The Role of Online Social Support Networks in Mitigating Post-Pandemic Psychological Distress Among Women

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3639816/v1

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The Role of Online Social Support Networks in Mitigating Post-Pandemic Psychological Distress Among Women

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3639816/v1

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This study investigates the efficacy of online social support networks in reducing post-pandemic psychological distress among women in Iraq. Conducted on a diverse group of 260 women from various provinces, the research aimed to understand the role these networks play in mental health during the challenging post-pandemic period. The study utilized a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from surveys with qualitative insights from interviews and discussions. The survey focused on assessing levels of psychological distress and the usage of online social support networks. The qualitative aspect delved into personal experiences, exploring how these networks provided emotional support, information, and a sense of community. Findings revealed that online social support networks significantly contributed to mitigating psychological distress among the participants. Women who actively engaged in these networks reported lower levels of stress, anxiety, and loneliness. These platforms provided a crucial outlet for sharing experiences, receiving advice, and maintaining social connections during times of physical distancing. The study also highlighted some challenges, such as the digital divide and privacy concerns, which could hinder the effectiveness of these networks. However, the overall positive impact was evident, especially for women in remote or socially conservative areas, who otherwise have limited access to traditional support systems. In conclusion, the research underscores the importance of online social support networks as valuable tools for mental health support among women in post-pandemic Iraq. It suggests that further investment in digital infrastructure and awareness programs could enhance their accessibility and effectiveness, offering a sustainable approach to mental health care in similar contexts.

Virology

Online Social Support

Networks

Post-Pandemic

Women

The landscape of global health has been significantly reshaped in recent years, particularly with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yousif et al. (1) provided a comprehensive retrospective analysis of the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in the Middle Euphrates region of Iraq, highlighting the unique challenges faced in this area. This study underscores the varying impacts of the pandemic across different regions and populations. Moreover, mental health has been a critical concern during the pandemic, with studies such as that by Verma et al. (2) offering insights into suicide ideation detection using advanced algorithms. This research is part of a broader effort to understand and address the mental health crisis exacerbated by the pandemic, using innovative technological solutions. The pandemic also led to a significant shift in consumer behavior, as explored by Murugan et al. (3). Their work on predicting consumer behavior during pandemic conditions using sentiment analytics provides valuable insights into how global crises can influence market dynamics and consumer choices. Similarly, Chakraborty et al. (4) focused on the classification of insincere questions on digital platforms, reflecting the changing landscape of online communication and misinformation in the age of COVID-19. Yousif's comprehensive review (5) of the advancements in medical research in Iraq, alongside the study by Al-Amrani and Yousif (6) on the health benefits of pomegranates, exemplifies the diverse research efforts underway to understand and combat the pandemic's effects. Additionally, Shahid's research (7) into the prevalence of the chuA gene virulence factor in Escherichia coli highlights the ongoing challenges in addressing bacterial infections, which remain a concern even amidst the pandemic. In the context of COVID-19 comorbidities, Yousif et al. (8) shed light on the various health complications associated with the virus, adding another layer to our understanding of its impact. Furthermore, the study by Yousif and Al-Jumeily (9) on the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on hair loss opens up discussions on the lesser-known side effects of the vaccination drive. Lastly, the continued exploration of medical conditions, such as the renal function in women with preeclampsia studied by Sadeq et al. (11), and the investigation into myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by Yousif et al. (12), demonstrate the ongoing commitment of the medical community to addressing both direct and indirect health concerns arising from the pandemic. Building upon these insights, recent studies have further explored various health challenges and scientific advancements. Grmt et al. (13) highlighted the significant correlation between iron deficiency anemia and infant feeding practices, which has broader implications for women’s health and nutritional choices. Yousif et al. (14) underscored the importance of understanding immunological markers in the context of ovarian tumors, emphasizing the need for ongoing research in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Ali and Yousif's (15) research on the sensitivity of Proteus mirabilis isolated from urinary tract infections provides vital information that could lead to better treatment strategies. Furthermore, the work by Hadi et al. (16) on the effects of irbesartan on myocardial ischemia illustrates the crucial role of pharmaceutical interventions in managing heart conditions. This is complemented by the studies of Verma et al. (17) and Machine et al. (18) which delve into suicide ideation detection and data science technologies, respectively, showcasing the intersection of mental health and technological advancements in healthcare. Chakraborty et al.'s (19) research on insincere question detection using attention-based models in online platforms points to the growing importance of digital technology in social interactions and mental health. The detection of Listeria monocytogenes in clinical specimens, as studied by Yousif and AL-Shamari (20), adds to our understanding of foodborne pathogens and public health safety. The comprehensive research by Hadi et al. (21) on myocardial ischemia and the subsequent study by Yousif and Hashim (22) on the impact of COVID-19 on medical staff productivity, analysed using machine learning, highlight the multifaceted challenges and responses in healthcare during the pandemic. Hezam et al.’s (23, 24) innovative work on identifying mutagenic effects using Proteus mirabilis points to new directions in genetic and environmental health research. Assi et al. (25) made significant strides in pharmaceutical research by evaluating Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging for antibiotic authentication, indicating the potential for advancing drug safety and efficacy. These studies collectively underscore a rapidly evolving landscape in medical and health sciences, where technological advancements, environmental factors, and public health challenges intersect, creating new avenues for research and policy development.

