Preparation of the Electrospun Composite Nanofibers for Oils Absorption.

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3761587/v1

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Preparation of the Electrospun Composite Nanofibers for Oils Absorption.

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3761587/v1

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In this study, polymeric materials that absorb oils floating on the surface of the water, such as paraffin oil, engine oil, and transmission oil, were prepared by electrospinning. The sorbent comprises Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/polystyrene (PS) nanofibers. The blend nanofibers were strengthened by (2.5,3.5.4.5, and 5.5) wt.% of Zirconia. Various physical tests were conducted on prepared nanofibers as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and contact angle for water and oil. The results showed that the nanofiber diameters and average pore size reduction were 31.87 and 65.94%. In comparison, the increment in the overall porosity was 33.1% when reinforcing the PVC: PS nanofibers by 5.5 wt.% zirconia. Zirconia nanoparticles improve the crystalline and thermal properties, besides increasing the wettability of surfaces of polymeric absorbs by using water or oils. The absorption capacity of oil is much greater than the absorption capacity of water, and the absorption capacity of nanofibers reinforced with zirconia is higher than that of nanofibers of PVC: PS. The highest selectivity of transmission oil absorption by composite nanofibers indicated ease of separating the oils from the water surface.

Environmental Engineering

Polymer Science

PVC: PS nanofibers

Zirconia nanoparticles

Surface wettability

Oils Absorption

Oil selectivity

Interest in petroleum pollutants has increased and has become widespread recently due to their toxicity and the generation of cancerous diseases [1]. Therefore, there has been great interest in methods for eliminating oil spills, including the absorption method that relies on highly efficient materials compared to the use of inorganic powders, which show many disadvantages, including reduced buoyancy on the water's surface and limited absorption capacity [2]. The electrospinning method produces nanofiber membranes with a high surface area [3–6] to achieve a longer floating period on the water surface due to low density and high absorption efficiency [7]. The most important characteristics of materials absorbing oils or oil spills are that they are oil-hydrophilic and water-hydrophobic, in addition to their high absorption rate and low density (high buoyancy) [8]. Polystyrene (PS) is considered an oil-absorbing polymeric material, but the strength and elasticity of the fibers decrease after absorption, which leads to poor reusability [9]. Therefore, its fibers can be strengthened by blending them with polyvinyl fluoride (PVDF) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to enhance their mechanical properties [10]. PVC/PS nanofiber blend can be used to absorb oils on the surface of the water because it is stable in the air, cheap, the material is widely available, in addition to its ability to absorb oil, and has good oil/water selectivity [11]. To achieve high absorption capacity and efficiency for oils floating on water, nanofiber membranes with high porosity and low pore size must be obtained [12–14], which is achieved by adding nanoparticles of mineral oxides such as zirconia. Zirconia increases the electrical charge density and causes an increase in the electrical current, which leads to a decrease in the diameters of the nanofibers [15]. Zirconia (ZrO2) is a benign and environmentally stable compound that absorbs organophosphorus compounds [16] and enhances the membrane surface wettability [17]. On the other hand, surface chemistry is often used, such as using zirconia (ZrO2) membranes that are functionalized with alkyl silanes to make the membrane surface oil-selective and hydrophobic for water, increasing the oil absorption efficiency [18]. Hybrid nanofiber membranes are better than pure nanofiber membranes and can absorb oils and separate them from water. This study reinforced the PVC: PS nanofiber blend with zirconia nanoparticles to obtain hybrid nanofiber membranes with the necessary specifications for separating oil from water.

2.1 Materials

SABIC PVC 67S Suspension Polyvinyl chloride (PVC 67S) for rigid extruded products was supplied by Shanghai Songhan Plastic Technology Co., Ltd. Poly Styrene (PS) was supplied from American Polymers Service Inc. APS. Sky Spring Nanomaterials, Inc. supplied zirconium Oxide nanopowder (ZrO2) with a purity of more than 99% and an average particle size of 10 nm. N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd, China. Shandong Hongda International Trade Co, China, supplied Cyclohexanol with the molecular formula(C6H10O).

