Assessment of the Concentration of Potentially Contaminating Metals in the Soil Profile of an Area Under the Use of Swine Liquid Waste

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3621769/v1

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Assessment of the Concentration of Potentially Contaminating Metals in the Soil Profile of an Area Under the Use of Swine Liquid Waste

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3621769/v1

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Pig farming is a significant economic activity, especially in the Southern states of Brazil. However, it can have environmental impacts, primarily through the discharge of liquid effluents into the soil. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the variability in the concentration of chemical elements in the soil in two areas located on the same property, one using swine waste and the other without, in the Northwestern region of the Rio Grande do Sul State. To do this, the concentrations of the chemical elements Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, and Zinc were analyzed at three depths (0.00, 0.50, and 1.00 meters) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Physical parameters (particle size distribution and saturated hydraulic conductivity) were also determined. The results indicated that the soil has low permeability, with a predominance of the silt fraction. Regarding the chemical parameter analyses, values above the levels established by current legislation were identified, with Copper and Cadmium showing higher values at all analyzed spots and depths. Significant differences between the areas were observed only at a depth of 1.00 meter and for the elements Zinc, Cobalt, and Manganese. It can be concluded from this that the use of swine liquid waste did not alter the natural properties of the soil, and the higher concentration of Copper may be related to the geological origin of the region. For some chemical elements, leaching through the soil profile and/or translocation of the clay fraction to deeper layers were observed.

Contamination. Soil Quality. Pig Farming

Environmental contamination (both of the surface and groundwater) arises from various factors, such as agricultural and livestock activities. In the case of livestock activities, it can be related to emerging environmental contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, and veterinary medicines, among others. In Brazil, pig farming has been growing, especially in the Southern region. The state of Rio Grande do Sul plays a significant role in pig production, ranking third nationally, behind only the states of Santa Catarina and Paraná, respectively (RIO GRANDE DO SUL, 2021).

Additionally, there is often a relationship between animal protein and grain production, with interconnections between activities, particularly in the utilization of byproducts (Barros et al., 2019). In pig farming, one of the integrated practices is the application of liquid waste as liquid fertilizer in agricultural crops. However, when applied in inadequate doses and frequencies, it can become a severe environmental issue.

In this context, the application of Swine Liquid Waste (SLW) can lead to the accumulation of chemical elements in the soil, such as Phosphorus, Copper, and Zinc, which can be transported through surface runoff or subsurface flow to water resources (Seganfredo, 2013). Therefore, various research studies aim to, not only analyze the presence of contaminants in the environment or effluent (raw and treated), but also relate them to their impact on the environment (Ghirardini; Grillini; Verlicchi, 2020; Hall et al., 2020; Varma et al., 2021; Shurson; Urriola; Hung, 2022; Zhang et al., 2022; Mitrović et al., 2023). In a study conducted by Liu et al. (2023), the authors found various metals in SLW samples, including Hg, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Pb.

In this regard, Barrios et al. (2021) state that in the case of antibiotics used in animals, they are often not completely absorbed and can be excreted into the environment through feces. This also happens with some chemical elements administered in animal feed. Therefore, this study aims to research the influence of SLW application on the physical and chemical parameters of the soil in the Northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul.

2.1. Characterization of the study area

The research was conducted in two areas of a rural property located in the municipality of Pinheirinho do Vale, in the region of Médio Alto Uruguai, northwest of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), bordering the state of Santa Catarina (Fig. 1). This is one of the municipalities in the region with the highest number of pig production units, which is the main economic activity of the municipality (PREFEITURA MUNICIPAL DE PINHEIRINHO DO VALE, 2022).

Source: Built from IBGE (2005).

The local soil is classified as a CHROMIC LUVISOL (Cunha et al., 2010). Thus, this type of soil originates from basaltic rocks found on the slopes of the Uruguai Valley (Streck et al., 2018), which are derived from the Serra Geral Formation, Paranapanema Facies (CPRM, 2006), and it has a high Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC).