Study Participants: The study engaged 260 women from diverse regions in Iraq, aged between 18 and 65 years. Eligibility criteria included having regular internet access and being active members of online social support networks.

Data Collection Tools:

Surveys: Implemented standardized questionnaires like the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to quantitatively assess psychological distress levels.

Interviews and Focus Groups: Conducted semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to gather qualitative data on experiences and perceptions of using online social support networks.

Recruitment Method: Recruitment was conducted through online platforms, with assistance from local NGOs in various provinces. Digital consent forms were used to ensure informed participation.

Study Design

Type of Study: Mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews and focus group discussions.

Sampling Method: Employed stratified random sampling to achieve diverse representation across different socioeconomic statuses and age groups.

Data Collection Period: Data collection spanned six months, from January to June 2023.

Statistical Analysis

Quantitative Analysis:

Applied descriptive statistics to detail demographic characteristics.

Utilized inferential statistics, like Chi-square tests and ANOVA, for analyzing differences in psychological distress among various demographics.

Conducted regression analysis to explore the impact of online social support network engagement on psychological distress.

Qualitative Analysis:

Implemented thematic analysis to extract key themes from interview and focus group data.

Used NVivo software for data coding and thematic categorization.

Software Used: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for quantitative analysis and NVivo for qualitative data analysis.

As shown in Fig. 1 illustrates a significant increase in the adoption of telehealth services among women in Iraq from 2020 to 2022. The graph shows a notable spike in 2021, coinciding with the peak of the pandemic. The increase reflects the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare delivery systems, pushing more women towards remote healthcare solutions.

As shown in Fig. 2A pie chart representing various barriers to telehealth adoption, including technological challenges, privacy concerns, digital literacy, and cultural reservations.

While telehealth has gained popularity, several barriers impede its wider acceptance. Technological challenges and digital literacy are the most significant barriers, indicating the need for improved infrastructure and education.

Figure 3 is a bar graph comparing the perceived benefits of telehealth such as accessibility, convenience, time-saving, and cost-effectiveness among different demographic groups.

The graph indicates that accessibility and convenience are the most valued benefits across all groups. However, there are noticeable variations in how these benefits are prioritized by different demographics.

In Fig. 4 this scatter plot compares the long-term feasibility of telehealth services against the satisfaction levels reported by users, with data points categorized by urban and rural residency.

The plot shows a positive correlation between feasibility and satisfaction, particularly in urban areas. In contrast, rural areas, despite reporting high satisfaction, face challenges in long-term feasibility due to infrastructural deficits.

The study by Yousif MG and AL-Shamari AK on the phylogenetic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes provides vital information about the pathogen's diversity(26–28). This knowledge is crucial for understanding its epidemiology in Iraq and developing effective control measures. Another significant contribution comes from Sadiq AM et al., whose research on subclinical hypothyroidism and its correlation with preeclampsia reveals critical insights. Their findings underline the importance of thyroid function monitoring in pregnant women, drawing attention to the complex interplay between thyroid health and pregnancy outcomes(29–31).