2.2 Preparation Solutions and Electrospinning Conditions

Dissolve 1 g of PVC in 9 g of Cyclohexanol until homogenous to prepare the 10 wt.% of PVC solution, and dissolve 1 g of PS in 9 g of DMF until homogenous to prepare the 10 wt.% of PS solution. Blending 50:50 PS: PVC solutions. Added the 2.5,3.5,4.5, and 5.5 wt.% of ZrO2 to PS: PVC blend solution and magnetic stirrer until the homogenous solution at room temperature, then electrospinning the above solutions at 1mL/h of flow rate, 20 Kv of applied voltage, and 20 cm of the distance between the tip of 1 mL syringe and rotary collector by used the MS-2200-Daiwha syringe infusion pump. the electrospinning process occurs at room temperature, and humidity does not exceed 40%.

2.3 Nanofibers Porosity Measurement,

The n-butanol is used to measure the porosity of pure polymers, blend, and composites nanofibers; after determining the thickness of the film with a micrometer, a certain amount and area of nanofibers are immersed in the n-butanol at room temperature for one hour. The mass of the fibers is recorded after immersion, and the porosity is calculated according to the following relationship [19]:

$$Porosity(\% )=\frac{{{W_w} - {W_d}}}{{{\rho _b}V}}$$

Where${W_w}$, ${W_d}$, ${\rho _b}$, and are the mass of nanofibers film after and before immersion(g), the density of n-butanol (g/cm3), and the volume of nanofibers film (cm³), respectively.

2.4 Oils Absorption Measurements

The ability of PVC/PS and PVC: PS: ZrO2 nanofibers to absorb oils, whose physical properties are shown in Table 1, is determined according to the following steps:

1. The ability of the absorbent material to absorb oil without water. Take 0.1 g of nanofiber, then place the absorbent material over 30 ml of oil in a glass cup. After 60 minutes of absorption, the oil is filtered for two minutes and left wet; then absorbent material is weighed.

The absorption capacity of nanofibers for oil without water is calculated according to the equation [11]:

$$Q=[{W_f} - ({W_i}+{W_w})/{W_i}]$$

Where Wf is the wet weight after 2 minutes, Wi is the initial weight of the absorbent material, Ww is the weight of water, and in this case, it is equal to zero, Q is the absorption capacity (g/g)

2. Absorption capacity of the nanofibers for oil/water, according to the thickness of the oil on the surface of the water, by pouring

Paraffin Oil, Transmission Oil, and Motors Oil were added to 80 ml of tap water in a series of 0.1 L glass beakers. The thickness of the oils on the water surface is set at 3, 9, 15 and 21 mm, respectively. After achieving a steady state, 0.1 g of nanofibers were placed in the cups. After 60 minutes of absorption, the wet absorbent was weighed, then removed and filtered of excess oil for two minutes.

3. Squeezing the absorbent material saturated with oil and water to extract the mixture of water and oil, then separating the two liquids by centrifugation according to Standard Specification D4007 81 (ASTM, 1998a).

4. The oil capacity of the absorbent material was determined by Eq. 2. The experiment was repeated for each sample three times.

Table 1

Characteristics of oils used at room temperature.
Oils and solvents	Viscosity (mPs s(cp)	density (g / cm3)	producer
Transmission Oil	42000	0.863	General Motors ATF Dex II
Paraffin Oil	32	0.817	Chem-Supply Pty Ltd - An ISO 9001:2000 Accredited Company
Motors Oil (OW-20)	103.899	0.8964	Amazon Motor Oil

2.4 Characterizations

In this research, several devices were used to obtain the properties of the produced nanofibers. Study the surface morphology of nanofibers by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) (MIRA3 TESCAN, FRANCE). Fourier transform transformation (FT-IR) (Spectrum Two, PerkinElmer, USA) was used to detect chemical bonds and interactions between components of the polymeric blend and zirconia nanoparticles. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) (D8 Bruker, Germany) to study the crystallization properties of nanofibers such as crystallinity ratio and crystal size. The thermal behavior of nanofibers was studied after adding zirconia using differential scanning calorimetry and thermometry (DSC 2500, SDT Q600 V20.9). Build 20) while the Netzsch Proteus program was used to calculate the heat contents of the fusion of composite nanofibers or blended fibers. The thickness of the nanofiber films was determined using (TT260, TIME GROUP Inc). On the other hand, the wettability of the surfaces of the produced fibers was determined by G10 KRUSS (Germany) using a drop of pure water or oil.

