Impact of intercrops and planting methods on yield and nutrient uptake by sugarcane under North West alluvial plains of Bihar

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3763534/v1

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Impact of intercrops and planting methods on yield and nutrient uptake by sugarcane under North West alluvial plains of Bihar

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3763534/v1

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Utilizing a double-row planting system for sugarcane cultivation has been identified as a potential method to enhance both productivity and yield. Further, integrating intercropping within sugarcane crops can amplify their growth and productivity. To enhance sugarcane productivity by leveraging the benefits of intercropping, an exploratory trial titled “Impact of Intercropping and Planting Techniques on Sugarcane Yield and Nutrient uptake in the North West Alluvial Plains of Bihar” was undertaken. This study was conducted at the Regional Research Station in Madhopur, West Champaran, during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. The experimental design for the trial was a randomized block, encompassing eight treatments, each replicated three times. The experimental treatments included: Sole sugarcane with 90 cm spacing (T1), Sole paired row sugarcane (PRS) with 60 x 60 cm – 120 cm spacing (T2), PRS intercropped with Potato (T3), PRS intercropped with Rajmah (T4), PRS intercropped with Coriander (T5), PRS intercropped with Lentil (T6), PRS intercropped with Gram (T7), PRS intercropped with Pea (T8). The study revealed that the sole PRS (60 x 60–120 cm) method produced significantly higher yield than the conventional planting method (90 cm in furrows). Among the diverse intercropping systems and planting methods, the highest cane yield (96.73 t ha^− 1), maximum single cane weight (1079 g), greatest green top yield (14.69 t ha^− 1), and trash yield (9.98 t ha^− 1) were achieved by the PRS intercropped with gram (Cicer arietinum). Across different intercropping systems, potato recorded the highest yield (20 t ha^− 1). Notably, the uptake of nutrients by the crop was significant for nitrogen and potassium, while phosphorus uptake was not significant. The highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash was noted when the PRS sugarcane was intercropped with vegetable pea (Pisum sativum). Based on the results from the study, we conclude that the paired row planting method for sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) proved to be more advantageous and profitable than the conventional 90 cm spacing method. The intercropping combination of sugarcane and pea in the paired row planting method (60 x 60–120 cm) was found to be the most lucrative, followed closely by the combination of sugarcane intercropped with gram.

Agronomy

Sugarcane

Nutrient

Intercrops

Potato

Pea

Rajmah

Lentil

and Coriander

Intercropping, the practice of cultivating two or more crops simultaneously in the same field increases the efficiency of resource utilization and crop yields, ultimately improving the fertility of agricultural lands (Esnarriaga et al., 2020; Wang Y. et al., 2018). Compared to monocropping, this method commonly involves the co-cultivation of crops like soybeans and grasses. This combination is particularly beneficial, enhancing the interaction within the rhizosphere, improving the soil micro-ecology, and increasing the number of soil microorganisms and enzyme activities (Zhou et al., 2019). Sugarcane holds significant importance in many countries, as it serves as the primary raw material for sugar and ethanol production (Estrada-Bonilla et al., 2021). Sugarcane, as a primary source of sugar and biofuel, is extensively cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions (Luo et al., 2016). India, with roughly 60% of its population involved in agriculture, is a country where agriculture plays a significant role. Sugarcane, among the various crops grown in the nation, is one of the most critical Rabi crops. The country's climate allows for sugarcane cultivation throughout the year, making India the second-largest producer of sugarcane globally, only behind Brazil. This versatile crop is utilized in the production of sugar, jaggery, Khansari, molasses, and even paper. As of 2021, Uttar Pradesh stands as India's top sugarcane-producing state, boasting a production volume of over 177 million tonnes. Sugarcane holds a critical position as one of the primary commercial crops globally. In India, it covers an expansive cultivation area of 5.04 million hectares, yielding an impressive 348.04 million tonnes of cane with an average productivity of 69 tonnes per hectare (Anonymous., 2014). Beyond its agricultural significance, sugarcane plays a vital role in bolstering the Indian economy. The sugar industry, with a staggering worth of 550 billion rupees, supports over 50 million farmers across the country, underscoring the sector's substantial socioeconomic impact. The demand for sugar is on the rise in India, where sugarcane serves as the principal cash crop in the state of Bihar. In the recent year, Bihar ranks 4th in terms of cultivation area, 5th in total cane production, and 12th in cane yield per hectare. Notably, Bihar boasts an average sugar recovery rate of 11.85%, among the highest in the country. This impressive performance is primarily due to the state's favorable agro-ecological conditions, which encourage greater sugar accumulation in the cane. Additionally, sugarcane, being a C4 plant, is one of the most efficient plants, converting solar energy into sugar, enhancing its productivity and economic value. C4 plants are plants that use the C4 carbon fixation pathway to convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) into sugars during photosynthesis. This process is an adaptation to hot and dry environments where traditional C3 carbon fixation, used by most plants, is less efficient. In C4 plants, the process of carbon fixation occurs in two steps and in two different types of cells: the mesophyll cells and the bundle sheath cells. In the mesophyll cells, carbon dioxide is initially fixed into a four-carbon compound (hence the term “C4”) by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. This compound is then transported to the bundle sheath cells. In the bundle sheath cells, the four-carbon compound releases the carbon dioxide, which is then used in the Calvin cycle (also known as C3 pathway) to produce sugars. The advantage of this system is that it allows the plant to efficiently capture and concentrate carbon dioxide, reducing the rate of photorespiration (a wasteful process that can reduce photosynthetic efficiency) and allowing the plant to continue photosynthesis even under conditions of low atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, high light intensities, or high temperatures. Examples of C4 plants include sugarcane, corn (maize) and sorghum. These plants tend to be very efficient at photosynthesis and often grow faster than C3 plants, especially in hot, sunny environments.

