[1] Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel R L. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. 2021.
[2] Sharma P, Allison J P. The future of immune checkpoint therapy[J]. Science, 2015, 348(6230): 56-61.
[3] Rowshanravan B, Halliday N. CTLA-4: a moving target in immunotherapy[J]. 2018, 131(1): 58-67.
[4] Jiang Y, Chen M, Nie H, et al. PD-1 and PD-L1 in cancer immunotherapy: clinical implications and future considerations[J]. 2019, 15(5): 1111-1122.
[5] Buchbinder E I, Desai A. CTLA-4 and PD-1 Pathways: Similarities, Differences, and Implications of Their Inhibition[J]. Am J Clin Oncol, 2016, 39(1): 98-106.
[6] Huang B, Chen L, Bao C, et al. The expression status and prognostic significance of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 in gastrointestinal tract cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Onco Targets Ther, 2015, 8: 2617-2625.
[7] Moehler M, Delic M, Goepfert K, et al. Immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer: Recent results, current studies and future perspectives[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2016, 59: 160-170.
[8] Higgins J P, Thompson S G. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis[J]. Stat Med, 2002, 21(11): 1539-1558.
[9] Kojima T, Shah M A. Randomized Phase III KEYNOTE-181 Study of Pembrolizumab Versus Chemotherapy in Advanced Esophageal Cancer[J]. 2020, 38(35): 4138-4148.
[10] Nct. Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Versus Investigator's Choice Standard Therapy for Participants With Advanced Esophageal/Esophagogastric Junction Carcinoma That Progressed After First-Line Therapy (MK-3475-181/KEYNOTE-181)-China Extension Study[J/OL]. https://clinicaltrialsgov/show/NCT03933449, 2019: [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01931730/full.
[11] Huang J, Xu J, Chen Y, et al. Camrelizumab versus investigator's choice of chemotherapy as second-line therapy for advanced or metastatic oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCORT): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 study[J/OL]. The lancet Oncology, 2020,21(6): 832‐842[https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02131554/full.
[12] Kato K, Cho B C, Takahashi M, et al. Nivolumab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma refractory or intolerant to previous chemotherapy (ATTRACTION-3): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial[J/OL]. The lancet Oncology, 2019,20(11): 1506‐1517[https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02007154/full.
[13] Bang Y J, Ruiz E Y, Van Cutsem E, et al. Phase III, randomised trial of avelumab versus physician's choice of chemotherapy as third-line treatment of patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer: primary analysis of JAVELIN Gastric 300[J/OL]. Annals of oncology : official journal of the european society for medical oncology, 2018,29(10): 2052‐2060[https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01667716/full.
[14] Shitara K, Özgüroğlu M, Bang Y J, et al. Pembrolizumab versus paclitaxel for previously treated, advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (KEYNOTE-061): a randomised, open-label, controlled, phase 3 trial[J/OL]. Lancet (london, england), 2018,392(10142): 123‐133[https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01642704/full.
[15] Shitara K, Van Cutsem E, Bang Y J, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab or Pembrolizumab Plus Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone for Patients With First-line, Advanced Gastric Cancer: The KEYNOTE-062 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6(10): 1571-1580.
[16] Moehler M H, Cho J Y, Kim Y H, et al. A randomized, open-label, two-arm phase II trial comparing the efficacy of sequential ipilimumab (ipi) versus best supportive care (BSC) following first-line (1L) chemotherapy in patients with unresectable, locally advanced/metastatic (A/M) gastric or gastro-esophageal junction (G/GEJ) cancer[J/OL]. Journal of clinical oncology, 2016,34: [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01780664/full.
[17] Chen L T, Satoh T, Ryu M H, et al. A phase 3 study of nivolumab in previously treated advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer (ATTRACTION-2): 2-year update data[J]. Gastric cancer, 2020, 23(3): 510-519.
[18] Eng C, Kim T W, Bendel J, et al. Atezolizumab with or without cobimetinib versus regorafenib in previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (IMblaze370): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial[J]. Lancet oncology, 2019, 20(6): 849-861.
[19] Nct. Capecitabine and Bevacizumab With or Without Atezolizumab in Treating Patients With Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer[J/OL]. https://clinicaltrialsgov/show/NCT02873195, 2016: [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01599288/full.
[20] Chen E X, Jonker D J, Loree J M, et al. Effect of Combined Immune Checkpoint Inhibition vs Best Supportive Care Alone in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer The Canadian Cancer Trials Group CO.26 Study[J]. JAMA oncology, 2020, 6(6): 831-838.
[21] Nct. A Study of Biomarker-Driven Therapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (mCRC)[J/OL]. https://clinicaltrialsgov/show/NCT02291289, 2014: [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01590107/full.
[22] Zheng Z, Guo Y, Zou C P. Oncological outcomes of addition of anti-PD1/PD-L1 to chemotherapy in the therapy of patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer: A meta-analysis[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(7): e18332.
[23] Wang B C, Zhang Z J, Fu C, et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents vs chemotherapy in patients with gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(47): e18054.
[24] Li Y, He M, Zhou Y, et al. The Prognostic and Clinicopathological Roles of PD-L1 Expression in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2019, 10: 139.
[25] Cao H, Wang Q, Gao Z, et al. Programmed death-ligand 1 and survival in colorectal cancers: A meta-analysis[J]. 2019, 34(4): 356-363.
[26] Yang L, Xue R, Pan C. Prognostic and clinicopathological value of PD-L1 in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Onco Targets Ther, 2019, 12: 3671-3682.
[27] Huang B, Chen L, Bao C, et al. The expression status and prognostic significance of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 in gastrointestinal tract cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Onco Targets Ther, 2015, 8: 2617-2625.
[28] Salem M E, Puccini A. Comparative Molecular Analyses of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, and Gastric Adenocarcinoma[J]. 2018, 23(11): 1319-1327.
[29] Fukuoka E, Yamashita K, Tanaka T, et al. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Increases PD-L1 Expression and CD8(+) Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma[J]. Anticancer Res, 2019, 39(8): 4539-4548.
[30] Xue Y, Gao S, Gou J, et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors: preclinical and clinical studies and mechanism of action[J]. 2021, 18(2): 187-203.
[31] Lang D, Huemer F, Rinnerthaler G, et al. Therapy Line and Associated Predictors of Response to PD-1/PD-L1-Inhibitor Monotherapy in Advanced Non-small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Bi-centric Cohort Study[J]. Target Oncol, 2019, 14(6): 707-717.
[32] Duan J, Cui L, Zhao X, et al. Use of Immunotherapy With Programmed Cell Death 1 vs Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Inhibitors in Patients With Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6(3): 375-384.
[33] Keir M E, Butte M J, Freeman G J, et al. PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity[J]. Annu Rev Immunol, 2008, 26: 677-704.
[34] George S, Papanicolau-Sengos A, Lenzo F L, et al. PD-L2 amplification and durable disease stabilization in patient with urothelial carcinoma receiving pembrolizumab[J]. Oncoimmunology, 2018, 7(12): e1460298.
[35] Rozali E N, Hato S V, Robinson B W, et al. Programmed death ligand 2 in cancer-induced immune suppression[J]. Clin Dev Immunol, 2012, 2012: 656340.
[36] Youngnak P, Kozono Y, Kozono H, et al. Differential binding properties of B7-H1 and B7-DC to programmed death-1[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2003, 307(3): 672-677.
[37] Ott P A, Hodi F S, Robert C. CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: new immunotherapeutic modalities with durable clinical benefit in melanoma patients[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2013, 19(19): 5300-5309.