3.1 Morphological and Porosity Properties

The morphological properties of PVC nanofibers have low diameter and high porosity. These properties depend on the type of solvent used for the polymer and solution parameters such as concentration, viscosity, surface tension, and electrical conductivity [20]. While the PS morphological properties, represented by the diameter of the fiber, are much larger than the diameter of the fibers for PVC and depend on the type of solvent used, the DMF solvent is considered the best type of solvent used to dissolve PS because it has a high electrical conductivity that reduces the diameter of the fiber and reduces the beads formed with the fibers [21]. In this research, blending two polymers improves the morphological properties of PS nanofibers by blending with PVC. Table 2 shows the average nanofiber diameters and pore size, which were determined using ImageJ software. Decreasing the average and standard deviation of the diameters of PS nanofibers from 1712 ± 472 nm to 543.33 ± 109.89 nm after blending with PVC, accompanied by a decrease in the average pore size with a standard deviation from 0.961 ± 0.316µm to 0.38 ± 0.196 µm with an increase in porosity by 29.105%. On the other hand, Fig. 1 shows the smoothness and uniformity of nanofibers after adding zirconia to PVC: PS, where the average diameter and standard deviation decrease from 543.33 ± 109.89 to 412 ± 107 after adding 5.5 wt.% of ZrO2 to PVC: PS accompanied by a decrease in the size and number of beads. This result is consistent with the EDX analysis of the nanofibers before and after the addition of zirconia; the atomic weight and atomic area percent of Zr element increased from 4.34 to 9.73 wt.% and 1.56 to 4.5 A % in the composition of the nanofibers after adding 5.5 wt.% of ZrO2. Zirconia also works to reduce the pore size and increase the porosity, as the average pore size decreased with the standard deviation from 0.38 ± 0.196 µm to 0.229 ± 0.147 µm and the porosity increased from 68.71–91.45% after adding 5.5 wt.% ZrO2. Increasing the concentration of nanoparticles of metal oxides such as ZrO₂ works to increase the charge density and thus increase the electrical conductivity of the solutions used in electrospinning and produce nanofibers that have a higher elongation that helps in pulling the fibers and reducing the diameter in addition to the orientation of nanofibers [22, 23]. In addition, the ZrO2 caused a highly porous surface [24]. Despite the 5.5 wt.% PVC:PS: ZrO2 has a higher overall porosity (%) and low nanofiber diameter; it has high aggregations or beads on the surface of the nanofibers Fig. 1E.

Table 2

shows the results of average nanofiber diameters, average pore size, and porosity of pure, blend, and composite nanofibers.
Samples	Average Nanofiber Diameters (nm)	Average Pore Size (µm)	Overall Porosity (%)
PVC	390 ± 144	0.153 ± 0.044	86.64
PS	1712 ± 472	0.961 ± 0.316	53.22
PVC: PS	543.33 ± 109.89	0.38 ± 0.196	68.71
2.5 wt.% PVC:PS: ZrO₂	533.467 ± 126	0.033 ± 0.008	77.33
3.5 wt.% PVC:PS: ZrO₂	484.2 ± 137.25	0.29 ± 0.180	84.66
4.5 wt.% PVC:PS: ZrO₂	446.87 ± 97.64	0.283 ± 0.163	87.86
5.5 wt.% PVC:PS: ZrO₂	412 ± 107	0.229 ± 0.147	91.45

3.2 Surface wettability

To produce nanofibers that can absorb oils and treat water from oils contaminating the water surface, the surfaces of these fibers must be hydrophobic for water and hydrophilic for oils.

These materials can be classified as super-hydrophobic/super-oleophilic with water contact angle (WCA) > 150◦ and oil contact angle (OCA) ~ 0◦ [25]. Figure 2 shows the change in the degrees of contact with water and paraffinic oil with increasing concentration of zirconia, where the surface of the nanofibers becomes wetter and turns from a hydrophobic surface to a hydrophilic surface with increasing concentration of zirconia, where the average contact angle with water (WCA) decreases from 121.16 ± 2.65° to 77.1 ± 3.76° at concentration. 5.5 wt. %. On the other hand, we notice a high speed of absorption of paraffin oil by the surface of the fibers, as the average contact angle with the oil (OCA) decreases from 38.64 ± 25.83° to 4.91 ± 24.70° at a concentration of 5.5 wt.%. Zirconia nanoparticles improve the wettability of surfaces of polymeric materials using water and enhance their wettability at a high rate using oils [26–28].