Intercropping is a sustainable agricultural practice that involves growing two or more crops together on the same piece of land, enabling more efficient production without a significant increase in inputs. This strategy optimizes the use of both time and space, contributing to a higher level of crop intensification. The benefits of intercropping extend beyond mere diversification and improved labour distribution. It also aids in maintaining soil fertility, suppressing weed growth, and enhancing productivity and stability. The system promotes efficient utilization of critical resources like solar energy, moisture, and nutrients, leading to greater overall productivity. Moreover, the diversity inherent in intercropping adds an element of stability to the agricultural system, as it reduces the risk associated with the failure of a single crop. By implementing intercropping strategies, farmers can more effectively exploit the ecological processes that govern plant growth and productivity, thereby maximizing yield and sustainability of their agricultural systems. Many successful intercropping systems have been studied to maximize production from smaller landholdings, as monocropping often falls short of meeting farmers' economic needs. Intercropping not only enables the growth of two crops per year, but it can also influence the yield and yield components of sugarcane due to competition for nutrients and other environmental factors. However, this approach is advantageous as it provides an additional income source alongside the sugarcane crop. Sugarcane is typically planted at wider row spacing, leaving inter-row space that remains largely unused during the early growth stage, which lasts approximately 120 days. During this period, short-duration winter crops can be grown as intercrops, leading to increased total yield, higher monetary return, and better resource utilization-satisfying various farmers' needs. In sugarcane farming, intercropping with short-duration crops like potato, coriander, mung-bean, and lentil has proven to be more profitable compared to growing sugarcane as a sole crop (Alam et al., 2000). This integrated approach enhances land productivity, promotes better nutrient cycling, and increases overall farm profitability. As the average size of land holdings continues to decrease due to an ever-increasing population, the demand for food – including cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, sugar, and more – continues to rise. Increasing the production of these crops is challenging due to limited agricultural land. Therefore, the focus has shifted towards boosting productivity within the available land. One effective approach to enhance land productivity is by intercropping, particularly with sugarcane. Sugarcane stays in the field for a year and is typically planted with substantial space (about 90 cm) between rows. This spacing provides ample opportunity for growing suitable intercrops in between the rows, making efficient use of the land. The North West alluvial plains, characterized by high rainfall, are ideal for sugarcane cultivation, which serves as a principal crop in the region. The prevalence of sugarcane industries in this area offers favorable economic conditions for sugarcane farmers, as sugarcane is a raw material for these industries. By adopting intercropping strategies, farmers can maximize their yield and income from these agricultural lands. This region, with an average rainfall of 1350 mm, offers a favorable environment for sugarcane cultivation. Given the commercial demand for sugarcane in this area, there is a need to increase its productivity. Information regarding the influence of intercropping and different planting methods on sugarcane yield and nutrient uptake under the conditions of alluvial plains is crucial. Therefore, a study has been initiated to explore the effects of various intercrops and planting methods on the growth, yield, and quality of sugarcane. This research aims to provide valuable insights and practical recommendations for sugarcane growers in the North West alluvial plains of Bihar, helping them to maximize their crop yield and overall profitability

Location of experimental site

During the Rabi season of 2019, a study titled “Impact of intercrops and planting methods on yield, nutrient content, and uptake by sugarcane under the Northwest alluvial plains of Bihar” was conducted at the experimental farm of Regional Research Station, Madhopur. The research station is situated in West Champaran district, falling under Agro-climatic zone-I of Bihar, and is positioned at North latitude 27° 03' 54" and East longitude 84° 20' 31" of the equator.

Climatic requirements for sugarcane cultivation

Sugarcane, a plant native to tropical climates, can thrive not only in tropical regions but also in subtropical ones such as northern India. During the months of vegetative growth, the plant requires total rainfall between 1100 and 1500 mm, followed by a dry spell for proper ripening. The growth of sugarcane is deeply influenced by temperature. It can survive a broad temperature range beyond 38°C, with the ideal germination temperature falling between 27° and 33°C. Any temperature below 27°C can harm the cane, resulting in reduced tillering, while temperatures above 38°C can negatively impact sprouting. For various growth stages, the plant requires different optimal temperatures: 30°C for carbon assimilation and sugar synthesis, 30–35°C for sugar transport, 33.3–34.4°C for tillering, 36°C for root growth, and 33°C for shoot growth. Regarding relative humidity, sugarcane requires a high level (80–85%) during the grand growth phase. Warm weather and humidity above 40% promote vegetative growth, while a moderate humidity level of 45–65%, coupled with a limited water supply, benefits the ripening phase. Sugarcane also needs ample sunlight, with an ideal range of 7–9 hours per day. Frost is detrimental to its growth, as severe cold weather can inhibit bud sprouting in ratoons and halt cane growth. When temperatures drop between − 1°C and 2°C, the leaves and meristem tissues of the cane can die. Finally, wind can impact the cane's growth. High-velocity winds, exceeding 60 km/hr, can damage the cane, causing lodging and breakage.

The experiment was structured following a Randomized Block Design, replicated three times. The total plot size was 8.0 m x 5.4 m, while the effective, or net, plot size was 8.0 m x 4.8 m. A variety of sugarcane known as CoP-16437 was chosen for the study, along with intercrops including Potato, Rajmah, Pea, Lentil, Gram, and Coriander, all of which were cultivated within the experimental field.

Treatment details: The treatment details for the study are as follows:T₁: Sole sugarcane − 90 cm row Spacing; T₂: Sole paired row sugarcane (60 × 60 cm – 120cm); T₃: Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Potato; T₄: Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Rajmah; T₅: Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Pea; T₆: Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Lentil; T₇: Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Gram; T₈: Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Coriander.