2.2. Soil Sample Collection

Soil samples were collected from two areas, one where SLW (Fertilizer or Lime) is applied, and another with no history of application. In each area, samples were taken from five randomly distributed points (n = 5) at depths of 0.00, 0.50, and 1.00 meters. Area 1, located on a rural property in Linha União, is characterized by flat topography and is cultivated with annual crops, especially corn for dairy cattle feed. SLW application is carried out at least twice a year using a tractor-mounted spreader. Area 2, located 100 meters from Area 1, features steep terrain and has no SLW application. It is planted with Eucalyptus.

Soil samples for the analysis of chemical parameters were collected using a Dutch auger and stored in plastic bags, labeled according to the area, sampling point, and depth. In total, samples were collected from five sampling points in each area at three different depths, making a total of 15 samples.

For particle size analysis and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), samples were collected at a single point and depth (5 to 10 cm). Samples for Ksat determination were collected in cylinders with a height of 5 cm and a radius of 2.5 cm.

2.3. Soil Sample Analysis

The analysis of soil physical parameters was conducted at the Soil Physics Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen Campus (UFSM-FW) in Frederico Westphalen, RS. The particle size distribution was determined according to the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) NBR 7.181/1984 (ABNT, 1984), which provided fractions of sand, silt, and clay. Ksat was determined using a constant head permeameter (Marques et al., 2008).

The chemical analysis of the soil was performed in the Soil Chemical Analysis Laboratory at the same institution. For each sampling depth, the concentrations of the metals Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, and Zn were determined using the methodology proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), with the SW 846–3050B method as described by Silva (2009) and officially recommended by the National Council for the Environment (CONAMA), as stated in Annex I of Resolution 420/2009 (BRASIL, 2009). According to this method, the sample was digested using nitric acid on a heating plate and then analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (F-AAS) with equipment from Shimadzu, model AA-6200.

Subsequently, the concentrations of the chemical elements were compared to the Quality Reference Values (VRQ) proposed by the FEPAM (Environmental Protection Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul) Ordinance 085/2014 (FEPAM, 2014) for the region of the Geological Geomorphological Province of volcanic rocks in the Plateau, at the 75th percentile, which represents the most restrictive values for each analyzed chemical element. The VRQ for the analyzed chemical elements, along with the Limit of Detection (LOD) of the equipment used in this study, are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Analyzed Chemical Elements, Methodology Used for Determination of Chemical Elements, Detection Limit of the Technique Used, and Quality Reference Values.
Chemical Elements	Methodology	*LOD (mg.kg^− 1)	**VRQ (mg.kg^− 1)
Zn	USEPA (1998) modified Silva (2009)	0.01	102.00
Cu		0.04	165.00
Cr		0.12	64.00
Cd		0.01	0.48
Co		0.06	49.00

Legend: * Limit of Detection (LOD) and ** Quality Reference Value (VRQ).

Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistics for central tendency and variability were calculated based on the results of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, and Zn concentrations (five replicates) from soil samples, considering the results at different depths (0, 0.5, and 1 m). The results for each variable (chemical elements) were compared between soil collection depths, and the means were calculated using the values from the five sampling points. Subsequently, comparisons between the collection areas were conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey test. Values were expressed as mean ± standard error. The software used was STATISTICS 7.0, with a minimum significance level of 95% (P < 0.05).

3.1. Chemical and Physical Soil Parameters

In the particle size analysis, it is evident that the soil exhibits variations in texture between the two areas (Table 2). Area 1 has a higher clay content, classified as loamy clay, while Area 2 has a lower clay content. Considering the topography of the location, Area 1 is situated on flatter terrain, while Area 2 is on more undulating terrain. This difference in topography can exacerbate clay loss in Area 2 due to erosion, exposing the subsurface layer, which is more sandy and silty. Luz et al. (2023) have stated that soil erosion processes are influenced by various factors, including topography.

