earth so when water is not purified, people end up taking contaminated water putting them at high risk of infection with waterborne diseases In case this happens the victims will suffer a lot of pain, be uncomfortable, and, unable to work this decreases the rate of economic growth for the countries. The target of the United Nations Agenda 2030 of sustainable development goals (SDGs) was to achieve the universal and equitable right to use safe and affordable drinking water for wholly, however, millions of people in developing countries are still having problems with drinking contaminated water with numerous diseases [1]it's a big task to countries are below the poverty to attain the progressive technology of water use efficiency and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of fresh water across all areas. Chemical coagulant techniques for treating water are the majority techniques used by many industries to purify drinking water but indicated that are ineffective due to cost and toxicity and make water more acidic Therefore Moringa oleifera was known as natural plant medicine from the early period when it operated for controlling multiple diseases later discovered that could be useful for treating water but not many people know this that Moringa oleifera has the antibacterial present in water that may help people to use safe water, Moringa oleifera as a natural plant coagulant(NPC) is the most important seed that acts as coagulation and flocculation to remove turbidity and impurities.
1.1. Botanical and nutrition of moringa oleifera
Moringa oleifera, commonly known as the drumstick tree or horseradish tree, is a multipurpose plant that is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It has been traditionally used for food, medicine, and as a source of water purification The origin of Moringa oleifera is in the Himalayan Mountains and south of India and Africa now it's planted in numerous parts of the world where the life of people suffering by consuming risky water, Moringa oleifera is a genus of the Moringaceae family's fast-growing tropical deciduous plant, with dense, tuberous roots, light green leaves, and abundant flowering with elongated, pendulous fruits and seeds. It is a native crop of northern India, but it is also found in southwest Asia, southwest and northwest Africa, and Madagascar. It allows soils with a pH of 4.5 to 8, with neutral or slightly acidic pH being preferable. It is a very adaptable species that live above 20 years and can reach a height range of 5 to 10 m in a short time, reaching 4 m in 6 months. The incorporation of Moringa oleifera will increase the nutritional value, improving the contribution of macro and micronutrients, of which proteins, fibers, vitamins, and minerals are the most important The main food products based on Moringa oleifera plants were found to be high in dietary fiber and low in fat, suggesting that this plant can be used in the formulation of low-calorie food products Moringa is a unique plant in that almost all of its parts, including its leaves, seeds, pods, stem, and roots, can be used for nutrition and medicinal purposes. .[2] the most common medicinal use of this plant involves drying and grinding down moringa leaves, which contain the majority of the antioxidants. Moringa oleifera is used to purify water for domestic use
1.2 Statement of research hypothesis
The statement highlights some of the limitations of existing research on the use of Moringa oleifera seeds for wastewater treatment. It emphasizes the need for further research to determine the effectiveness of the seeds in removing contaminants from wastewater and to optimize the dosage for maximum efficiency. Additionally, the statement highlights the lack of research on the impact of Moringa oleifera on microbial populations in wastewater and the sustainability of the treatment method in the long term.
To address these limitations, the researcher proposes conducting experimental research to test the hypothesis regarding the potential benefits and limitations of Moringa oleifera in sewage water treatment. The experimental research will provide valuable data on the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera seeds in removing contaminants from wastewater and their impact on microbial populations. The results of the study will help to determine the optimal dosage of Moringa oleifera for maximum efficiency and sustainability. Overall, the experimental research will provide valuable insights into the potential of Moringa oleifera as a sustainable and effective method for treating sewage water.