Sugarcane was planted in a paired row system with 60 cm x 60 cm − 120 cm spacing in the soil. For this approach, three budded setts were situated in a row at a depth of 4–5 cm. Conversely, the conventional planting method utilized 90 cm spacing. This involved furrow digging at a depth of 15 cm, where the setts were subsequently planted. These cane setts received treatment with carbendazim/bavistin. In both the paired row and conventional planting schemes, six lines of sugarcane were maintained. The intercrops were sown within the 120 cm gap between the paired rows and on both sides of the sugarcane plots. For Rajmah, Lentil, and Gram, dibbling was performed at a row spacing of 30 cm. Two rows were maintained within the 90 cm gap, with one additional row sown on each side of the plot, leading to a total of eight rows in each plot. For potato and vegetable pea, the seeds were planted with 20 x 10 cm spacing, thus maintaining six rows within the gaps of the paired rows, along with one row on each side of each plot. As a result, eight rows in total were accommodated within each plot. For Rajmah, Lentil, and Gram, seeds were lined at 30 x 10 cm spacing. Four lines were placed within the gap of the paired rows, complemented by two rows on both sides. Coriander seeds were sown in lines at 30 x 20 cm spacing, with the same arrangement of four lines within the paired row gaps and two rows on both sides.

Fertilizer application:

The field experiment utilized the recommended fertilizer dose for sugarcane, namely 150 Kg N ha^− 1, 85 Kg P₂O₅ ha^− 1, and 60 Kg K₂O ha^− 1. At the planting stage, 10% of the Nitrogen dose along with the full dose of P₂O₅ and K₂O were applied via the placement method just before the sugarcane setts were planted. The remaining Nitrogen was distributed in three split doses at 40%, 10%, and 40% respectively, with each dose administered at six-week intervals. As for the intercrops, coriander was fertilized with the recommended dose of 60:40:30 kg per hectare at sowing time. Meanwhile, pea, lentil, and gram were fertilized with a recommended dose of 20:45:20 as a basal application. Rajmah and potato were given recommended doses of 100:50:30 and 150:90:100 respectively. Phosphorus and potassium doses, constituting 100% of P₂O₅ and K₂O, were applied as basal applications with Nitrogen split into three doses. Intercultural operations and plant protection measures were implemented as needed. Intercrops were harvested, uprooted, cleaned, and their fresh yield per net plot was recorded before being converted to a per-hectare basis. At maturity, the sugarcane was also harvested, with the green top and dry leaves of millable cane separated. During the harvest, the following observations were made: the weight of the millable canes from each net plot was separately recorded using a platform balance, and the per-hectare cane yield was calculated. The weight of green tops and trash (dry leaves) per net plot was also recorded and then converted to a per-hectare basis.

Soil analysis

The preliminary and post-harvest soil samples were gathered to analyze various soil properties. The soil's pH was measured utilizing a glass electrode pH meter (Model-Systronics-36), adhering to a soil-water suspension ratio of 1:2.5, a method recommended by Jackson (1962). The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil was gauged using an EC meter (HANNA-HI2300) at a soil-to-water ratio of 1:2.5. Organic carbon content in the samples was assessed by employing Walkley and Black's wet oxidation method, as detailed by Jackson, 1962. The quantities of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were determined according to the Alkaline potassium permanganate method (Subbaiah and Asija, 1956), the Ascorbic acid method (Watanabe & Olsen, 1965), and the Flame photometry method (Jackson, 1973) respectively. The method articulated by Berger and Trough (1939) was used to gauge hot water soluble B in the soil. Lastly, the Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA)-extractable zinc level was estimated following the procedure established by Lindsay and Norvell (1978).

Plant analysis (N, P, K content and uptake)

The canes that were sampled for dry matter assessment at harvest were also used for chemical analysis. These dried samples were pulverized into a fine powder (using 100 mesh sieves), and around ten grams of the resulting powder was set aside in labeled brown paper bags for future chemical evaluation. The Microkjeldahl method was used to determine nitrogen content, the molybdovandate phosphoric acid method for phosphorus, and the flame photometric method for potassium, respectively. The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (measured in kg per hectare) were calculated by multiplying the nutrient percentage in the cane by the corresponding dry yields of each respective element. The data collected during the experiment was analyzed following the method provided by Panse and Sukhatme in 1967.

Initial soil analysis report of the experimental site

The initial analysis of the surface soil (0–15 cm) from the experimental field provided several significant insights about its properties. The texture of the soil was observed to be primarily sandy loam to loam, which generally promises good drainage and easy workability. However, these soil types may present challenges regarding nutrient retention and water availability, which can impact the growth and development of crops. The soil pH was measured to be 8.28, indicating an alkaline nature. Alkaline soils can sometimes restrict the availability of certain nutrients, particularly iron, zinc, and manganese. Care should be taken to manage this pH level, as it might potentially influence the effectiveness of fertilizers and the overall nutrient management strategy. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil was found to be 0.73 dS m^− 1, which suggests a relatively low salt concentration in the soil. This is generally favorable for most crops, as high EC can lead to issues like salt stress. The organic carbon content of the soil was found to be 0.61%, pointing to a moderate level of organic matter. Organic matter plays a crucial role in improving soil fertility by enhancing nutrient and moisture retention. The available nitrogen content was 265 kg ha^− 1, which is a crucial nutrient for plant growth, playing a key role in protein synthesis and photosynthesis. P₂O₅ and K₂O availability were noted to be 22 kg ha^− 1 and 172 kg ha^− 1, respectively. Both are essential macronutrients for crops and contribute significantly to their overall growth and yield. The soil contained 0.65 ppm of available zinc, which falls within the medium range. Zinc is a vital micronutrient for plants and aids in enzymatic activities and protein synthesis. The available boron was measured at 0.31 ppm. Boron is essential for various plant functions, including cell wall formation and the transportation of sugars. Based on these initial findings, it will be crucial to tailor a specific nutrient management plan to compensate for any deficiencies or imbalances and to maximize the potential productivity of the experimental field.