3.3. XRD Analysis

Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of pure PVC/PS mixture, as these patterns show the amorphous nature of the mixture, which is represented by the peaks 19.24°, 24.16°, and 40.72° at plans 101, 111, 221 respectively [59,60]. While the XRD patterns of PVC/PS show peaks at 21.12°,24.4°,28.24°,31.64°,34.36°,38.88°,45.44°,50.52°,61.36°,65.24°,73.32°, and 75.48° well indexed to the 101,111,111,200,210,211,221,311,222,321,322,400, and 332 plans respectively [28–30]. The sharp diffraction peaks indicate the effect of zirconia on the crystalline properties of PVC: PS nanofibers, transforming them from amorphous to highly crystalline fibers. On the other hand, the crystallite size of PVC: PS and PVC: PS: ZrO2 nanofibers depends on the half-width of the peaks (β) and is calculated using the Debye-Scherrer equation [31]:

$${L_{hlk}}=\frac{{K*\lambda }}{{\beta *\cos {\theta _{\hbox{max} }}}}$$

Where L (hlk) is the average size of crystallites, K represents the Scherrer constant (0.98), λ denotes the wavelength (Å), β denotes the full width at half maximum (FWHM), and is the angle for the maximum peak (rad).

The crystallinity (%) of nanofibers is calculated by calculating the area of the crystalline region, which includes all the crystallization peaks, as well as calculating the total area, which includes the crystallization area and the amorphous area, using the Origen software, according to the following relationship [32]:

$$C(\% )=\frac{{{I_c}}}{{{I_{total}}}}*100$$

C is the crystallinity (%), ${I_c}$ is the total crystalline area, and ${I_{total}}$ is the total area (crystalline and amorphous). Table 3 shows the increment in the crystalline size and crystallinity of PVC: PS when reinforced by zirconia nanoparticles were 81.06% and 12.646%, respectively.

Table 3

crystalline size and crystallinity of PVC: PS and PVC: PS: ZrO2 nanofibers
samples	Crystalline Size (nm)	Crystallinity (%)
PVC: PS	54.830	21.675
PVC:PS: ZrO₂	99.273	24.416

3.4. Thermal Analysis

Figure 4 shows the thermal behavior of the nanofibers of the PVC: PS blend and the nanofibers of the mixture reinforced with zirconia PVC:PS: ZrO2, with a heating range from 25°C to 900°C and a heating rate of 10°C / min in atmospheric pressure. The glass transition point (Tg) is often used as a criterion in determining miscibility between polymers, as it is considered (Tg) for PS (89.33°C) and PVC (84.61°C), as the results of the thermal analysis showed that (Tg) for PVC: PS was 91.89°C, where the results indicate good miscibility between the polymers [33]. At the same time, zirconia contributed to increasing (Tg) to 105°C.On the other hand, the thermal degradation of blend with two stages and composite nanofibers included three stages. The first degradation temperature (Td₁) of PVC: PS nanofibers was 300°C, and the second degradation temperature was 500°C; these results agree with a previous study [34]. In contrast, the first degradation of composite nanofibers at 308°C and the third degradation at 750°C. Incorporating the zirconia into polymeric nanofibers enhances the thermal properties of blend nanofibers with lower than 7 wt. % of ZrO₂ [35].

3.5 Oils Sorption

3.5.1. Oil Sorption from Pure Oil Medium.

To verify the maximum absorption capacity of oils such as paraffin, motors, and transmission oils by absorbent materials such as PVC: PS and PVC: PS: ZrO2 nanofibers. Tests were conducted for the absorption of oils without water to compare the absorption efficiency in the oil medium and the oil medium mixed with water. According to the physical specifications of the oils used in Table 1, it appears that Paraffin oil has the lowest density and Transmission oil has the highest density. Therefore, the buoyancy rate on the surface of transmission oil is high, and its absorption capacity by the nanofibers is large compared to other types of oils. Therefore, the nanofibers' high porosity and low diameter, in addition to the crystalline and thermal properties, contribute to increasing the absorption capacity due to the addition of zirconia nanoparticles. Figure 5 shows the maximum absorption capacity of oils by PVC: PS: ZrO2 nanofibers was 529.364, 148.1, and 119.438 g/g, respectively, for transmission, motors, and paraffin oils. In contrast, the absorption capacity of PVC: PS nanofibers was 249.083, 125.396, and 119.433 g/g, respectively, for transmission, engine and paraffin oils. High viscosity increases absorption due to the increased adhesion of oil to the nanofiber surface and preventing oil penetration into the interior of the absorbent material [36, 37]. Nanofiber membranes with high porosity low density, and hydrophilic surface can absorb oils [38].

