Efficient selective electrochemical oxidation of biomass platform compound furfural on Ni 0.48 Co 0.36 O 0.16 electrode

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3763033/v1

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Efficient selective electrochemical oxidation of biomass platform compound furfural on Ni 0.48 Co 0.36 O 0.16 electrode

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3763033/v1

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The use of electrocatalytic technology to replace traditional harsh thermocatalysis in the process of biomass utilization has undoubtedly been an effective means to achieve green and sustainable development. The environmentally friendly way of furoic acid (FA) synthesis from biomass platform compound furfural (FF) by electrooxidation was investigated. The surface of Ni–Co oxide electrode with the Ni content 0.48 (Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16) obtained by a simple electrodeposition method was covered by a layer of flower-like porous structure, while NiO and Co₃O₄ were coexist. Moreover, Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode exhibited 95.4% FA faraday efficiency and 99.6% selectivity with substrate concentration of 20 mM at 1.0 V vs. Hg/HgO and 50^oC. In addition, the mechanism for electrooxidation of FF into FA over Ni-Co oxide electrode was proposed.

Furfural

Electrooxidation

Furoic acid

Ni–Co oxide electrode

Mechanism

Biomass, as a renewable and sustainable non-fossil resource, offers a unique benefit because it provides organic carbon for production of high value-added products under the situation of growing environmental pollution and climate change [1]. In the process of biomass utilization, furfural (FF, C₅H₄O₂) formed by dehydration of sugar compounds is easily available intermediates that could be converted into a variety of valuable chemicals and fuels [2–3]. As one of the important oxidation products of FF, furoic acid (FA) is suitable as the starting material for the production of pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial chemical [4]. However, though the thermocatalytic oxidation of FF process is relatively mature, many reports are based on severe conditions like high temperature and pressure with O₂ using various heterogeneous catalysts containing noble metals (such as Pt, Au and Pd) [5–6]. Therefore, the development of a new synthetic method for high catalytic activity, high selectivity and low energy for conversion of platform molecules will have great application value.

Electrocatalytic oxidation technology is an attractive option for effectively and efficiently converting FF under ambient conditions without the need for additional oxygen or oxidant [7–8]. The efficient conversion of FF to FA generally requires an alkaline environment and noble metal-based electrocatalysts (such as Ru [9] and Ir [10]). Recently, active non-precious Ni-based catalysts, such as nickel nitrides [11], nickel alloys [12], nickel oxides [13], and nickel hydroxides [14], are found to be more promising candidates for electrooxidation. Among them, nickel oxides has received more attention. However, the transport efficiency of electrochemically active species of nickel oxides due to the semi-conduction still needs to be improved. Recently, Ni-Co oxide has been paid more attention which is a kind of abundant and environmentally friendly material and has a conductivity of at least two orders of magnitude higher than that of nickel or cobalt oxide-based materials [15]. Moreover, a study suggests that the introducing of Co²⁺ at a low doping level can efficiently improve the electrocatalytic activity of Ni(OH)₂ by tuning its lattice oxygen ligand environment [16]. But the required catalyst is prepared by a hydrothermal method with time-consuming and energy-intensive problems.

In this work, electrodeposition method has been used to obtain low-cost bifunctional nickel-cobalt oxide electrodes for the electrooxidation of FF into FA quickly under mild conditions. Herein, Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ were grown on Ni foam to form porous electrodes by a simple electrodeposition method. The catalytic oxidation performance of electrodes was studied by potentiostatic electrolysis experiments and the effects of substrate concentration and electrode potential on the FA selectivity and faraday efficiency (FE) were investigated.

2.1 Electrode material screening and electrode preparation

The catalytic behavior of six metal eletrodes (Cu, Pb, Ni, Fe, Sn and Ti) was investigated by LSV in 1.0 M KOH solution (Fig. 1a). We note that when the voltage is 0.7 V vs. Hg/HgO, the oxidation current of Cu and Fe electrodes increases significantly, while Pb and Ni demonstrate the same onset potentials of 0.8 V vs. Hg/HgO. However, no oxygen evolution peak is found when Sn and Ti are used as anodes, indicating that the two electrodes are inert in electro-oxidation oxygen evolution. After addition of FF, the onset potential can be seen to be shifted to the positive direction distinctly for Cu, Ni and Fe electrodes (Fig. 1b), indicating that FF is more easily oxidated than water. A distinctive waves was observed on Ni electrode, which suggests a better performance of Ni in the oxidation of FF than Cu and Fe electrodes. In view of this, Ni was chosen as the basic catalysts in this work.