Weather variables of experimental site

Our investigation of the climatic conditions at the experimental site, located at RRS, Madhopur, West Champaran, Bihar, provided valuable insights into the optimal weather variables for sugarcane growth and productivity. Sugarcane appears to flourish under distinct rainfall parameters. Optimal yields were achieved with an annual rainfall of 1342 mm, evenly distributed throughout the rainy season. The crop also demonstrated adaptability in areas with lower rainfall of up to 500 mm. However, extreme rainfall above 1500 mm could potentially lead to lodging of the cane, thereby affecting its growth and productivity. The average rainfall at our experimental site ranged between 1050 mm − 1350 mm, which almost satisfies the irrigation needs for sugarcane cultivation. However, the inconsistent distribution of rainfall across the alluvial plains of Bihar could pose a challenge to crop growth. Despite these challenges, the crop has consistently shown good growth under ensured irrigated conditions. Temperature also plays a vital role in sugarcane development. Minimum temperatures recorded ranged from 12.95°C to 27.10°C, and maximum temperatures ranged between 18.32°C to 39.17°C. These temperature ranges were conducive to the crop's growth throughout the year. A relative humidity of 75–87% facilitated rapid cane elongation during the grand growth phase, while a moderate humidity of 45–65%, in conjunction with a limited water supply, was observed to be favorable for the ripening phase. Humidity levels above 40%, particularly between 42.33% and 54.70%, along with warm weather, promoted the vegetative growth of the cane. Sugarcane, being a sun-loving plant, responds positively to high levels of incident radiation, leading to higher sugar yields. The experimental site provided 7–9 hours of bright sunshine per day, which was beneficial for both the active growth and ripening stages of sugarcane, thus fostering higher production. In conclusion, despite the occasional erratic rainfall, the overall climatic conditions at the experimental site, with its optimal temperature, humidity, sunshine hours, and irrigation provision, offer a favorable environment for sugarcane cultivation and productivity.

Treatments Effect on sugarcane yield as influenced by different planting methods and intercrops.

Number of millable canes (`000 ha^− 1)

The study conducted highlights the significant impact of various planting methods and intercropping systems on the number of millable sugarcane canes. It was observed that sugarcane planted with traditional spacing (90 cm in furrows) yielded a higher number of millable canes (116.67) in comparison to the sole plant row spacing (PRS) system (60 x 60–120 cm), where the number of millable canes was 104.04. However, the final cane yield was superior in the sole PRS system, with a yield of 84.69 t ha^− 1, as opposed to the traditional spacing system's yield of 77.82 t ha^− 1. This discrepancy can be attributed to the greater individual cane weight (814 g) observed in the T2 treatment within the PRS system. In terms of intercropping systems, the count of millable canes was noticeably higher in the paired row planted sugarcane when intercropped with vegetable pea (T5), recording a total of 97800 millable canes. This count was comparable to paired row planted sugarcane intercropped with potato (T3) with 92970 canes and sole sugarcane planting (T1) with 116670 canes, over the rest of the treatments. The lowest count of millable canes was seen in paired row planted sugarcane intercropped with lentil (T6), recording 84410 millable canes. These observations align with the findings of Raskar and Bhoi (2003), reinforcing the influence of planting methods and intercropping systems on the number of millable canes. Furthermore, these results underline the need to carefully consider these variables to optimize sugarcane yield.

Cane yield (t ha^− 1)

The data revealed that the treatment involving the sole paired row planting of sugarcane intercropped with gram (T7) significantly outperformed treatments T1 to T5 in terms of cane yield, producing an impressive 96.73 t ha^− 1. This yield, however, was found to be statistically similar to that observed in treatments T6 and T7, in ascending order. Among all the planting methods evaluated, the sole paired row planting method produced a notably higher cane yield (84.69 t ha^− 1) compared to the conventional planting method (77.82 t ha^− 1). This trend aligns with previous findings reported by Zarekar et al. (2018), highlighting the potential advantages of employing paired row planting over traditional methods. Furthermore, the yield results underscored the benefits of incorporating potato and legume crops in sugarcane intercropping systems. The observed yield boost can likely be attributed to reduced interspecies competition, as indicated by Gitari et al. (2020). Intercropping systems involving these crops might be promoting better resource utilization, thus enhancing the overall productivity of the system. These findings emphasize the need to consider alternative planting techniques and intercropping systems, like sole paired row planting and intercropping with gram or other suitable crops, to maximize sugarcane yield. The data also suggest the potential for further investigations to understand the specific factors contributing to these increases in yield.

Green top yield (t ha^− 1)

The collected data highlighted a clear difference in green top yield based on both planting methods and intercropping systems. It was observed that conventional sugarcane planting (90 cm in furrows) yielded a lower green top output (9.19 t ha^− 1) in comparison to the sole paired row planting of sugarcane (60 x 60–120 cm), which recorded a higher green top yield of 10.48 t ha^− 1. This suggests that the paired row planting method could potentially enhance the production of green tops. When evaluating the different intercropping systems, the paired row planting of sugarcane intercropped with pea (T7) was observed to produce the highest yield of green tops, amounting to 14.69 t ha^− 1. This yield was significantly higher compared to all other treatments, implying that the incorporation of pea into the sugarcane plantation might have beneficial effects on green top production. Conversely, the lowest yield of green tops was associated with treatment T3 (PRS + potato), recording a yield of only 10.76 t ha^− 1. These results emphasize the influence of the choice of intercrop on the green top yield and suggest the need for careful selection and management of intercropping systems to optimize the yield of green tops. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the differences in green top yields.

Trash yield (t ha^− 1)

The data, as outlined in Table 4, pointed out significant variations in trash yield, depending on the sugarcane planting method and intercropping system. The highest trash yield of 9.98 t ha^− 1 was recorded when sugarcane was paired row planted and intercropped with gram, outperforming sugarcane planted at conventional spacing (90 cm in furrows) and sole paired row sugarcane (60 x 60–120 cm). However, this yield was found to be statistically similar to the yields from the rest of the treatments. Sole paired row sugarcane demonstrated a slightly higher but statistically equal trash yield compared to conventionally planted sugarcane (90 cm in furrows). The superior yield from the wider spacing is likely attributable to enhanced photosynthetic accumulation due to increased availability of resources such as sunlight, water, and nutrients. This finding aligns with the results reported by Singh et al. (2010), reinforcing the potential advantages of wider row spacing and intercropping with suitable crops like gram to maximize trash yield. The results emphasize the potential impact of planting methods and intercropping systems on trash yield, suggesting that strategic selection and management of these factors could help improve overall yield efficiency. Further research could help confirm these findings and provide additional insights into optimizing sugarcane production.