3.5.2. Sorption for Oil –Water

The selectivity in the ability of absorbent materials to absorb oils for a medium containing both oil and water, which is summarized by pouring oil on the surface of the water with thicknesses (3, 9, 15, and 21 mm) of paraffin, motors, and transmission oils, is shown in Fig. 6. The absorption results proved that the absorption capacity of PVC: PS and PVC: PS: ZrO2 nanofibers increases with the increase in the thickness of the oil layer floating above the surface of the water. The absorption capacity of oil is much greater than the absorption capacity of water, and the absorption capacity of nanofibers reinforced with zirconia is higher than that of nanofibers of PVC: PS.

The nanofibers of PVC: PS and PVC: PS: ZrO2 have an almost constant selectivity for absorbing oil/water ratio and for all oils, as the selectivity reaches 24,15.67,11.5, and 9 times at the thickness of oil layer 21, 15.9, and 3 mm for transmission, engine and paraffin oils as shown in Fig. 7. According to the above results, the maximum absorption capacity of oil and minimum absorption capacity of water by nanofibers for transmission at all layer thicknesses indicated that the transmission oil has a high viscosity [39]. Many main parameters increase the absorption capacity of oils, including high porosity, void volume, nanofiber diameter, viscosity and specific gravity of the oil, and surface roughness [11]. The increase in the thickness of the oil layer floating above the water provides an important driving force that overcomes all the resistance that occurs between the water molecules and the surface of the nanofibers, which enhances the increase in the oil absorption capacity compared to the water absorption capacity by the nanofibers [40].

In this study, composite nanofibers of PVC:PS: ZrO2 were prepared and characterized to absorb oils floating on water's surface, such as paraffin oil, engine oil, and transmission oil. Several physical tests have been performed to determine the oil absorption efficiency of nanofibers, such as field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform, differential scanning calorimetry, and nanofiber surface wettability. The results showed that zirconia reduces the diameters of nanofibers, enhances the porosity of membranes nanofiber, and enhances the thermal and crystalline properties of the nanofibers, in addition to increasing the wettability of the nanofiber surface. The above results lead to increased oil absorption. Also, the viscosity and specific density of the oil play an important role in improving the adhesion of the oil to the surface of the nanofibers at the expense of water. On the other hand, the oil absorption capacity is very large compared to the water absorption capacity, which contributes to the selectivity of oil absorption and the ease of its separation from the water surface.

Acknowledgements

The authors extend their sincere thanks and appreciation to all their friends in the Department of Ceramic and Building Materials Engineering, those working in the Department of Petrochemical Industries Engineering, and those working at the University of Tabriz for their help completing the research.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests or personal relationships influencing the research.

Data and code availability

All data supporting the study is available from the corresponding author and ready upon request.

Funding

No support is provided by any scientific institution or company to finance the research.

Contributions

The study was designed and the research was carefully reviewed by Saleh Abbas Habeeb, while Basim Ali Nazim wrote the drafting of the research and experimental work.

ORCID iDs

Salih Abbas Habeeb: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-1744

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Preparation of the Electrospun Composite Nanofibers for Oils Absorption.

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Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Experimental Work

2.1 Materials

2.2 Preparation Solutions and Electrospinning Conditions

2.3 Nanofibers Porosity Measurement,

2.4 Oils Absorption Measurements

2.4 Characterizations

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Morphological and Porosity Properties

3.2 Surface wettability

3.3. XRD Analysis

3.4. Thermal Analysis

3.5 Oils Sorption

3.5.1. Oil Sorption from Pure Oil Medium.

3.5.2. Sorption for Oil –Water

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Supplementary Files

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