This preprint is under consideration at Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research Article
SUHAILA MOHAMED
University Putra Malaysia Institut Biosains
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2954-3821
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Purpose. Inflammation and compromised immune responses often increases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. The immune-modulating effects of limonin on carcinogen/inflammation-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) were studied in mice.
Methods: Male Balb/c mice were randomly assorted into three groups (n=6): healthy control, non-treated CRC-induced (azoxymethane/dextran-sulfate-sodium AOM/DSS) control, and CRC-induced+50 mg limonin /kg body-weight. The CRC development were monitored via macroscopic, histopathological, ELISA and mRNA expression analysis.
Results: Limonin downregulated inflammation (TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α), enhanced the adaptive immune responses (CD8, CD4, and CD19), and upregulated antioxidant defense (Nrf2, SOD2) mRNA expressions. Limonin reduced serum malondialdehyde (MDA, lipid peroxidation biomarker), prostaglandin-E2 and histopathology inflammation scores, while increasing reduced-glutathione (GSH) in the CRC-induced mice. Limonin significantly (p<0.05) increased T cells (CD4 and CD8) and B cells (CD19) in spleen tissues. The CD335 (natural killer cells) were increased in the CRC-induced mice and limonin treatment restored it to normal levels suggesting reinstatement to normal colon conditions.
Conclusion: Limonin apparently mitigated CRC development, by ameliorating adaptive immune responses (CD8, CD4, and CD19), reducing inflammation (serum prostaglandin-E2; TNF-α, innate immune responses), oxidative stress and enhancing the endogenous anti-oxidation defense reactions (GSH) in the CRC-induced mice.
Keywords
Limonin, Colorectal cancer, inflammation, immune responses, flavonoid
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
Loading...
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 1
Posted 19 Apr, 2021
No community comments so far
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 29 Mar, 2021
Reviews received
Received 29 Mar, 2021
Editor assigned
On 24 Mar, 2021
First submitted
On 23 Mar, 2021
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Clinical Pharmacology
Learn more about our company.
This preprint is under consideration at Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research Article
SUHAILA MOHAMED
University Putra Malaysia Institut Biosains
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2954-3821
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 1
Posted 19 Apr, 2021
No community comments so far
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 29 Mar, 2021
Reviews received
Received 29 Mar, 2021
Editor assigned
On 24 Mar, 2021
First submitted
On 23 Mar, 2021
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Clinical Pharmacology
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Purpose. Inflammation and compromised immune responses often increases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. The immune-modulating effects of limonin on carcinogen/inflammation-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) were studied in mice.
Methods: Male Balb/c mice were randomly assorted into three groups (n=6): healthy control, non-treated CRC-induced (azoxymethane/dextran-sulfate-sodium AOM/DSS) control, and CRC-induced+50 mg limonin /kg body-weight. The CRC development were monitored via macroscopic, histopathological, ELISA and mRNA expression analysis.
Results: Limonin downregulated inflammation (TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α), enhanced the adaptive immune responses (CD8, CD4, and CD19), and upregulated antioxidant defense (Nrf2, SOD2) mRNA expressions. Limonin reduced serum malondialdehyde (MDA, lipid peroxidation biomarker), prostaglandin-E2 and histopathology inflammation scores, while increasing reduced-glutathione (GSH) in the CRC-induced mice. Limonin significantly (p<0.05) increased T cells (CD4 and CD8) and B cells (CD19) in spleen tissues. The CD335 (natural killer cells) were increased in the CRC-induced mice and limonin treatment restored it to normal levels suggesting reinstatement to normal colon conditions.
Conclusion: Limonin apparently mitigated CRC development, by ameliorating adaptive immune responses (CD8, CD4, and CD19), reducing inflammation (serum prostaglandin-E2; TNF-α, innate immune responses), oxidative stress and enhancing the endogenous anti-oxidation defense reactions (GSH) in the CRC-induced mice.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Loading...