Table 1

Preliminary Report on Soil Analysis for the Experimental Site
Soil parameters	Value	Category (L/M/H)
P^H (1:2.5)	8.28	Saline
EC (dS/m) (1:2.5)	0.73	Normal
Organic carbon (%)	0.61	Medium (0.5–0.75)
Available Nitrogen (Kg/ha)	265	Medium (250–560)
Available P₂O₅ (Kg/ha)	22	Medium (10–25)
Available K₂O (Kg/ha)	172	Medium (110–280)
Available zinc (ppm)	0.65	Medium (0.50–1.00)
Available boron (ppm)	0.31	Low (< 1.0)

Table 2

Meteorological Data from RRS Madhopur
Months	Rainfall (mm)	Temperature (⁰C) Maximum Minimum		Humidity (%)
April	12.54	35.50	22.41	75.52
May	91.03	36.33	21.89	42.33
June	145.0	39.17	27.10	54.70
July	329.0	27.84	19.10	86.72
August	109.0	29.12	26.40	84.18
September	401.0	29.95	23.73	45.68
October	52.0	29.50	24.46	65.56
November	12.9	25.80	18.80	83.88
December	28.4	19.37	12.95	87.29
January	2.50	18.32	12.81	86.23
February	11.3	27.5	17.57	84.36
March	148.0	32.5	21.97	80.94

Table 3

Recommended Guidelines for Fertilizer Dosage (RDF), Seed Rate, Varieties Spacing, and Yield in Intercropping.
Intercrops	RDF N: P₂O₅: K₂O	Seed rate ha^− 1	varieties	Spacing	Lines	Yield (Q/ha)
Sugarcane	150: 85:60	30,000 setts	CoP-16437	As per treatment
Potato	150:90:100	20 q/ha	Kufri ashok	20	6	200
Rajmah	100:50:30	60 kg/ha	PDR-14	30×10	4	12
Pea (pods)	20:45:20	40 kg/ha	Harbhajan	20×10	6	50
Lentil	20:45:20	15 kg/ha	PL-77	30	4	20
Gram	20:45:20	40 kg/ha	Pusa-372	30×10	4	25
Coriander	60:40:30	12 kg/ha	R. Dhaniya-1	30×20	4	20

Table 4

Influence of diverse planting methods and intercropping systems on sugarcane and intercrop yield attributes.
Treat. No.	No. of millable canes (`000 ha^− 1)	*SCW (g)	Cane yield (t ha^− 1)	Green top yield (t ha^− 1)	Trash yield (t ha^− 1)	Intercrops yield (t ha^− 1)
T₁	116.67	667	77.82	9.19	7.08	-
T₂	104.04	814	84.69	10.48	8.33	-
T₃	92.97	923	86.65	10.76	8.82	20.0
T₄	88.29	945	79.76	11.03	8.13	1.2
T₅	97.80	918	89.78	12.67	8.92	5.0
T₆	84.41	1022	90.23	13.69	9.51	2.0
T₇	89.65	1079	96.73	14.69	9.98	2.0
T₈	88.33	1058	93.45	13.96	9.92	2.5
SE ±	3.87	33.94	2.09	0.37	0.04	0.23
C.D. at 5%	11.24	90.96	6.82	1.15	0.19	0.69
Mean value	95.27	928.25	87.39	12.06	8.84	5.45
*SCW: single cane weight

Intercrop yield (t ha^− 1)

The results provided insights into the yield variations across different intercropping systems paired with sugarcane. The highest yield was achieved from the intercrop of potato, which recorded a significant output of 20 t ha^− 1. Next to potato the green pod of pea, this generated a substantial yield of 5.0 t ha-1. Intercrops such as coriander, lentil, and gram yielded lower but still meaningful outputs of 2.5 t ha^− 1 and 2.0 t ha^− 1, respectively. Rajmah, on the other hand, recorded the lowest intercrop yield at 1.2 t ha^− 1. From these findings, it can be inferred that vegetable type intercrops may offer more economically viable options, contributing to greater additional benefits compared to seed type intercrops. This observation may influence strategic decisions regarding the selection of intercrops for maximizing economic returns. However, it's also noteworthy that intercrops like gram, pea, and Rajmah serve a complementary role, enhancing the soil fertility status and consequently benefiting the yield of the main crop, sugarcane. These results are consistent with the findings of Lithourgidis et al. (2011), reinforcing the value of diversified intercropping systems. More recent studies, have also suggested that well-designed intercropping systems can increase agricultural sustainability by promoting resource use efficiency, improving soil health, and enhancing crop resilience to environmental stresses. These findings underline the need to optimize the selection and management of intercrops in sugarcane cultivation to improve yield outputs and enhance economic returns while preserving and improving soil fertility.

Effect on nutrient content and uptake by sugarcane

Table 5 provides a comprehensive breakdown of the impact of various planting methods and intercrops on the total nutrient content and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium by the sugarcane. The influence of these varying factors on nutrient content and uptake is critical in understanding the optimal conditions for sugarcane growth and productivity. Nutrient uptake is a crucial process for the growth and development of plants, allowing them to obtain the necessary elements required for various physiological functions. Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium are primary macronutrients vital for sugarcane, contributing significantly to the plant's health and yield. The different planting methods, including conventional spacing and paired row spacing, and the introduction of intercrops might have influenced the nutrient availability and absorption efficiency of the sugarcane. Each treatment likely created unique soil conditions and microenvironments affecting the nutrient dynamics in the soil-crop system.