1.3 wastewater treatment process
Wastewater treatment is a crucial process in controlling pollution globally. The process involves the collection of wastewater from various sources, such as homes, businesses, and industries. The collected wastewater is transported through sewers to treatment plants, where it undergoes a series of treatment processes.[3] There are two primary stages involved in the wastewater treatment process, the primary stage and the secondary stage. The primary stage involves the removal of large floating objects from the wastewater using a screen. The screen has openings of uniform size that retain solid particles present in the influent wastewater. After the screening, the wastewater still contains organic and inorganic matter, along with suspended solids. These suspended solids are small particles that can be removed from the wastewater in a sedimentation tank. The primary sedimentation tank is designed to remove 50-70% of suspended solids and 25-40% of BOD, although this process alone is insufficient to meet higher water quality demands. The objective of the primary treatment process by sedimentation is to remove readily settleable solids and floating material and reduce the suspended solids content. After the primary treatment stage, the partially treated wastewater is pumped into an aeration tank in the secondary stage, where it is mixed with air and sludge-containing bacteria. The mixture is allowed to remain for several hours, and the wastewater then flows into another sedimentation tank to remove excess bacteria. The principal secondary water treatment techniques used are the trickling filter and the activated sludge process. The trickling filter involves a bed of stones, which are three to six feet deep, through which sewage passes. The activated sludge process uses microorganisms to break down organic matter in the wastewater. The secondary stage of treatment removes about 85% of the organic matter in sewage. The treated wastewater is then discharged into streams or other channels of water or can be reused for domestic purposes. The tertiary treatment stage is the final stage in the process of wastewater treatment. This stage is designed to remove any remaining organic and inorganic material, suspended solids, phosphorous and nitrogen, and other contaminants that have not been removed by the primary and secondary stages. Tertiary treatment is particularly important in areas where the treated water will be discharged into sensitive ecosystems, such as rivers or lakes, or where the water will be used for agricultural or industrial purposes. There are several techniques used in tertiary treatment, including filtration, disinfection, and nutrient removal. [4]Filtration involves the use of sand or activated carbon filters to remove any remaining suspended solids or organic material. Disinfection is the process of killing any remaining bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens that may be present in the water. This can be achieved through the use of chemicals such as chlorine, or by exposure to ultraviolet light. Nutrient removal techniques, such as the use of nitrogen and phosphorous removal systems, are used to reduce the levels of these elements in the treated water.
1.4 Moringa oleifera in the water treatment process
Moringa oleifera can be used for primary, secondary, and tertiary water treatment processes. However, its effectiveness may vary depending on the type and concentration of impurities and contaminants present in the wastewater, as well as the specific treatment goals. For primary treatment, Moringa oleifera can be used during the coagulation and sedimentation stages to remove suspended solids, organic matter, and other impurities from the wastewater. In this stage, Moringa oleifera can help neutralize the charges on suspended particles and promote their agglomeration, making them easier to remove during sedimentation. For secondary treatment, Moringa oleifera can be used during the biological treatment stage to remove dissolved organic matter and nutrients from the wastewater. In this stage, Moringa oleifera can be used as a carbon and nutrient source for microorganisms, promoting their growth and activity, which leads to the breakdown of organic matter and the removal of nutrients from the wastewater. For tertiary treatment, Moringa oleifera can be used during the filtration and disinfection stages to remove remaining impurities and pathogens from the wastewater. In this stage, Moringa oleifera can be used as a coagulant or flocculant to enhance the removal of impurities during filtration, or as a disinfectant to kill remaining pathogens in the wastewater.[5] Overall, the use of Moringa oleifera in water treatment can be highly effective when used at the appropriate stages of the treatment process and can contribute to a more sustainable and eco-
1.5 Aim and Objectives
Aim: Using Moringa oleifera as a natural plant coagulant (NPC) for sewage water treatment to check effective, affordable, and sustainable methods for improving safe water.
Objectives:
- To investigate the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera in reducing levels of turbidity and Impurities in water.
- To determine the optimal conditions for treating wastewater using Moringa oleifera and analyze physical and chemical parameters.