According to the above results and good electrocatalytic activity and stability for the oxides of nickel and cobalt in alkaline solution [17], a mixture of x M Ni(NO₃)₂ and (0.1-x) M Co(NO₃)₂ was used as the electrolyte and nickel foam as the anode to prepare Ni_xCo_1−xO_y electrode by electrodeposition. Figure 2a shows the relationship between the ratio of Ni²⁺/(Ni²⁺+Co²⁺) in the electrolyte and the content of Ni (x) on the surface of the prepared electrode material (determined by EDS). It can be seen that the Ni atom content on Ni_xCo_1−xO_y electrode considerably increases with the rise in Ni²⁺ ratio. In addition, the ratio of Ni²⁺ to Co²⁺ in the electrolyte is different from that of the corresponding elements on the surface of the prepared electrode, which is mainly caused by the difference in the rate of formation of Co(OH)₂ and Ni(OH)₂ during the deposition process.

The Faraday efficiency and selectivity of the product were obtained after electrooxidation for 40 min using the Ni-Co oxide electrode (Ni_xCo_1−xO_y) prepared by electrodeposition method in 1 M KOH containing 20 mM FF at 50^oC and 1.0 V vs. Hg/HgO and the results were showed in Fig. 2b. It shows that when only Co²⁺ is contained in the electrolyte, the effect of the oxide electrode Ni₀Co₁O_y on the electrooxidation of FF is relatively poor (FE 68.2% and selectivity 71.5%). FE and selectivity of FA then increased significantly to 95.4% and 99.6% with the increase of Ni content from 0 to 0.48, then declined at Ni content of 1. Therefore, the electrode sample with Ni content of 0.48 was chosed as the anode.

2.3 Characterization of electrode structure of Ni_xCo_1−xO_y

The XRD measurements of Ni_xCo_1−xO_y were performed and the diffractograms are depicted in Fig. 3a. Intense Ni diffraction peaks at 44.5°(111), 51.8°(200) and 76.4°(220) (PDF 65-2865) can be observed in all Ni_xCo_1−xO_y electrodes. When the content of Ni x < 0.48, only Co₃O₄ diffraction patterns (PDF 43-1003) can be observed, which is consistent with the literature report [18]. Meanwhile slight phase offset of Co₃O₄ diffraction patterns can be attributed to slight changes in lattice parameters during the formation of Ni and Co oxides [19]. The intensity of diffraction peaks of Co₃O₄ decrease and gradually disappeare with increase of Ni content, even only NiO cubic structure (PDF 65-2901) exist on the electrode surface when the Ni content is higher than 65.0%.

The surface chemical states of Ni_xCo_1−xO_y (sample 0.48) was investigated with XPS analysis, and the results are displayed in Fig. 3. The general XPS survey (Fig. 3b) of the bimetallic oxide electrode demonstrates that elements the element in electrode are mainly composed of Co, Ni, O and C. Figure 3c demonstrates the Ni 2p3/2 and Ni 2p1/2 spin-orbital splitting at binding energy of 856.2 eV and 873.6 eV, meanwhile two vibrational satellite peaks appeared at 862.8 eV and 880.3 eV, proving the existence of Ni²⁺ [20]. The result of high-resolution Co 2p spectra at 781.3 eV and 797.1 eV in combination of the satellite peaks at 785.1 eV and 802.1 eV can be attributed to the presence of Co²⁺ (Fig. 3d). The broad peak at 775.4 eV indicates the presence of Co³⁺ [21]. The O1s spectrum at 524.9 eV and 531.6 eV in Fig. 3e can be attributed to the typical metal oxygen bond and the binding of oxygen to nearby O vacancies, respectively [22]. From the above analysis, we can conclude that NiO and Co₃O₄ coexist on the surface of Ni_xCo_1−xO_y (sample 0.48), which is consistent with the results of XRD.