Table 5

Impact of various planting and intercropping systems on plant nutrient content (%) and uptake (kg ha^− 1).
	Treatments	Nutrient content (%)			Nutrient uptake (kg ha^− 1)
		N	P	K	N	P	K
T₁	Sole sugarcane − 90 cm	1.45	0.11	2.19	182.21	12.95	258.62
T₂	Sole paired row sugarcane (60 × 60 cm-120cm)	1.48	0.12	2.22	189.12	13.98	274.89
T₃	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Potato	1.49	0.19	2.25	213.18	14.81	286.88
T₄	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Rajmah	1.83	0.21	2.29	218.14	14.93	284.45
T₅	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Pea	1.51	0.22	2.31	230.21	15.13	291.42
T₆	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Lentil	1.52	0.29	2.24	201.11	13.18	275.98
T₇	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Gram	1.50	0.20	2.28	211.21	14.99	278.49
T₈	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Coriander	1.53	0.18	2.35	221.15	15.12	281.27
	SE ±	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.03	0.17	9.35
	C.D. at 5%	0.12	0.11	0.21	22.26	0.62	28.12
	Mean	1.54	0.19	2.27	208.29	14.39	279

Nutrient content (%) in sugarcane

The nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in sugarcane harvested under various planting methods and intercropping systems was notably influenced by these different treatment conditions. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are primary macronutrients vital for plant growth and yield. Hence, the quantity of these nutrients in sugarcane plants can significantly influence overall plant health and productivity. Specifically, the highest nitrogen content (1.83%) was recorded in the sugarcane plants when they were paired row planted and intercropped with Rajmah (T4). This indicates that the intercropping of Rajmah may foster a more favorable environment for nitrogen availability and uptake. Nitrogen is a vital component of proteins, enzymes, and chlorophyll in plants, hence its enhanced content can contribute to better growth and yield. In contrast, the highest phosphorus content (0.29%) was noted when sugarcane was paired row planted and intercropped with lentil (T6). Phosphorus is crucial for energy transfer and storage in plant cells, so its high content may boost metabolic efficiency and productivity. Furthermore, sugarcane plants intercropped with coriander under the paired row planting method (T8) recorded the highest potassium content (2.35%). Potassium is essential for various physiological processes in plants, including photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and water uptake, so a higher content may enhance overall plant health and yield. These findings align with recent studies highlighting the influence of intercropping systems on nutrient content and uptake in various crops (Li et al., 2020). It's suggested that intercropping can enhance nutrient use efficiency, improve soil fertility, and potentially increase crop yield and quality. Thus, selecting appropriate intercrops, such as Rajmah, lentil, or coriander, depending on the specific nutrient goals, can contribute to optimized sugarcane production.

Nutrient uptake by sugarcane (kg ha^− 1)

The total uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) by sugarcane, as depicted in Table 5, displayed significant differences in response to various planting methods and intercropping systems. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are crucial macronutrients that influence the growth and yield of crops, and their efficient uptake is vital for optimizing crop productivity. When comparing paired row planting (60 x 60–120 cm) with conventional planting (90 cm), the paired row planting method recorded a higher uptake of N, P, and K, specifically, 189.12 kg ha^− 1, 13.98 kg ha^− 1, and 274.89 kg ha^− 1, respectively. This suggests that the paired row planting method, by modifying root exposure and soil contact, may enhance nutrient accessibility and uptake. Examining the influence of different intercropping systems on nutrient uptake, the treatment involving paired row sugarcane planting intercropped with pea (T5) yielded the highest uptake of N, P, and K, recording values of 230.21 kg ha^− 1, 15.13 kg ha^− 1, and 291.42 kg ha^− 1, respectively. This could be attributed to the leguminous nature of pea, which can fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form that's readily available for plant uptake, thereby increasing nitrogen availability and enhancing overall crop yield. Conversely, treatment T6 (PRS + coriander) recorded the lowest uptake of N, P and K compared to all other treatments, with values of 201.11 kg ha^− 1, 13.18 kg ha^− 1 and 275.98 kg ha^− 1, respectively. These findings corroborate with recent studies highlighting the influence of different planting methods and intercropping systems on nutrient uptake by crops. For instance, Hauggaard-Nielsen et al. (2020) reported that intercropping leguminous crops can enhance nitrogen uptake in the main crop due to the legume's ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Total uptake of phosphorus (kg ha^− 1)

The total uptake of phosphorus per hectare by the sugarcane crop was significantly affected by the chosen planting spacing and intercropping systems, demonstrating the crucial role of these factors in influencing nutrient absorption. Phosphorus is a key macronutrient for plants, playing vital roles in energy transfer, nutrient transport, and photosynthesis, among other physiological processes. In the context of the different treatments applied, the highest phosphorus uptake was observed in the paired row planting of sugarcane intercropped with pea (T5), recording a phosphorus uptake of 15.13 kg ha^− 1. This finding is likely due to the ability of pea plants, as legumes, to facilitate better phosphorus availability and uptake, possibly through root interactions and soil microbe stimulation. Conversely, the lowest phosphorus uptake was noted in the sole sugarcane treatment with conventional planting (90 cm), which recorded an uptake of 12.95 kg ha^− 1. This suggests that the conventional planting method may not be as efficient in promoting phosphorus uptake as the paired row planting method, especially when combined with suitable intercrops such as peas. These findings align with recent studies of Li et al. (2019) found that intercropping systems could enhance phosphorus use efficiency and uptake in various crops. This implies that careful selection and management of planting methods and intercropping systems can contribute to improved phosphorus uptake, potentially leading to healthier crops and higher yields.