- Specifying how Natural plant coagulation is cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
- To determine swoc analysis of moringa oleifera for treating sewage water
Moringa oleifera is a tropical plant with numerous medicinal and nutritional benefits, and it is effective in the purification of water. Various studies have investigated the use of Moringa oleifera in the purification of wastewater, and this section will review some of the related literature regarding my work( [6][7]reviewed the cultivation and use of Moringa oleifera and other Moringaceae species for water purification and other purposes in Sudan. The authors discussed the potential of these plants for sustainable development in Sudan, as well as the challenges and opportunities associated with their cultivation and use. A study worked by ([8]. Found thatone of the most common forms of pollution control worldwide is wastewater treatment. ([9]reviewed the previous studies on the use of Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural coagulant for water treatment. They discussed the optimal dosage, pH, and temperature for the coagulation process. ([10]reviewed the potential of Moringa oleifera seeds as an alternative to synthetic coagulants and flocculants for water purification. The authors discussed the previous studies that have investigated the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera seeds for removing impurities and contaminants from water. [11]reviewed the potential uses of Moringa oleifera for various purposes, including water treatment. The authors discussed the properties and uses of Moringa oleifera, including its nutritional and medicinal properties, as well as its potential for use in animal feed, biodiesel production, and water purification. [12]Their research concern did draw the researcher's attention to finding a sustainable domestic solution for the poor and rural society.[10] Natural coagulants (NC) are plant-derived coagulants that can be used in the coagulation-flocculation process of water and wastewater treatment. Natural coagulants such as Neem, Tulsi, Moringa, Orange Peel, Sponge Guard, vetiver, Banana Peel, and others can be used to effectively treat water and wastewater, all of the results demonstrated that Moringa oleifera seeds were very effective at removing impurities.[13] NPBCs are also very effective at sweeping physic-chemical parameters of water like turbidity, TSS, TDS, and coliform bacteria, as well as wastewater parameters like BOD, COD, heavy metals (chromium, lead, etc.), color, and so on ([14]investigated the use of Moringa oleifera seeds as a coagulant for the removal of turbidity from wastewater. The results showed that Moringa oleifera was effective in reducing turbidity by 95%, and it was found to be more effective than alum, a commonly used chemical coagulant. Another study by [15]) evaluated the use of Moringa oleifera seeds in removing pathogens from wastewater. [16]The study found that Moringa oleifera seeds were effective in removing up to 99.9% of pathogens from the wastewater, making it a suitable option for the treatment of domestic wastewater. [17]investigated the use of Moringa oleifera seeds in the treatment of wastewater from a cassava processing plant. The results showed that Moringa oleifera was effective in reducing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 81% and 75%, respectively[18]this study investigated the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera seed extract in enhancing the coagulation of high organic matter waters. The researchers found that the addition of Moringa oleifera extract to water samples significantly improved the coagulation efficiency and reduced the levels of organic matter in the treated water. The study suggests that Moringa oleifera, A study conducted by [19]investigated the use of Moringa oleifera seed powder in the treatment of wastewater. The study found that Moringa oleifera seed powder effectively removed heavy metals and other pollutants from wastewater, making it a viable option for the treatment of industrial wastewater. Furthermore, a study by (Sartohadi et al. 2017) investigated the use of Moringa oleifera seeds in the treatment of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals. The study found that Moringa oleifera seeds were effective in removing up to 95% of heavy metals from the wastewater, making it a viable option for the treatment of industrial wastewater. [5]stated that the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 2.2 million people's deaths were due to waterborne diseases in 2016. The work of point-of-use technologies for household-level water purification reduces diarrheal disease by 30−40%.[20]reviewed the previous studies on the use of various waste materials, including Moringa oleifera seeds, as coagulants and adsorbents for water treatment. The authors discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with using these waste materials for environmental applications Another study by [21]). Evaluated the use of Moringa oleifera seeds in removing turbidity from wastewater. The study found that Moringa oleifera seeds were effective in removing up to 99% of the turbidity from the wastewater, making it a suitable option for the treatment of domestic wastewater. Similarly, a study by [22]Investigated the use of Moringa oleifera seed powder in the treatment of industrial wastewater. The study found that Moringa oleifera seed powder effectively removed up to 92% of pollutants from the wastewater, making it a viable option for the treatment of industrial wastewater. worked on water pollution by chemicals that have become a major source of concern and a priority for both society and public authorities. described the botany of Moringa oleifera, which is a small, graceful, deciduous tree with sparse foliage, often resembling a leguminous species at a distance, especially when in flower, but immediately recognized when in fruit. [23]investigated the use of Moringa oleifera seed powder in the treatment of industrial wastewater. The study found that Moringa oleifera seed powder effectively removed up to 92% of pollutants from the wastewater. [24]stated that water is one of the natural resources that is needed by living things to sustain and maintain health. The current water problem frequently occurs is related to the quality of water, but drinking water is a basic need of human beings and is one of the most indispensable requirements for the sustenance of life. [25]The availability of safe drinking water is a serious issue mostly for humans living in remote areas in developing countries. researched to prove that powdered Moringa oleifera seeds are effective. The study looked into whether using 0.3 g/500ml of Moringas seed powder produced the best adsorption equilibrium, color, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured for wastewater's acidic and basic properties. ([25] worked on how coagulants play a vital role in the treatment of raw water for both human and animal consumption. Aluminum sulfate is the most common and effective chemical coagulant for water treatment. However, chemical coagulants are cost-ineffective, toxic, not eco-friendly, and may also cause severe health issues like cancers and neurologic disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore natural and greener methods of water purification are crucial for safe and effective water treatment. Have also been used in water purification regimes.[26] Moringa oleifera seeds contain anti-microbial properties and cationic water-soluble proteins (polyelectrolytes) that possess active coagulative properties that can remove the turbidity and heavy metals like Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, etc. from raw water, thus can treat impure water efficiently.. [27]n this study, the authors investigated the potential of Moringa oleifera seed extract for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. The results showed that Moringa oleifera seed extract was effective in removing different types of dyes, with a maximum removal efficiency of 98.4%. The authors also studied the kinetics, thermodynamics, and equilibrium of the dye removal process and concluded that Moringa oleifera seeds extract has the potential as a natural and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. In conclusion, Moringa oleifera is effective in the purification of wastewater, making it a viable option for the treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewater. The studies reviewed demonstrate the potential of Moringa oleifera as a natural and low-cost alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods.