Table 2

Particle Size and Soil Texture Classification in Area 1 (DLS application) and Area 2 (no DLS application).
Area	Clay	Silt	Sand	Classification (LEMOS; SANTOS, 1984)
Area	(%)			Classification (LEMOS; SANTOS, 1984)
1	34.00	41.00	25.00	Loamy clay
2	18.00	46.00	36.00	Loam

Ksat indicates the amount of water that percolates through a unit volume of soil. Ksat is closely related to the quantity and continuity of pores within the soil and to any layers that may impede water flow. In this study, the Ksat in Area 1 is approximately 17 times lower than that in Area 2. This significant difference is partially attributed to the higher clay content in Area 1 compared to Area 2. However, the main reason is the land use in Area 1, which involves heavy traffic for the application of SLW, planting operations, cultural practices, and the harvest of annual crops. In contrast, in Area 2, soil use is less intensive, with no machine traffic, resulting in lower compaction and a Ksat of 0.864 cm.h^− 1.

Table 3

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Ksat) in the Two Analyzed Areas.
Areas	k (cm.h^− 1)
1	0.050
2	0.864

Soil permeability depends on various factors, including the quantity, continuity, and size of pores, with compaction and discontinuities being responsible for a significant reduction in soil permeability to water (Beutler et al., 2001). In the case of SLW (Fertilizer or Lime) application, it can interfere with material percolation through the soil profile or even increase surface runoff.

According to Mancuso et al. (2014), soil management type strongly affects infiltration, and soil tillage helps with water penetration into the soil profile due to increased surface roughness and reduced runoff. Thus, soil management can affect infiltration and, consequently, local surface runoff.

Regarding soil chemical parameters, Table 4 presents the concentrations of the analyzed chemical elements in Areas 1 and 2. Considering all sampling points at three depths, in Area 1, 59 values exceeded the Quality Reference Values (VRQ) (FEPAM, 2014). Specifically, there were four samples with Zn levels above the VRQ (Points 2, 3, 4), 15 samples with Cu values above the permissible limit (in all points and depths), 12 with Co values exceeding the limit (in all points), 11 with Cr levels exceeding the limit (in all points), and 15 samples with Cd levels exceeding the limit, in all points and depths.

In Area 2, six samples had Zn levels above the permissible limit (Points 1, 3, 4), 14 samples with Cu levels exceeding the limit (in all points), 12 samples had Co levels exceeding the limit (in all points), eight samples with Cr levels exceeding the limit (in all points), and 15 samples had Cd levels exceeding the limit (in all points and depths) (Table 4).

Table 4

Concentration of Chemical Elements at Soil Sampling Points and Depths Analyzed in Area 1 (with DLS application) and Area 2 (without DLS application).
Points	Prof. ¹	Zn	Cu	Co	Cr	Cd
Points	Prof. ¹	(mg.kg^− 1)
AREA 1
P1	0.00	90.38	250.76*	75.14*	74.28*	2.16*
	0.50	85.00	226.86*	69.84*	62.78	1.20*
	1.00	89.06	249.06*	55.00*	76.20*	4.12*
P2	0.00	175.24*	253.48*	104.06*	64.90*	1.08*
	0.50	115.58*	268.78*	81.44*	80.58*	2.52*
	1.00	61.64	230.62*	31.88	38.26	3.42*
P3	0.00	72.72	218.30*	43.80	62.78	0.72*
	0.50	184.16*	274.20*	76.88*	72.32*	2.70*
	1.00	98.18	240.20*	62.56*	69.68*	1.20*
P4	0.00	161.06*	273.86*	56.92*	65.58*	2.88*
	0.50	94.94	226.52*	56.28*	78.10*	1.98*
	1.00	59.50	277.26*	43.80	78.10*	3.96*
P5	0.00	91.60	203.88*	51.12*	69.00*	0.90*
	0.50	54.22	202.52*	49.16*	30.80	1.26*
	1.00	73.84	296.20*	56.92*	66.96*	1.20*
	AREA 2
P1	0.00	75.66	237.80*	64.40*	69.00*	1.98*
	0.50	59.92	229.60*	23.72	39.14	0.72*
	1.00	104.46*	230.28*	93.02*	66.96*	2.70*
P2	0.00	90.28	261.98*	88.68*	56.96	2.52*
	0.50	98.68	369.24*	45.82	62.78	0.90*
	1.00	101.02	222.08*	66.82*	72.98*	2.16*
P3	0.00	100.20	259.26*	63.78*	59.92	2.52*
	0.50	110.62*	249.74*	72.80*	59.92	0.90*
	1.00	175.74*	254.16*	102.52*	72.98*	2.80*
P4	0.00	107.18*	216.24*	84.26*	71.66*	2.34*
	0.50	110.02*	280.30*	122.40*	83.64*	2.52*
	1.00	163.88*	298.22*	108.14*	96.30*	2.52*
P5	0.00	54.22	139.54	49.16*	34.60	3.42*
	0.50	71.30	254.16*	55.64*	78.10*	2.70*
	1.00	77.50	249.74*	41.76	59.92	0.72*
VRQ²		102	165	49.00	64.00	0.48