SEM images of Ni-Co oxide electrode with Ni content of 0.48 (Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16), obtained by electrodeposition in 0.6 M Ni (NO₃)₂ and 0.4 M Co(NO₃)₂, are showed in Fig. 4. A porous and smooth skeleton structure can be seen in commercially available nickel foam (Fig. 4a). After electrodeposition, a flower-like porous structure (Fig. 4b) was covered on a nickel foam. This special morphology is beneficial for increasing surface area of the oxide electrode and maintains good electrical continuity between the Ni atom and the Co₃O₄ and NiO crystals. The elemental distribution of this oxide electrode is studied with EDS and element mapping analysis. The result in Fig. 4c indicates that Co and O contents are 0.35 and 0.16, respectively.

2.4 Electrochemical characteristics of Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode

The electrochemical performance of Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode for the oxidation of FF was investigated by LSV in an H-type electrolytic cell. For electrochemical oxidation of most organic compounds in water, the oxygen evolution reaction is the major competing reaction [23]. Therefore, it is necessary to check the oxidation current in the absence of organic matter. The current at the prepared Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 in the electrolysis of water was recorded in the absence of FF, which can be attributed to the generation of O₂ (Fig. 5a). It was found that the current density of Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode at 0.7 V vs Hg/HgO increases and violent O₂ bubbles can be observed on the electrode surface. The onset potential in Fig. 5b can be seen to be shifted to the positive direction (0.6 V vs Hg/HgO for Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode after the addition of FF, indicating that FF is more easily oxidized than water. A distinctive cathodic curve was observed, which suggests that Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the oxidation reaction of FF.

A semi-circular Nyquist diagram in the high frequency region for Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode compared with the Ni foam in Fig. 5b, indicating that the prepared electrode material has a smaller contact resistance (R_ct). The EIS values of Ni and Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrodes were 13.1Ω and 6.6Ω, respectively. It can be attributed to the flower-like porous structure of Ni-Co oxides, which enhances the exchange of electrons and accelerates the electrochemical reaction process, agreeing with the results of electrooxidation (Fig. 2b). The smaller R_ct of Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode can be attributed to the intrinsic metal properties reflected by the continuous cross-linking of Ni-Co or Ni-Ni bonds in the Ni-Co oxide, which means that the bimetallic oxide has higher conductivity.

2.5 Electrooxidation of FF to FA over Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode

FF oxidation was performed at 50 ^oC using Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode as the anode in 1 M KOH solution containing 20 mM FF. The region of potential used in this work is chosen based on the results of LSVs from 0.8 V to 1.2 V vs. Hg/HgO. As shown in Fig. 6a, FE of product FA are 82.3% at 0.8 V vs. Hg/HgO, then increased to 95.4% at 1.0 V vs. Hg/HgO and declined to 65.1% at 1.2 V vs. Hg/HgO, while the selectivity of FA remained basically unchanged. This is mainly due to the poor O_ads on the electrode surface when less than optimal potential, leading to the reduced binding probability between FF and O_ads and then low FF conversion. The higher potential, the more O_ads on electrode surface. However, the competitive oxygen evolution reaction (OER) will become more advantageous when the potential is further increased [24].

The effect of reaction temperature on electrooxidation of FF was studied at 1.0 V vs. Hg/HgO for 40 min and the results were shown in Fig. 6b. When the temperature is relatively low (such as 30^oC), the oxidation reaction rate is low, resulting in low FF conversion, FA selectivity and FE, which are 42.7%, 75.8% and 85.9%, respectively. With the increase of reaction temperature, FF conversion was accelerated and the selectivity and FE of FA were gradually reduced. However, when the temperature exceeded 50 ^oC, FE and selectivity of FA were decreased, indicating that OER rate on the anode surface was elevated and more by-products were produced when the temperature was high [24].

The higher substrate concentration is usually the better for commercialized process when considering the energy consumption and efficiency. The effect of substrate concentration on the electrooxidation of FF was investigated at 1.0 V vs. Hg/HgO and 50 ^oC. As can be seen in Fig. 6c that FE of FA reached the maximum when the initial concentration of FF was 20 mM. Due to the limited active sites of the electrode, the proportion of electrooxidation reactions decreases, leading to a gradually depressed conversion when the FF concentration is high.