As shown in above Figure 1, the sewage wastewater was collected from the Tiruchirappalli city corporation Vayalur road (HT) UGD Pumping station, which receives wastewater from various areas in the Trichy urban region. Three samples were collected from different pipe outlets - Woriyur outlets, Government hospital (GH) outlets, and other pipes connected to Vayalur Road. Raw water was collected before it entered the screening and grit sedimentation tank as the source of untreated water
Figure 2 It illustrates how the mature Moringa oleifera seeds were collected and cleaned by removing their outer casing and the seed coat to obtain clean seed kernels. The amount of seed required for the purification process was determined based on the sewage wastewater sample. To prepare the Moringa seed powder, the seeds were crushed using a mortar and pestle and sifted to filter out any impurities.
3.1 Principle of moringa oleifera technique for treating water
The Moringa technique for treating wastewater is based on the use of Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural coagulant and flocculant. The principle behind this technique is that the positively charged proteins in Moringa oleifera can bind with negatively charged particles in the wastewater, such as suspended solids, organic matter, and pathogens, and form larger particles called flocs. These flocs can then settle to the bottom of the wastewater through sedimentation or can be filtered out. [28]The Moringa technique is considered a green and sustainable alternative to chemical coagulants, which can be expensive, toxic, and can produce harmful byproducts. The Moringa technique can be applied to various stages of wastewater treatment, including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. It is effective in removing turbidity, suspended solids, organic matter, and pathogens from wastewater. The application of the Moringa technique is relatively simple and involves preparing a solution of Moringa oleifera and adding it to the wastewater. The optimal dosage of Moringa oleifera may vary depending on the specific wastewater characteristics and treatment goals. Overall, the Moringa technique for treating wastewater is a promising approach to sustainable and eco-friendly wastewater treatment, and its effectiveness and potential for widespread application are currently being studied and explored.
3.2Experimental mechanisms and coagulation process
As indicated for this illustration, Six beakers of 1000 ml each were filled with raw water samples and different amounts of Moringa seed powder were added to each beaker, ranging from 0.1g to 0.6g per 1000 ml of water. The jar test is a widely used method in the water and wastewater industry to activate the coagulant properties of a substance and promote the settling of flocs. The Moringa oleifera powder was added to the beakers to incorporate the cationic antimicrobial proteins in the water, which help in removing turbidity.