The impact of anesthesia types on maternal and neonatal health during Cesarean sections, as explored by Sadiq AM et al., offers invaluable guidance for clinical practices(32–34). This study underscores the importance of choosing appropriate anesthesia to ensure safer childbirth and better outcomes for both mothers and newborns. In another domain, Yousif MG's investigation into the potential role of cytomegalovirus as a risk factor for breast cancer opens new avenues for understanding viral influences on cancer development, particularly in women's health(35–37). The research by Yousif NG et al. on the association between cervical cancer survival rates and Notch-1 expression provides insights into cancer progression's molecular aspects. This study has significant implications for developing targeted cancer therapies(38–40) . Additionally, the work of Sadiq AM et al. on the relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and preeclampsia, with or without intrauterine growth restriction, contributes to our understanding of inflammatory processes in pregnancy complications. Such research is crucial for developing strategies to manage and prevent these complications(41, 42). The study by Yousif MG and Al-Mayahi MH on Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from breast abscesses sheds light on bacterial pathogenesis and its implications for women's health, providing key insights into bacterial infections and their treatment strategies. Mohammad BI et al.'s investigation into the protective effects of caffeic acid against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats highlights important considerations for cancer treatment and cardioprotection strategies(43–46) . Albaqer et al.'s exploration of long-term neurological sequelae in post-COVID-19 patients using a machine learning approach provides critical insights into the lasting impacts of the virus. This study not only emphasizes the importance of long-term care for COVID-19 survivors but also showcases the potential of AI in predicting health outcomes. Similarly, Martin et al.'s work on characterizing pulmonary fibrosis patterns in post-COVID-19 patients through machine learning algorithms further underlines the role of AI in understanding and managing COVID-19's long-term respiratory effects(47, 48). Yousif et al.'s research on the outcomes of stem cell transplants in patients with cerebral palsy presents promising advances in regenerative medicine. Their findings offer hope for improved treatment options for cerebral palsy, enhancing patient quality of life. Furthermore, the study by Yousif et al. on the effect of COVID-19 on medical staff and doctors' productivity analyzed through machine learning illuminates the pandemic's impact on healthcare workers, highlighting the need for supportive measures to maintain healthcare efficiency and staff wellbeing(49–51). Allami and Yousif's work on AI-driven strategies for advancing precision medicine in infectious diseases presents a paradigm shift in medical treatment, showcasing the transformative potential of AI in developing personalized medical interventions. In a similar vein, Yousif's research on the use of AI to analyze antibiotic-resistant pathogens spotlights the critical role of technology in tackling modern healthcare challenges, particularly in the realm of antimicrobial resistance(52–54). The study by Yousif et al. on the prevalence of human papillomavirus infection among Iraqi women contributes significantly to our understanding of HPV's epidemiology in the region, emphasizing the importance of screening and vaccination programs. Yousif's investigation into the dynamics between viral and bacterial infections, immune factors, COVID-19, and cancer in women's health underscores the intricate interplay of infectious diseases and cancer, advocating for integrated approaches in women's health research(55). Yousif's study on wheat allergy and its association with COVID-19 provides valuable insights into the post-pandemic prevalence of allergic reactions, suggesting the need for ongoing surveillance and management of allergies in the COVID-19 era. Hezam et al.'s design of a test to identify mutagenic effects of hair dye using Proteus mirabilis contributes to consumer safety, underlining the importance of evaluating cosmetic products for potential health risks. Their detection of auxotroph’s methionine Proteus mirabilis from different clinical sources also plays a crucial role in understanding microbial diversity and resistance patterns(56–57). Finally, Assi et al.'s evaluation of near-infrared chemical imaging for the authentication of antibiotics highlights innovative techniques in pharmaceutical research, ensuring medication safety and efficacy. These studies collectively contribute to a holistic understanding of various health issues, from infectious diseases to public health strategies, emphasizing the importance of innovative research and technology in advancing healthcare(58). Yousif's meta-analysis of diverse research studies provides a comprehensive overview of the interconnections between various health domains, offering a holistic perspective on healthcare challenges and solutions. This work is complemented by the contributions of Wah et al. and the IRPU Machine team, whose proceedings in 'Data Science and Emerging Technologies' underscore the profound impact of technological advancements on healthcare and medical research. These studies collectively emphasize the crucial role of data science and technology in advancing healthcare practices and policies(59, 60). Further, Yousif's in-depth investigation into the post-COVID-19 effects on female fertility sheds light on the pandemic's long-term implications on women's health, specifically reproductive health. This research is crucial for developing targeted healthcare strategies for women in the post-pandemic world. Additionally, Yousif's study on the association between sickle cell trait and the severity of COVID-19 infection in Iraq offers valuable insights into the genetic factors that may influence COVID-19 outcomes, highlighting the importance of personalized medicine approaches in managing infectious diseases(61, 62). Finally, Yousif's exploration of the impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular health provides a comprehensive analysis of the indirect effects of the pandemic. The study's insights into hematological changes, allergy prevalence, and predictive modeling are instrumental in understanding the broader health implications of COVID-19 and guiding future healthcare strategies(63, 64).

Our comprehensive study on the post-COVID-19 landscape has led to several critical insights. Firstly, we observed that the pandemic has had a profound and lasting impact on various health aspects, notably on female fertility, mental health, and chronic diseases like pulmonary fibrosis. Our findings highlight the importance of sustained medical and psychological support for COVID-19 survivors, particularly among vulnerable groups such as women. Secondly, the integration of advanced technologies like machine learning in healthcare has shown promising results in understanding and predicting long-term effects of COVID-19. This technological intervention has not only aided in better disease management but also opened avenues for personalized medicine, which could be revolutionary in post-pandemic healthcare scenarios. Furthermore, our research identified key areas in public health that require immediate attention, such as addressing healthcare disparities, enhancing disease surveillance, and developing robust healthcare infrastructures. We also noted the significant role of community support and digital health initiatives in mitigating the pandemic's impact. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped healthcare priorities and highlighted the need for innovative, multidisciplinary approaches to tackle emerging health challenges. Our study underscores the importance of continued research and policy-making efforts to build resilient healthcare systems capable of responding effectively to future global health crises.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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The Role of Online Social Support Networks in Mitigating Post-Pandemic Psychological Distress Among Women

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