The article examines the influence of manganese on cotton growing time, yield increasing and fiber quality reflection. The soil was tested for defining concentration of manganese and other trace elements in the soil. The results of analysis provided information about how many manganese need to be involved for every hectare of experimental fields. The innovative method for monitoring and analyzing of the cotton growth was helped us to observe the influence of manganese in germination of cotton fruits. The quality of cotton fiber has high priority for deep textile operation. Hence, on following article you can read about case study of influence of manganese microelement in fiber quality. The research tested an influence of manganese in cotton phonologic stages, cotton yield increasing and fiber quality indicators improvement. The cotton fiber was tested in HVI and compared with conventional cotton fiber from the same field.
Article
Increasing Production Efficiency and Improving the Management System in Cotton Breeding Industry of Uzbekistan
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3724238/v1
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Despite the fact that Uzbekistan is geographically the northernmost region among more than 70 cotton-growing countries in the world, it ranks among the top ten in terms of the volume of cotton cultivation. This is being achieved through the creation of new cotton varieties, improvement of agrotechnical activities, and the use of resource-efficient and efficient cotton growing technologies. Despite the fact that more than 25 million tons of cotton are grown in the world every year, the need for cotton fiber is increasing daily [1]. Not only in Uzbekistan, but also throughout the world, the profitability of cotton cultivation has remained unchanged or has a decreasing trend for several decades. There are many reasons for this: global climate change, adecrease in soil fertility,an increase in types of pests and cotton diseases,an increase in the cost of material and technical resources and labor resources and other factors [2. 3].
Eachtype of plant develops, grows and yields due to the absorption of a certain group of macro- and micronutrients from the soil during the vegetation process. If we look at cotton cultivation, which occupies the main cultivated areas of our country, macro- and microelements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are supplied to the soil every season. The application of livestock manure to cropland, the former traditional local organic fertilizer, has now become a rare occurrence. Livestock manure is considered a pure organic fertilizer and contains several macro- and micronutrients that ensure cotton development and high yield, including: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, iron, magnesium, silicon, chlorine, sulfur and others. there are chemical elements. During the development of the cotton plant, the macro- and micronutrients absorbed by the plant from the soil arereplaced. Microelements are necessary for the plant organism in very small quantities, but without them, they cannot develop normally. Microelements are enzymes, vitamins and hormones that play a very important role in the development of plants. Considering that the process of photosynthesis in leaves leading to plant development is determined by the trace elements manganese, iron and copper, it is possible to understand how important these trace elements are.
Currently, to correctly assess soil fertility, it is necessary to regularly monitor the macro- and microelements in the soil. According to the results obtained in scientific research in the agricultural field, manganese trace elements are extremely important in the development of agricultural crops, includingthe abundant harvest of cotton [4, 5]. With the help of this trace element, it is possible to control important physiological and biochemical processes in cotton plants, and in this way, it is possible to increase the yield of cotton. The micronutrient manganese can be applied to seeds by presowing treatments and by feeding the soil to the cotton root system. The saturation of seeds or soil with manganese promotes the rapid growth and development of cotton seeds, accelerates metabolism, accelerates ripening and increases yield.
Based on the amount of manganese trace elements in the soil, the microelement rate given to the root system of cotton is calculated. For this purpose, we conducted monitoring of soil micronutrients in experimental fields.
In February-March 2023, the total area of 62 hectares of cotton fields, located in the Koshtepa district of the Fergana region, with soil and water conditions that are more severe, served as an innovative landfill for field research. From each hectare of these areas, soil samples were taken for analysis from 5 places using the envelope method. Soil samples were studied by the "Ecology and Biotechnologies" scientific laboratory of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan by means of instrumental neutron activation analysis, and the concentrations of potassium, sodium, manganese and other trace elements in the soil were determined. Theconcentrations of sodium, potassium, and manganese in the soil samples from the experimental areas are presented in Table1. Results of soil analysis of experimental fields.
Table 1. Results of soil analysis of experimental fields.
|
Outline |
Field, ha |
Manganese, mg/kg |
Sodium, mg/kg |
Potassium, mg/kg |
|
1366 |
4.26 ha |
240-310 |
5100-8500 |
8 200-15100 |
|
1367 |
6.65 ha |
250-330 |
7700-10600 |
12600-17700 |
|
1420 |
6.7 ha |
330-470 |
9500-11100 |
17200-19900 |
|
1416 |
3.4 ha |
320-420 |
10000-18200 |
16600-27800 |
|
505 |
8.97 ha |
240-350 |
5600-8300 |
9400-15700 |
|
444 |
6.37 ha |
320-390 |
8100-11900 |
17200-20400 |
|
1675 |
12.28 ha |
410-480 |
8200-10300 |
15400-18900 |
|
1410 |
5.5 ha |
340-420 |
680-9700 |
16200-19300 |
|
1415 |
3.75 ha |
325-405 |
7500-11400 |
11400-17800 |
|
1056 |
4.55 ha |
350-430 |
7600-10700 |
12100-18600 |
It can be seen from the table that the amount of manganese trace elements in all experimental areas is less than the norm. The norm of manganese in soil for cotton cultivation is 800-1000 mg/kg. Therefore, in these soils, the micronutrient manganese is insufficient for cotton to develop well and yield. According to the calculations based on the results of scientific research obtained in previous years, these soils should be given sulfate manganese (MnЅO4) microfertilizer at the rate of 30 kg/ha to 35 kg/ha.
The "Namangan-77" variety of cotton was planted in all fields, with row spacing of 60 cm and 90 cm. Control plots consisting of 16 rows were left in each plot, and the parameters of the experimental plots were compared with the control plots during the cotton vegetation.