The jar test was used as a qualitative method to evaluate the coagulant properties of Moringa oleifera and its effectiveness in removing turbidity from sewage water. The optimum dose of Moringa oleifera powder required for the removal of turbidity was determined through the jar test. The samples were observed and recorded for their effectiveness in removing turbidity, and the volume of the sample used was 1000ml
3.3. Test analysis and procedure
Table1: Parameters to be tested
|
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS |
|||
|
Parameters |
Methodology |
Instrument |
Units |
|
pH |
pH meter |
pH |
pH |
|
Turbidity
|
Nephelometric |
Turbid meter |
NTU |
|
EC (Electrical Conductivity) |
Conductivity meter |
Conductivity meter |
mS/cm or µS/cm. |
|
Total solids |
Gravimetric method |
Analytical balance |
mg/L |
|
Total dissolved solids |
Gravimetric method |
Analytical balance |
mg/L |
|
Total suspended solids |
Gravimetric method |
Analytical balance |
mg/L |
|
Chemical Parameters |
|||
|
Total acidity |
Titration method |
Burette and indicator |
mg/L or ppm |
|
Total alkalinity |
Titration method |
Burette and indicator |
mg/L or ppm |
|
Total hardness |
Titration method |
Burette and indicator |
mg/L or ppm |
|
Calcium hardness |
Titration method |
Burette and indicator |
mg/L or ppm |
|
Magnesium hardness |
Titration method |
Burette and indicator |
mg/L or ppm |
|
Fluoride |
Colorimetric method |
Spectrophotometer |
mg/L |
|
Nitrite |
Colorimetric method |
Spectrophotometer |
mg/L |
|
Nitrate |
Colorimetric method |
Spectrophotometer |
mg/L |
|
Silicate |
Colorimetric method |
Spectrophotometer |
mg/L |
|
Inorganic phosphorus |
Colorimetric method |
Spectrophotometer |
mg/L |
|
Chloride |
Titration method |
Burette and indicator |
mg/L or ppm |
|
Potassium |
Flame photometry |
Flame photometer |
mg/L |
|
Sodium |
Flame photometry |
Flame photometer |
mg/L |
|
Sulphate |
Gravimetric method |
Analytical balance |
mg/L |
|
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
BOD incubator |
BOD incubator |
mg/L |
|
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) |
Dichromate method |
Spectrophotometer |
mg/L |
|
Dissolved oxygen |
Winkler titration method |
Burette and indicator |
mg/L |
The sewage water was collected and treated by using Green techniques (Moringa oleifera Seeds) after treatment different parameters were analyzed according to the procedure mentioned in Methodology, A summary of the data analysis procedure for each research objective obtained is presented in the table and different Graphs below:
|
Parameters |
Pipe Outlets |
Raw sample |
Treated sample |
|---|---|---|---|
|
THE PHYSICAL PARAMETERS |
|||
|
pH |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
7.54 |
7.05 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
7.48 |
7.39 |
|
|
[11] |
Government hospital(S3) |
7.27 |
7.09 |
|
Turbidity(NTU) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
81.1 |
6.2 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
76.8 |
10 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
74.4 |
11.4 |
|
|
EC(ms) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
1.855 |
1.702 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
1.925 |
1.729 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
1.650 |
1.532 |
|
|
Total solids(TS) mg/l |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
1690 |
504 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
956 |
446 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
1180 |
1152 |
|
|
Total dissolved solids(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
730 |
534 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
584 |
532 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
350 |
280 |
|
|
Total suspended solids(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
966 |
30 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
372 |
86 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
900 |
802 |
|
|
Chemical parameters result estimated in raw and treated water |
|||
|
Fluoride(mg/l) |
Vayalur road (2) |
0.32 |
0.23 |
|
Government hospital(S3) |
0.30 |
0.24 |
|
|
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
0.31 |
0.22 |
|
|
Total Acidity(mg/l) |
Vayalur road (2) |
NILL |
|
|
Total alkalinity (mg/l) |
Government hospital(S3) |
2.5 |
1.25 |
|
Total hardness(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
185 |
130 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
795 |
245 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
675 |
175 |
|
|
Calcium Hardness(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
150 |
105 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
175 |
155 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
160 |
145 |
|
|
Magnesium Hardness(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
60.12 |
42.084 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
70.14 |
62.12 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
64.128 |
58.1 |
|
|
Chloride(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
223.35 |
134 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
220 |
120 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
200 |
49.63 |
|
|
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
0.828 |
0.531 |
|
|
Nitrate(mg/l) |
Vayalur road (2) |
0.5 |
0.5 |
|
Nitrite |
Government hospital(S3) |
- |
|
|
Potassium(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
84.38 |
86.15 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
11.49 |
14.89 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
13.95 |
14.54 |
|
|
Sulphate(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
8.0 |
7.5 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
26 |
5 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
22.5 |
12.5 |
|
|
Inorganic phosphorus(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
1.13 |
1.02 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
1.19 |
1.05 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
2.6 |
0.82 |
|
|
Silicate(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
12.4 |
6.6 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
10.0 |
8.2 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
9.0 |
7.2 |
|
|
Sodium |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
141.9 |
131.9 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
188.01 |
150 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
200 |
170.05 |
|
|
Biochemical Oxygen Demand(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
- |
28.7 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
- |
26.8 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
- |
56.6 |
|
|
Chemical oxygen Demand(mg/l) |
Woriyur outlets(S1) |
340 |
40 |
|
Vayalur road (2) |
536 |
144 |
|
|
Government hospital(S3) |
332 |
44 |
|
|
Dissolved oxygen(mg/l) |
Nil |
||
The table shows the results of the data after analyzing it in the laboratory for different boreholes.