* Highlighted values above the 75th percentile Quality Reference Values (VRQ) for the Geological Geomorphological Province of volcanic rocks in the Plateau region. ¹ Depth; ² VRQ (FEPAM, 2014).

Table 5 illustrates the statistical analysis of the variables examined. For the element Zn, there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) between the areas at soil collection depths of 0 and 0.50 m. However, at a depth of 1 m, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the areas, with a higher average value in Area 2 (without SLW application).

Ernani et al. (2001) conducted a study involving SLW and zinc oxide application to soil and found that the addition of up to 150 mg.kg^− 1 of Zn in Oxisols did not cause any harm to this nutrient at the initial stage of maize development, confirming a wide range between sufficiency and toxicity of Zn in this soil. In the case of swine production, Zn can be added to the diet at dosages of up to 2,400 mg.kg^− 1 to address gastrointestinal disorders induced by weaning (Menten et al., 1992), with most of it being excreted in feces. Scherer et al. (2010) state that in clayey soils, the nutrient Zn predominantly accumulates in the soil surface, especially in the presence of high organic matter content. In this study, this condition is confirmed when comparing the levels in the topsoil of Area 1 with those in Area 2.

For the element Cu, the average values found did not show a significant difference between the areas in this study, whether with or without SLW application, across all depths. In a study conducted by Motta et al. (2019) in the Turvo State Park, RS, the average value found for this element was 131.80 mg.kg^− 1, lower than those found in the present research. Cu and Zn are important micronutrients for animal nutrition and are present in the mineral complexes used in feed formulation (Menten et al., 1992).

Therefore, it is essential to manage the proper application of swine waste in soil, as several authors have identified significant increases in this element in different soil layers (Leinweber; Eckhardt; 2001; Zhao et al., 2009; Mukherjee et al., 2011, Martinez-Martinez et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016). Additionally, there may be naturally occurring Cu in the region (CPRM, 2006). In the municipality of Palmitinho - RS, near the study area, Candaten (2023) analyzed Cu and Zn concentrations in native forest areas, where values were 224.90 and 150.60 mg.kg^− 1, respectively, similar to those found in this research.

For the chemical element Co, soil values ranged from 50.03 to 82.45 mg.kg^− 1 (Table 5). There was no significant difference between the studied areas at soil collection depths of zero and 0.50 m (Table 5). However, at a depth of 1.0 m, there was a significant difference between the areas, with a higher average value in Area 2 (without SLW application). Motta et al. (2019) found background values for this element to be 61.70 mg.kg^− 1, lower than most values found in both areas of the present study. The results are similar to those obtained by Pereira (2020), who also determined the effects on the physicochemical properties of the soil with swine waste application in the same type of soil as in this study, finding higher levels of Cr and Cd in the area without swine waste application.