Total uptake of potassium (kg ha^− 1)

The study results, as presented in Table 5, showed a noticeable impact of various planting methods and intercropping systems on potassium uptake by the sugarcane crop. Potassium plays a crucial role in a wide range of plant physiological processes, including protein synthesis, photosynthesis, and disease resistance, making its efficient uptake vital for crop health and productivity. Sole paired row planting (60 x 60–120 cm) recorded numerically superior values of potassium uptake (274.89 kg ha^− 1) compared to conventional sugarcane planting (90 cm). This suggests that the paired row planting method may foster an environment more conducive to potassium absorption. With respect to different intercropping systems, sugarcane paired row planted and intercropped with pea (T5) demonstrated the highest potassium uptake, specifically 291.42 kg ha^− 1, compared to other treatments. In contrast, paired row planting of sugarcane intercropped with lentil (T6) displayed a lower uptake of potassium, recording 275.98 kg ha^− 1. The enhanced uptake in the pea intercrop could be due to synergistic root and microbial interactions enhancing nutrient availability and uptake. The efficiency of fertilizer use was marginally higher when sugarcane was intercropped with pea, gram, and rajmah. This finding aligns with a study by Pawar and Bhosale (1987), which reported similar observations with different intercrops. On the other hand, the least nutrient uptake was recorded when sugarcane was intercropped with lentil and potato. Potatoes, known for their high nutrient demand, may compete with sugarcane for nutrients, leading to reduced uptake and potential adverse effects on sugarcane growth. Wide spacing of sugarcane (60 x 60–120 cm) registered significantly higher uptake compared to normal spacing (90 cm). Similar results were reported by Patel et al., (2014), suggesting that careful management of planting spacing can improve nutrient absorption, subsequently leading to better crop health and productivity.

Effect on Availability of nutrient in soil after harvest of sugarcane crop

Table 6 presents the impact of various treatments on the available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in kilograms per hectare of soil after the harvest of sugarcane. Sugarcane, like many other crops, utilizes a significant amount of nutrients from the soil during its growth and development. Therefore, after the harvest, nutrient levels in the soil (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, often referred to as NPK) are usually depleted to some extent. Over time, continuous cultivation and harvesting of sugarcane without proper soil management practices can lead to nutrient exhaustion, reducing soil fertility and affecting future crop yields. Therefore, it's crucial to replenish these nutrients through fertilization and other soil management practices. These can include crop rotation, the use of green manure or cover crops, and the application of organic or synthetic fertilizers.

Table 6

Average available nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and available potassium (K) in soil after sugarcane harvest, influenced by different planting methods and intercropping systems.
	Treatments	Available N (kg ha^− 1)	Available P (kg ha^− 1)	Available K (kg ha^− 1)
T₁	Sole sugarcane-90 cm	286.08	12.21	251.23
T₂	Sole paired row sugarcane (60 × 60 cm-120cm)	290.18	12.98	256.12
T₃	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Potato	293.82	13.85	264.98
T₄	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Rajmah	292.63	12.99	275.96
T₅	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Pea	295.72	14.11	280.10
T₆	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Lentil	298.16	13.94	262.15
T₇	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Gram	293.23	13.96	273.19
T₈	Paired row sugarcane (PRS) + Coriander	291.19	13.78	282.18
	SE ±	5.67	0.36	9.84
	C.D. at 5%	19.20	1.06	29.53
	Mean	292.62	13.48	268.23

Available nitrogen in soil (kg ha^− 1)

The data displayed in Table 6 explores the mean values of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in soil under sugarcane cultivation after harvest. The results indicate a substantial amount of nutrients remain in the field post-harvest, which can be utilized by the succeeding crop. The amount of available N, P, and K in the soil varied significantly based on the treatments applied, namely the planting methods, spacing, and intercropping systems. Among the treatments, the paired row planted sugarcane intercropped with lentil (T6) exhibited the highest values of available nitrogen (298.16 kg ha^− 1). Conversely, the treatment T8 (PRS + coriander) showed the lowest nitrogen availability at 291.19 kg ha^− 1. For phosphorus, the highest value (14.11 kg ha^− 1) was observed with PRS intercropped with Pea (T5). As for potassium, the PRS intercropped with coriander (T8) recorded the highest value (282.18 kg ha^− 1) in the soil after harvest. The variations in nutrient availability were significant, with nitrogen levels remaining unaffected by different planting methods and intercrops. Legume intercrops in cropping systems, such as lentils and peas, enhance soil fertility through the excretion of several kinds of substances including amino acids, carbohydrates, sugars, tannin, lignins, etc., into the rhizosphere. This excretion promotes the population of beneficial micro-fauna. The nitrogen fixed by the legume intercrop might be available to the associated sugarcane in the current season itself, as sugarcane stays in the field for more than nine months after the harvest of the legumes. Another possibility for improving soil fertility is through the addition of intercrop residues. These residues, upon decomposition, can enhance the fertility of the soil. Considering the considerable nutrient addition through intercropping, there may be a possibility of reducing nitrogen application via chemical fertilizer (Kailasam 1994). Traditionally, the optimal row spacing recommended for sugarcane is 90 cm, a practice widely followed in tropical India. However, with the introduction of high tillering and high yielding varieties of sugarcane, there is potential to adopt wider row spacing without affecting cane productivity. Such an approach would permit intercropping, thus increasing the overall productivity and profitability of the system without negatively impacting cane yield (Sundara 1994).

Available phosphorus in soil (kg ha^− 1)

The data pertaining to the available phosphorus in the soil post-sugarcane harvest showed that the various treatments, including planting methods, spacing, and intercropping, significantly influenced the availability of this nutrient in the soil. Specifically, the T5 treatment - paired row planting sugarcane intercropped with pea - recorded the highest availability of phosphorus at 14.11 kg ha^− 1, compared to the rest of the treatments. Conversely, the lowest availability of phosphorus (12.99 kg ha^− 1) was observed in the T4 treatment, which involved paired row planting of sugarcane intercropped with rajmah. The variations observed in phosphorus availability across different treatments illustrate the significant influence of planting methods, spacing, and intercropping choices on the nutrient content of the soil following sugarcane harvest. In this case, the intercropping of sugarcane with pea (T5 treatment) demonstrated a higher concentration of available phosphorus compared to the sugarcane intercropped with rajmah (T4 treatment). This result aligns with previous research demonstrating that the choice of intercrop can have a substantial impact on nutrient cycling and availability within agricultural systems. Specifically, leguminous intercrops like peas are known to increase the availability of nutrients such as phosphorus due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and enhance soil fertility (Ghosh et al., 2019). Conversely, the lower phosphorus levels observed in the rajmah intercropped plots could be due to this crop's higher phosphorus uptake, leaving less available in the soil post-harvest. These findings emphasize the importance of carefully selecting intercrop species to optimize soil nutrient availability and overall agricultural sustainability. Such knowledge is key to developing improved agricultural practices that maintain soil health and productivity while minimizing the need for external inputs.