Source: World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (4th Ed.) https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548151 Bureau of Indian Standards. (2012). Indian Standard Drinking Water – Specification (IS 10500:2012). from https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S06/is.10500.2012.pdf
4.1 Turbidity Removal Efficiency
|
Beaker designation |
Dose of coagulant(g/1000ml) |
Initial Turbidity |
Final turbidity |
Analysis of water |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1 |
0.1 |
74.5 |
40.4 |
Bad |
|
2 |
0.2 |
62.0 |
30.5 |
Fair |
|
3 |
0.3 |
51.9 |
26.1 |
Good |
|
4 |
0.4 |
81.1 |
6.2 |
Excellent |
|
5 |
0.5 |
76.8 |
10. |
Very Good |
|
6 |
0.6 |
74.4 |
11.4 |
Very Good |
|
Result /optimum dose of coagulant of MO = 0.4g/1000ml |
||||
The results we obtained in Figs. 4 and 5 specify that the optimum dose of Moringa oleifera seed powder for treating water is 0.4g/1000ml. And the results indicate that Moringa oleifera is an effective treatment option for sewage water. The addition of Moringa oleifera to the raw sewage water resulted in a significant reduction in turbidity, with a removal efficiency of 92%.
4.2. PH Determination
For the pH reading found for both untreated and treated water, we discovered that Moringa oleifera can increase the pH of acidic water by releasing basic compounds that neutralize acidity. On the other hand, if the water is already alkaline, the seeds can decrease the pH by releasing acidic compounds that neutralize the alkalinity this results in the previous figure indicating that the raw water contained much alkaline for both samples.
4.2 Estimation of Total solids, Total Dissolved solids, and Total suspended solids
Moringa oleifera seeds have an impact on the levels of total solids, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) in water after being treated as shown above graph. However will depend on a variety of factors, including the quality of the water being treated, the concentration of solids present, and the dosage and method of application of the Moringa oleifera
4.3. Estimation of th, ch, mh
There are effective using Moringa oleifera at reducing total hardness based on the results identified and the concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions in water but Moringa oleifera seeds cannot remove calcium and magnesium ions from water, It is important to note that some level of hardness in water is not harmful to human health, and in fact, calcium and magnesium ions are essential minerals for human health. However, high levels of hardness can cause scaling and other problems in industrial and domestic settings and thus may require treatment to maintain water quality and efficiency.
4.4 Estimation of Chloride
Based on the effects shown in Fig. 9 Chloride ions are highly soluble and do not generally react with the active components in Moringa oleifera seeds. And do not have much significant effect on chloride ions in water. However it is important to note that some level of chloride in water is not harmful to human health, and in fact, chloride ions are essential electrolytes for human metabolism. However, high levels of chloride in water can be an indicator of pollution or contamination and may require treatment to maintain water quality and safety.
5.5 Estimation of Fluoride
Moringa oleifera seeds potentially help to reduce the concentration of fluoride ions in water during treatment. But within a certain limit for consumption by people. However, the extent to which Moringa oleifera seeds can reduce fluoride levels will depend on several factors, including the quality of the water being treated, the initial concentration of fluoride, the dosage and method of application of the seeds, and the treatment process used.
4.5 Silicate Estimation
Moringa oleifera seeds showed not much significance for directly removing silicate ions from water during treatment for the above illustration. And do not contain many active components that can effectively bind with silicate ions and remove them from water. Therefore, other treatment methods, such as reverse osmosis or ion exchange, may be required to reduce the concentration of silicate ions in water to the desired level. high levels of silicate in water can cause scaling and other problems in industrial and domestic settings and thus may require treatment to maintain water quality and efficiency.