2.6 Discussion on Electrooxidation mechanism of Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode

According to the above observations, the possible mechanism of electrooxidation of FF to FA over Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode is proposed. It can be seen from Fig. 5a that O₂ evolution on the Ni-Co oxide electrode did not initiate until 0.7 V vs. Hg/HgO. Therefore, in the potential region of 0.6 V vs. Hg/HgO < E < 0.7 V vs. Hg/HgO, the oxidation of FF have little to do with OER. However, FE of the catalytic oxidation of FF to FA in this region is slightly lower, indicating that the oxidation reaction of OH⁻ may occur on the electrode surface, which leading to the formation of little amount of OH radicals or other oxide species and then causing current consumption. For 0.7 V vs. Hg/HgO ≤ E < 1.0 V vs. Hg/HgO, the adsorption of OH⁻ on the electrode surface improved greatly due to the increase of potential, so that FF adsorbed on the electrode surface was rapidly oxidized into FA. The mechanism of electrooxidation of FF on Ni-Co oxide electrode is shown in Fig. 6d.

G.G. Botte and coworkers studied the electrooxidation of urea on NiOOH by in-situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and found that NiOOH was reduced to Ni(OH)₂ during electrooxidation process [25]. A plausible mechanism can be understood according to the electro-oxidation of urea on NiCo₂O₄ electrode. First, after adsorption of OH⁻, both Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ are oxidized to Ni³⁺ and Co³⁺, respectively. At high potential, Co³⁺ is further oxidized to Co⁴⁺. The reaction process is as follows:

$$\text{N}\text{i}\text{O}+{\text{O}\text{H}}^{-}\rightleftharpoons \text{N}\text{i}\text{O}\text{O}\text{H}+{e}^{-}$$

$$\text{C}\text{o}\text{O}+{\text{O}\text{H}}^{-}\rightleftharpoons \text{C}\text{o}\text{O}\text{O}\text{H}+{e}^{-}$$

$$\text{C}\text{o}\text{O}\text{O}\text{H}+{\text{O}\text{H}}^{-}\rightleftharpoons \text{C}\text{o}{\text{O}}_{2}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}+{e}^{-}$$

$${ \text{C}\text{o}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}+{2\text{O}\text{H}}^{-}\rightleftharpoons 2\text{C}\text{o}{\text{O}}_{2}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}+2{e}^{-}$$

Ni³⁺ on the surface of electrode adsorbs OH⁻ by electrooxidation process, which is reduced to Ni²⁺ and meanwhile HO• is formed. Afterward, Ni²⁺ on the electrode could be oxidized to form Ni³⁺ again. The formed HO• is further added to the aldehyde group on FF molecule to form alkoxy radical I, and then α-hydroxyl carbon radical II is obtained by 1, 2-hydrogen migration reaction (1, 2-HAT). After that, the α-hydroxyl carbon radical II on Ni³⁺ undergoes a single electron transfer to form product III, which further is removed a molecule of water under alkaline conditions to obtain product FA. During the conversion of intermediate II into III, Ni³⁺ was reduced to Ni²⁺, which then was oxidized to re-form Ni³⁺, realizing the cyclic regeneration of the electrode. Similarly, Co ions are also involved in the electrooxidation of FF in the form of Co⁴⁺/Co³⁺ [26]. The difference is that Co has a better affinity with oxygen, so this process can be strengthened.

In higher voltage range (≥ 1.0 V vs. Hg/HgO), OER is highly competitive with the FF electrooxidation on surface of electrode, resulting in the declining of FE for FA (Fig. 6a). However, the selectivity for FA remains high since there is few side reactions in the conversion process of FF.

3.1 Materials

The foil of Cu, Pb, Ni, Fe, Sn, Ti of 0.2 mm in thickness (99.9% purity) and Nickel foam (purity 99.9%) were purchased in Beijing ZKKA Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Ag/AgCl electrode (saturated KCl), Fumasep FAA-3-PK-130 anion exchange membrane and Pt sheet electrode (1 cm×1 cm) with thickness of 0.1 mm were purchased from Shanghai Zijun Technology Co., Ltd. Ni(NO₃)₂, Co(NO₃)₂, KOH, 2-Furancarboxylic Acid (≥ 99%), Furfural (≥ 99.0%), acetonitrile (chromatographically pure) and anhydrous sodium sulfate (analytically pure) were obtained in Guangfu Tech Company (Tianjin, China). All chemicals were used without further purification.