Sodium salts of humic acid at a rate of 250 grams/ha and carbamide at a rate of 8-10 kg/ha were mixed and sprinkled through the leaves in the form of an aqueous solution to the cotton in all the experimental areas, which are considered to be the main phases of cotton plant vegetation. The consumption of aqueous solution was 300 liters per hectare. Through this event, the growth of cotton is accelerated, and it does not lose, retains and accumulate elements of the crop during anomalously hot summer days.
An improved method for managing the vegetation season of cotton was developed.
A new monitoring method (method) was introduced to transparently assess the productivity of the experiments carried out within the framework of improving soil fertility and increasing cotton productivity. The effect of MnЅO4 micro fertilizer on the following indicators was studied during the period of cotton stem monitoring:
- Reduction in the cotton growth period in the experimental field compared to the control field.
- Increasing of the yield index in the Experimental Field compared to the Control Field.
- Superiority of textile properties of the fiber obtained from the experimental cotton field compared to the control field.
After planting seeds in the fields of the innovative polygon, experimental and control plots were monitored 2 times every week during the cotton growing season. To ensure the stability of the monitoring method, one control stake was installed in every 2 hectares of the experimental fields after the seed had germinated. Two stakes were installed in the control part of the fields. The location of the piles was determined using satellite images of the development.
The growth period of cotton was evaluated according to the following development indicators:
- Cotton germination date, day
- Date of grass leaf emergence, day
- Flowering date, day
- Date of delivery, day
- Cotton opening date, day
The results of the study of the effect of MnЅO4 micro fertilizer on the cotton growth period are presented in the Table 2. Effect of manganese microelement on cotton growth period.
Table 2. Effect of manganese microelement on cotton growth period.
It can be seen from the table 2 that the manganese microelement had a positive effect on shortening the growing period of cotton, that is, on faster ripening of cotton. In particular, the period of seed germination was reduced by an average of 15%, the period of grass leaf emergence by an average of 6%, the flowering date by an average of 5%, and the period of cotton opening by an average of 1%.
The yield dynamics of cotton were monitored using the following development indicators:
- Number of fruits, pcs
- Number of flowers, pc
- Number of seedlings, pcs
- Number of notes, pcs
- Cotton height, cm
- Number of balls, pcs
- Number of open balls, %
- BBCH
- NAWF, pcs
The number of pods in the field, the number of pods and the number of opened pods were calculated at the monitoring points (the point where the stake was installed), on the example of 100 seedlings from the right and left sides of the stake.
The number of flowers was calculated from the number of flowers at a distance of 7.5 meters from the control point.
The BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt) scale is used to determine the phenological stages of plant development. This scale was used to evaluate the dynamics of cotton development in the experimental field compared to the control field. [6,9].
NAWF (Notes Above White Flower), a cotton condition analysis method by counting the white flower at the top of the boll, was used to determine the maturity of the cotton field after flowering and whether the bolls were thirsty or saturated with water. [7,8]. In Figure 3, we can see in detail the phenological phases of cotton described by Aparecido et al. (2020).
The results of the study of the effect of MnЅO4 micro fertilizer on the dynamics of cotton productivity are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Effect of manganese microelements on seed cotton yield
It can be seen from the table that manganese micronutrients had a positive effect on the parameters affecting cotton productivity. In particular, the number of seedlings increased by 5%, the average height of cotton by 3%, and the number of bolls by 3%.
Table 4 shows the results of the analysis of the textile characteristics of the fiber obtained from the cotton of the experimental field compared to the control area.
Table 4. Fiber quality analysis results
The research took part on model fields of Fergana Global Textile LLC farm that as a cotton-textile cluster has a government permission for cotton-breeding, harvesting and deep operation processes.
The cotton yield harvesting and further testing of cotton fiber quality was carried out in accordance with quality control policy/processes of Fergana Global Textile LLC.
The role of manganese microelements is very important in the growth period of cotton, productivity parameters of cotton and in improving the textile properties of the fiber. In September 2023, the management of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan together with the responsible employees of "Fergana Global Textile" LLC, shows the process of reviewing the state of cotton development in the experimental fields. The experiment shows that implementation of sulfate manganese fertilizer at first floral buds visible (“match-head square”) phenological growth stage of cotton seedlings (BBCH 52) was accelerated germination stage of cotton plant growth. Cotton variety Namangan -77 grass leaf’s emergence were reduced in average of 6%, the beginning of flowering stage (BBCH 61) decreased in average of 5%, and phenological stage of beginning of boll opening (BBCH 81) was reinforced in average of 1%.
On another hand, manganese microelements had following influence on seed cotton production yield: the number of seedlings per one hectare were increased by 5%, and the number of bolls per each cotton plant increased by 3% which contributed cotton yield production growth up to 20 %.
The last step of cotton production efficiency and improving management system of cotton breeding was cotton fiber quality indicators analysis. As a result, key indicators of quality such as upper high middle length improved over 3%.
Acknowledgements
Words cannot express my gratitude to Dr.Muzaffar Razakov for invaluable patience and feedback, thank you for your helpful advice and opportunity of leading this case study. I am also grateful to my scientific adviser Mr.Ashurov M for motivating me and moral support. Lastly, I would be remiss in not mentioning my family, especially my parents, their contribution in my background is priceless.
Authors' contributions
Sardor Inoyatov, Ilkhom Mamatov and Iqbol conceived and designed the study. Sardor Inoyatov and Bakhtiyor Kurbanov collated and analyzed data and prepared the first draft revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Availability of data and material
The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to reasons of sensitivity and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
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Competing interests
Authors declare no conflict of interests.
Funding
This case study was funded by Fergana Global Textile LLC.
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No competing interests reported.