Available potassium in soil (kg ha^− 1)

The analysis of available potassium in the soil post-harvest of sugarcane reveals significant differences due to various planting methods and intercrop choices. Specifically, the maximum availability of potassium was observed under treatment T8 (Paired Row Sugarcane + Coriander), which recorded a concentration of 282.18 kg ha^− 1, higher than the rest of the treatments. The lowest potassium availability was observed with sugarcane paired row planting intercropped with lentil, at a concentration of 262.15 kg ha^− 1. The observed variability in potassium availability, which was influenced significantly by different planting methods and intercrop choices, underlines the impact of these agronomic practices on soil nutrient status following a sugarcane harvest. Notably, the T8 treatment (Paired Row Sugarcane + Coriander) led to the highest available potassium in the soil. This could be related to the properties of coriander as a crop, which is not known to have high potassium requirements, thus leaving a higher amount available in the soil after harvest (Dong et al., 2018). In contrast, the lowest potassium availability was associated with sugarcane intercropped with lentil. This may be due to the relatively higher potassium uptake by lentils compared to coriander, thereby reducing the residual potassium in the soil post-harvest. These findings emphasize the importance of crop selection in intercropping systems, as different crops can significantly affect the post-harvest availability of key nutrients in the soil. Knowledge of these interactions can guide the development of more sustainable agricultural practices, optimizing nutrient utilization while minimizing reliance on external inputs.

The present research investigated the impacts of intercrops and planting methods on the yield and nutrient uptake of sugarcane grown in the Northwest alluvial plains of Bihar. Based on the findings, several key conclusions can be drawn. Intercropping with gram and coriander resulted in the highest yields when planted in paired rows with sugarcane (60 x 60–120 cm spacing). This suggests that these crops are particularly compatible with sugarcane and can enhance overall productivity when used in an intercropping system. Specifically, gram was found to be an ideal choice for intercropping in paired row planted sugarcane, potentially due to its lower nutrient requirements and positive impacts on soil health. Furthermore, the study found that the efficiency of fertilizer use was marginally higher when sugarcane was intercropped with pea and rajmah. This indicates that these particular intercrops may contribute to improved nutrient uptake and utilization in sugarcane, thereby enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer application. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for optimizing sugarcane cultivation practices in the Northwest alluvial plains of Bihar. They highlight the potential benefits of intercropping and paired row planting, both in terms of maximizing crop yield and improving nutrient utilization. As such, these practices can contribute significantly to sustainable sugarcane cultivation in the region, promoting both agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability.

Declaration conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Director of the Sugarcane Research Institute, Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University (RPCAU), Pusa, for the approval of the station trial entitled: “Effect of planting method and intercropping on yield, nutrient content and uptake by autumn sugarcane at RRS Madhopur”. We are also deeply appreciative of the technical and supporting staff of the RRS Unit, of the Sugarcane Research Institute, RPCAU, Pusa, whose invaluable assistance greatly contributed to the success of this study. Their unwavering support and commitment played an integral role in the completion of this research.

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Impact of intercrops and planting methods on yield and nutrient uptake by sugarcane under North West alluvial plains of Bihar

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Introduction

Material and methods

Location of experimental site

Climatic requirements for sugarcane cultivation

Fertilizer application:

Soil analysis

Plant analysis (N, P, K content and uptake)

Results and Discussion

Initial soil analysis report of the experimental site

Weather variables of experimental site

Number of millable canes (`000 ha^− 1)

Cane yield (t ha^− 1)

Green top yield (t ha^− 1)

Trash yield (t ha^− 1)

Intercrop yield (t ha^− 1)

Effect on nutrient content and uptake by sugarcane

Nutrient content (%) in sugarcane

Nutrient uptake by sugarcane (kg ha^− 1)

Total uptake of phosphorus (kg ha^− 1)

Total uptake of potassium (kg ha^− 1)

Effect on Availability of nutrient in soil after harvest of sugarcane crop

Available nitrogen in soil (kg ha^− 1)

Available phosphorus in soil (kg ha^− 1)

Available potassium in soil (kg ha^− 1)

Conclusion

Declarations

Declaration conflict of interest

Acknowledgement

References

Status:

Version 1

Impact of intercrops and planting methods on yield and nutrient uptake by sugarcane under North West alluvial plains of Bihar

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Introduction

Material and methods

Location of experimental site

Climatic requirements for sugarcane cultivation

Fertilizer application:

Soil analysis

Plant analysis (N, P, K content and uptake)

Results and Discussion

Initial soil analysis report of the experimental site

Weather variables of experimental site

Number of millable canes (`000 ha− 1)

Cane yield (t ha− 1)

Green top yield (t ha− 1)

Trash yield (t ha− 1)

Intercrop yield (t ha− 1)

Effect on nutrient content and uptake by sugarcane

Nutrient content (%) in sugarcane

Nutrient uptake by sugarcane (kg ha− 1)

Total uptake of phosphorus (kg ha− 1)

Total uptake of potassium (kg ha− 1)

Effect on Availability of nutrient in soil after harvest of sugarcane crop

Available nitrogen in soil (kg ha− 1)

Available phosphorus in soil (kg ha− 1)

Available potassium in soil (kg ha− 1)

Conclusion

Declarations

Declaration conflict of interest

Acknowledgement

References

Status:

Version 1

Number of millable canes (`000 ha^− 1)

Cane yield (t ha^− 1)

Green top yield (t ha^− 1)

Trash yield (t ha^− 1)

Intercrop yield (t ha^− 1)

Nutrient uptake by sugarcane (kg ha^− 1)

Total uptake of phosphorus (kg ha^− 1)

Total uptake of potassium (kg ha^− 1)

Available nitrogen in soil (kg ha^− 1)

Available phosphorus in soil (kg ha^− 1)

Available potassium in soil (kg ha^− 1)