For the element Cr, the average values found did not show a significant difference between the areas at all depths analyzed in this study. It was observed that the highest Cr concentrations occurred in the area with SLW application. Brandão et al. (2021) assert that this element is harmful to plants at any concentration and does not qualify as an essential or beneficial element for plant nutrition. Regarding Cd, the average soil values did not show a significant difference between the areas and depths analyzed. All concentrations in this study were above the Quality Reference Values (VRQ) established by FEPAM (2014).

Table 5

Average values found for the analyzed chemical elements in soils from an area with fertigation use (Area 1) and an area without fertigation use (Area 2) in pig farming.
Depth¹	0.0	0.50	1.00
Zinc (Zn) ²
	Mean¹ ± EP	Mean¹ ± EP	Mean¹ ± EP
Area 1	118.20 ± 20.79 a	106.78 ± 21.73 a	76.44 ± 7.57 b
Area 2	85.51 ± 9.45 a	90.11 ± 9.29 a	124.52 ± 19.15 a
Copper (Cu) ²
Area 1	240.06 ± 12.69 a	239.78 ± 13.71 a	258.67 ± 12.20 a
Area 2	222.96 ± 22.43 a	276.61 ± 24.53 a	250.90 ± 13.24 a
Cobalt (Co) ²
Area 1	66.21 ± 10.79 a	66.72 ± 6.11 a	50.03 ± 5.47 b
Area 2	70.06 ± 7.27 a	64.06 ± 16.60 a	82.45 ± 12.40 a
Chromium (Cr) ²
Area 1	67.31 ± 12.42 a	64.92 ± 9.06 a	65.84 ± 7.19 a
Area 2	58.43 ± 6.55 a	64.71 ± 7.80 a	73.83 ± 6.11 a
Cadmium (Cd) ²
Area 1	1.55 ± 0.42 a	1.93 ± 0.31 a	2.78 ± 0.66 a
Area 2	2.56 ± 0.24 a	1.55 ± 0.44 a	2.18 ± 0.38 a

Values expressed as mean ± standard error. Means followed by different letters (in the column) indicate a significant difference between the areas studied (P < 0.05). 1 Depth: m; Chemical elements: mg/kg^− 1.

In addition to the presented results (Tables 4 and 5), it is noticeable that, in general, there was a reduction in the concentration of the elements Zn, Co, and Cr with depth in Area 1. According to Leinweber et al. (2001), the lack of an increase in the chemical elements Zn, Co, and Cr in the soil depth after swine manure application may be related to the formation of insoluble complexes of these elements with other soil components.

Plants can also be responsible for the uptake of Zn and Cu, primarily, preventing them from reaching the deeper soil layers (Soares et al., 2004). The soil characteristic in the study area (clay-rich soil) may hinder the vertical migration of these elements, causing them to be more concentrated at the surface. In Area 2, there was an increase in the concentration of all the analyzed chemical elements with depth, which may be associated with the translocation of the elements through the soil profile, the clay fraction, or iron oxides present in this type of soil (Streck et al., 2018).

In the study soil, most of the elements presented concentrations above the current legislation in both areas. However, copper and zinc may have a natural origin and not be linked to anthropogenic activities. There was a significant difference in soil metal concentrations between the areas only at greater depths (1.00 m) and for zinc and cobalt. In the area with SLW application, in general, the highest concentrations of elements occurred in the surface soil layers, with less expression at depth.

Author Contribution

1 and 2 - Collection and preparation of samples. Discussion of results3, 4 and 8 - Review and discussion of results5 - Statistical analysis6 and 7 - Soil physical and chemical analyzes9 - Information tabulation and research

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Assessment of the Concentration of Potentially Contaminating Metals in the Soil Profile of an Area Under the Use of Swine Liquid Waste

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Abstract

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1. INTRODUCTION

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1. Characterization of the study area

2.2. Soil Sample Collection

2.3. Soil Sample Analysis

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Chemical and Physical Soil Parameters

4. CONCLUSION

Declarations

Author Contribution

References

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