4.6 Estimation of Potassium and sodium
Interpretation:
Potassium and sodium are common cations that can be found in wastewater, and they can be removed to some extent during treatment by adsorption onto the surface of suspended solids or by ion exchange processes. However, the extent to which Moringa oleifera seeds can remove potassium and sodium ions from wastewater will depend on several factors, including the quality of the wastewater being treated, the initial concentration of potassium and sodium, the dosage and method of application of the seeds, and the treatment process used
4.7 Estimation of Sulfate
Based on the result provided, it appears that Moringa oleifera was effective in reducing the concentration of sulfate ions in the treated water. The concentration of sulfate ions decreased from 26 mg/L in the raw water to 5.0 mg/L in the treated water. However, the primary purpose of using Moringa oleifera, in this case, was to remove turbidity from the sewage water, and not specifically to remove sulfate ions. The reduction in sulfate concentration may be an incidental benefit of using Moringa oleifera as a coagulant. It is possible that the reduction in turbidity also contributed to the reduction in sulfate concentration, as some sulfate ions may be adsorbed onto suspended solids and removed during sedimentation or filtration.
4.8.0 Inorganic phosphorus
Figure16 the reduction of Inorganic phosphorous Concentration for treated water
Interpretation:
Based on this graph, the concentration of inorganic phosphorus decreased from a high concentration of 2.9 mg/L in the raw water to 0.82 mg/L in the treated water it appears that Moringa oleifera was effective in reducing the concentration of inorganic phosphorus in the treated water Inorganic phosphorus is often found in wastewater in the form of phosphates, which can be associated with suspended solids and organic matter. Therefore, Moringa oleifera was effective in removing suspended solids and organic matter that were associated with inorganic phosphorus, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of inorganic phosphorus in the treated water.
4.9 Estimation of COD
Based on the information we obtained in Graph 15, it appears that the use of Moringa oleifera in the treatment of sewage water resulted in a significant reduction in COD levels in the treated water. A decrease in COD levels indicates that Moringa oleifera was effective in removing the organic and inorganic components that contribute to the COD levels in the sewage water. As a result, the treated water had lower COD levels than the raw sewage water.
It is important to note that the efficiency of Moringa oleifera in reducing COD levels can depend on various factors, such as the initial COD concentration, the dosage of Moringa oleifera used, and the treatment process employed. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct further studies and experiments to optimize the treatment process and dosage for specific conditions.
4.9 ADVANTAGE OF MORINGA OLEIFERA AS A NATURAL PLANT COAGULANT
Moringa oleifera is effective in purifying water due to its coagulating and flocculating properties, which can remove impurities and contaminants from water. However, there are also some challenges and opportunities associated with using Moringa oleifera for water purification. The green technique of water treatment is the most preferred method of water treatment due to its cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and easier availability, especially in developing countries. The most preferred and efficient natural coagulants are the seeds of M. oleifera which hold polyelectrolytes incorporating cationic proteins helping in coagulation, flocculation, and hence water purification [29]Social and economic benefits: The use of Moringa oleifera for water purification can provide social and economic benefits to communities by reducing the burden of waterborne illnesses and improving water quality Moringa oleifera is environmentally friendly characteristics the reason that they cut back global warming It will remain essential for mankind's survival and the future development of the world.
Health benefits: Moringa oleifera has been shown to have health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can provide additional health benefits to communities that use it for water purification They are effective for removing all kinds of hardness of water that makes water be used mostly in rural areas and the boundary of several buildings in cities. [30]The Use of extracts from Moringa oleifera (MO) is a huge interest for cost-effective as green methods for purifying water and possibly are available. In addition, Moringa oleifera is the source of different medical products and provides more information to researchers to evaluate the potential health benefits of using Moringa oleifera as a water treatment technique, including its ability to reduce the risk of waterborne illnesses.
To promote the use of natural plant coagulation like Moringa oleifera as a green technique for water treatment and increase awareness about the benefits of sustainable and environmentally friendly water treatment methods.
4.2.1 DISADVANTAGE OF MORINGA OLEIFERA IN WATER PURIFICATION
Seasonal variability: The coagulating properties of Moringa oleifera can vary with the seasons and geographical location, making it difficult to achieve consistent results Dosage optimization: [31][31]The effectiveness of Moringa oleifera for water purification depends on the optimal dosage, which can vary depending on the source water quality and the specific application
Scale-up challenges
Scaling up the use of Moringa oleifera for water purification can be challenging due to the need for large amounts of plant material, equipment, and labor
Residual management
After Moringa oleifera is used for water purification, the residual sludge must be managed and disposed of properly.