3.2 Preparation of Electrodes

Cu, Pd, Fe, Sn, Ti and Ni electrodes were prepared by cutting the foil into a dimension of 1.5 cm × 1.0 cm. Then the foils were cleaned with isopropanol and water before being immersed in 1 M HCl for 2 min to remove the residual reactants. They were then rinsed with water, dried in vacuum box (DZF-6210). Then the foils were covered in the backside and top 0.5 cm with Teflon tape to make a 1.0 cm² working area.

Ni-Co hydroxide electrode was prepared by electrodeposition in a there-electrode cell with Ag/AgCl electrode (saturated KCl) and Pt foil as the reference electrode and counter electrode respectively. Ni foam was first sonicated in acetone, 1 M HCl and deionized water 10 min respectively to remove the oil and oxide on the surface of Ni foam. The electrolyte consisted of a solution of x M Ni(NO₃)₂ and (0.1-x) M Co(NO₃)₂, where x is equal to 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 or 0.1. For the construction of Ni-Co hydroxide electrode, the nickel and cobalt atoms were deposited on the surface of clean nickel foam electrode (1.0 cm²) using a DC regulated power with a constant voltage of 2.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl for 5 min. To obtain the oxide electrode, hydroxide electrode was elevated to 300°C at a rising rate of 3°C min^-1 and maintained for 3 h.

3.3 Electrode Characterization

SEM images were acquired using a cold field emission scanning electron microscope (Hitachi SU-801, Japan) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were collected on a Bruker D8 advance diffractometer equipped with a Lynx-Eye detector and parallel beam optics using a Ni-filtered Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.5418 Å. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed using a 3400 KRATOS AMICUS/ESCA with an unmonochromatized Al-anode Kα X-ray source (1486.6 eV) operated at 15 mA and 10 kV (∼1 × 10^-7Pa).

3.4 Electrochemistry

At room temperature, the linear scanning voltammetric (LSV) curve and AC impedance were tested on the electrochemical workstation (CHI 660E). The linear scanning rate is 5 mV s^-1, the frequency range of electrochemical impedance electrochemical (EIS) test is set to 1 Hz to 100 k Hz, and the voltage is the open circuit voltage. The solutions used in the experiment are all made up of high purity water and analytical pure reagents.

The general experimental setup consisted of a system with an H-type three-electrode, which separated by anion exchange membrane (Fumasep FAA-3-PK-130). The prepared electrodes (Cu, Pb, Ni, Fe, Sn, Ti, Ni-Co hydroxide and Ni-Co oxide) were used as working electrode containing 20 mM FF in 40 mL of a 1.0 M potassium hydroxide solution. Pt sheet was used as counter electrode and Hg/HgO electrode as reference electrode in 40 ml of 1.0 M potassium hydroxide solution on a CHI 660E electrochemical workstation. In the process of electrolysis, a magnetic stirrer is used for stirring, and the rotating speed of the stirrer is 1000 rpm.

3.5 Product Analysis

The reaction sample was diluted with the eluent used for HPLC (H&E Co., Ltd, Beijing, China) equipped with a QuikSep UV-100D detector and an Aminex HPX-87H column (Biorad) at 230 nm using acetonitrile–water (40:60) as eluents at a flow rate of 0.6 mL·min^− 1, then the solid products, if present, were separated by centrifugation and filtration. Faraday efficiency, selectivity and conversion of the product FA were calculated as follows:

$$\text{F}\text{E}（\text{%}）=\frac{\text{m}\text{o}\text{l}\text{e}\text{s} \text{o}\text{f} \text{f}\text{u}\text{r}\text{o}\text{i}\text{c} \text{a}\text{c}\text{i}\text{d} \text{f}\text{o}\text{r}\text{m}\text{e}\text{d}}{\text{t}\text{o}\text{t}\text{a}\text{l} \text{c}\text{h}\text{a}\text{r}\text{g}\text{e} \text{p}\text{a}\text{s}\text{s}\text{e}\text{d}\left(\text{C}\right)/(\text{F}\times \text{n})}\times 100\text{%}$$