4.2.1: SWOC ANALYSIS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA FOR TREATING SEWAGE WATER
Strengths:
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Effectiveness: Moringa oleifera seeds are effective in removing impurities and contaminants from water, including bacteria, viruses, and sediment.
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Low cost: Moringa oleifera seeds are readily available and affordable, making them a cost-effective option for water treatment in low-resource settings.
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Sustainability: Moringa oleifera is a fast-growing tree that is easy to cultivate and requires little water, making it a sustainable option for water treatment.
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Safe and natural: Moringa oleifera is a natural substance that is safe for human consumption, and it does not introduce harmful chemicals or byproducts into the water.
Weaknesses:
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Limited scalability: Moringa oleifera seeds may not be a feasible option for large-scale water treatment due to the number of seeds required and the labor-intensive process of extracting the active ingredients.
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Limited research: While Moringa oleifera has shown promise in small-scale water treatment, there is limited research on its long-term effectiveness and feasibility for large-scale applications.
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Variability: The effectiveness of Moringa oleifera seeds can vary depending on factors such as seed quality, water quality, and extraction methods.
Opportunities:
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Innovation: Advances in technology and processes could make it easier and more efficient to extract and apply the active ingredients in Moringa oleifera seeds for water treatment.
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Increased research: As interest in Moringa oleifera for water treatment grows, there is an opportunity for more research to be conducted to determine its effectiveness and potential applications.
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Partnerships: Collaboration between researchers, organizations, and communities could help to scale up the use of Moringa oleifera seeds for water treatment in areas where access to clean water is limited.
Challenge:
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Lack of awareness: Many communities may not be aware of the potential benefits of using Moringa oleifera seeds for water treatment, which could limit its adoption.
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Competition from other water treatment options: Moringa oleifera may face competition from other, more established water treatment methods, which could limit its market penetration.
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Environmental factors: Climate change and other environmental factors could impact the growth and availability of Moringa oleifera, which could affect its feasibility as a water treatment option.
The results of this study demonstrate that the use of Moringa oleifera in treating sewage water is effective in improving water quality by reducing turbidity and COD levels. The removal efficiency of Moringa oleifera was as high as 92% for some samples, indicating that it is a promising and effective solution for treating wastewater. The reduction in turbidity was likely due to the coagulation and sedimentation properties of Moringa oleifera, while the reduction in COD levels can be attributed to the adsorption and coagulation of pollutants by the Moringa oleifera seeds. It is noteworthy that the use of Moringa oleifera did not have such a significant effect on the pH of the treated water, and the levels remained within acceptable ranges for discharge into the environment. However, the use of Moringa oleifera resulted in a slight increase in the electrical conductivity of the treated water, which may indicate the presence of dissolved salts. The levels of chloride, fluoride, and silicate in the treated water were not significantly affected by the use of Moringa oleifera. The findings of this study support previous research that has found Moringa oleifera to be an effective solution for treating wastewater. However, it is important to note that the efficiency of Moringa oleifera can depend on various factors, such as the initial concentration of pollutants, the dosage of Moringa oleifera used, and the treatment process employed. Therefore, the result suggests that Future research can investigate the potential for scaling up the use of Moringa oleifera in larger treatment plants and explore ways to optimize the treatment process to improve efficiency.
Generally, the results of this study demonstrate the potential of Moringa oleifera as an effective and affordable option for treating sewage water. The coagulation and sedimentation properties of Moringa oleifera seeds were found to be effective in reducing turbidity levels in sewage water. The reduction in COD levels indicates that Moringa oleifera was able to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from the sewage water. The study of this work demonstrated that Moringa oleifera can effectively treat sewage water, with significant reductions in turbidity, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, hardness, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, inorganic phosphorus, and COD levels. The study highlights the potential of Moringa oleifera as an alternative and sustainable solution for sewage water treatment
Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available after the publication of this article and can be obtained through request.
Competing Interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose
Author Contributions:
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Nzeyimana Bahati Shabani, The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nzeyimana Bahati Shabani, and Dr.A.Daisy Caroline Mary Assistant Professor and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
Ethical Approval “Not Applicable”
Consent to Participate “Not Applicable”
Consent to Publish
“All authors of this research paper have provided their full consent for the publication of this work. We unanimously agree with the content, findings, and its submission for publication.”
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No competing interests reported.