$$\text{S}（\text{%}）=\frac{\text{m}\text{o}\text{l}\text{e}\text{s} \text{o}\text{f} \text{f}\text{u}\text{r}\text{o}\text{i}\text{c} \text{a}\text{c}\text{i}\text{d} \text{f}\text{o}\text{r}\text{m}\text{e}\text{d}}{\text{m}\text{o}\text{l}\text{e}\text{s} \text{o}\text{f} \text{f}\text{u}\text{r}\text{f}\text{u}\text{r}\text{a}\text{l} \text{c}\text{o}\text{n}\text{s}\text{u}\text{m}\text{e}\text{d} }\times 100\text{%}$$

$$\text{C}（\text{%}）=\frac{\text{C}\text{o}\text{n}\text{s}\text{u}\text{m}\text{e}\text{d} \text{m}\text{o}\text{l}\text{e}\text{s} \text{o}\text{f} \text{f}\text{u}\text{r}\text{f}\text{u}\text{r}\text{a}\text{l}}{\text{i}\text{n}\text{i}\text{t}\text{i}\text{a}\text{l} \text{m}\text{o}\text{l}\text{e}\text{s} \text{o}\text{f} \text{f}\text{u}\text{r}\text{f}\text{u}\text{r}\text{a}\text{l} }\times 100\text{%}$$

where FE is the Faraday efficiency, S is the selectivity, C is the conversion rate of FF, F is the Faraday constant (96485 C·mol^− 1), n is 2 which the number of electrons required to convert a FF molecule into a FA molecule.

In summary, we presented the high FF oxidation activity electrodes on Ni–Co oxides with different Ni contents. The Ni–Co oxide electrode with the Ni content 0.48 covered by a layer of flower-like porous structure were electrodeposited on the smooth Ni foam. NiO and Co₃O₄ coexist on the surface of Ni-Co oxide electrode. Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode exhibited 95.4% FA FE with substrate concentration of 20 mM at 1.0 V vs. Hg/HgO and 50^oC. Our results provides a simple and highly efficient route for the green synthesis of high-valued organics.

Author Contribution

Y.Z. and P.W. wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscrip.

5 Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the scientific research projects of colleges and universities in Hebei Province (QN2023007). Authors thank the facility for electrode preparation and analysis in key laboratory of lignocellulosic chemistry, Beijing Forestry University.

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You are reading this latest preprint version

Efficient selective electrochemical oxidation of biomass platform compound furfural on Ni 0.48 Co 0.36 O 0.16 electrode

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1 Introduction

2 Results and discussion

2.1 Electrode material screening and electrode preparation

2.3 Characterization of electrode structure of Ni_xCo_1−xO_y

2.4 Electrochemical characteristics of Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode

2.5 Electrooxidation of FF to FA over Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode

2.6 Discussion on Electrooxidation mechanism of Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode

3 Experimental

3.1 Materials

3.2 Preparation of Electrodes

3.3 Electrode Characterization

3.4 Electrochemistry

3.5 Product Analysis

4 Conclusions

Declarations

Author Contribution

5 Acknowledgments

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1

Efficient selective electrochemical oxidation of biomass platform compound furfural on Ni 0.48 Co 0.36 O 0.16 electrode

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1 Introduction

2 Results and discussion

2.1 Electrode material screening and electrode preparation

2.3 Characterization of electrode structure of NixCo1−xOy

2.4 Electrochemical characteristics of Ni0.48Co0.36O0.16 electrode

2.5 Electrooxidation of FF to FA over Ni0.48Co0.36O0.16 electrode

2.6 Discussion on Electrooxidation mechanism of Ni0.48Co0.36O0.16 electrode

3 Experimental

3.1 Materials

3.2 Preparation of Electrodes

3.3 Electrode Characterization

3.4 Electrochemistry

3.5 Product Analysis

4 Conclusions

Declarations

Author Contribution

5 Acknowledgments

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1

2.3 Characterization of electrode structure of Ni_xCo_1−xO_y

2.4 Electrochemical characteristics of Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode

2.5 Electrooxidation of FF to FA over Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode

2.6 Discussion on Electrooxidation mechanism of Ni_0.48Co_0.36O_0.16 electrode