Controllable Synthesis of Organopolysilazane Composite Coatings and Their Role in Protecting Combustible Cartridge Cases

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3780984/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Controllable Synthesis of Organopolysilazane Composite Coatings and Their Role in Protecting Combustible Cartridge Cases

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3780984/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

A series of organopolysilazane (OPSZ) composite coatings were synthesized via a grafting reaction between OPSZ and epoxy resin, which were applied to protect the surfaces of combustible cartridge cases. The chemical compositions were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results of heat-resistance tests indicated that the optimum OPSZ composite coating could prevent combustible cartridge cases from burning for 175.56 s at 250°C. The glass transition temperatures (T_g) of the OPSZ composite coatings were dependent on the polymer structure and were in the range of 254.7–454.0°C. All of the coatings showed good thermal stability, with temperatures at which 50% weight loss occurred being greater than 600°C. The results indicated that the OPSZ composite coatings could effectively improve the heat resistance of combustible cartridge cases. Based on scanning electron microscopy images after salt water exposure tests and the water contact angle, the OPSZ composite coating could effectively improve the environmental adaptability of combustible cartridge cases. This study demonstrated that the ceramic precursor OPSZ, as a protective material, provides a novel way to fabricate various coatings to protect combustible cartridge cases from high temperatures, environmental humidity, and corrosive air.

OPSZ composite coating

grafting reaction

combustible cartridge case

glass transition temperature

salt water test

water contact angle

As revolutionary structures, combustible cartridge cases (CCCs) can be used for the outer shells of weapon cartridges. Such cases can serve as containers and energy sources to reduce the weight and cost of weapon cartridges, which are commonly used in machine gun ammunition and tank gun cartridges. CCCs are fabricated with a polymeric material to substitute traditional metal cartridges due to their multiple advantages, including their low weights, readily available raw materials, and low costs [1]. There is no doubt that the existence of CCCs can effectively reduce the dependence on metals (e.g., steel and copper) and improve the ballistic efficiency of ammunition [2]. In general, CCCs are shell cartridge cases, which mainly consist of nitrocellulose, paper fiber, resin, and diphenylamine [3], while these materials greatly reduce the thermal stability of CCCs.

Zimmerman developed a 7.62 mm small machine gun based on CCC ammunition, which accelerated its application in weapon ammunition fields [4]. Moreover, the United States army has used CCCs in 155 mm weapons with automatic loading systems [5]. Until now, CCCs have been extensively used in high-caliber tank gun ammunition [6]. However, there are some difficulties in the safe handling and storage of CCCs, which need to be solved before effective application. Jia et al. studied the hygroscopic properties of CCCs and concluded that a higher relative humidity would result in a worse combustion performance [7]. Thus, it is necessary to take measures to improve the heat and humidity resistances of CCCs.

Currently, an increasing number of researchers are concentrating on developing protective coatings to overcome the shortcomings of CCCs. For instance, Chen et al. used a mixture of a fluorine-containing nanocomposite and a nitrocellulose film-forming material to fabricate a composite solvent for the surface protection of CCCs, which significantly improved their environmental adaptability [8]. Zhang et al. developed boron nitride (BN)/silane composite particles and demonstrated their ability to improve the heat and salt water resistances of CCCs [9]. In addition, a BN- and epoxy-modified silicone (BEMS) resin composite coating was also synthesized and employed to improve the high-temperature resistance and waterproof properties of CCCs [10]. Nevertheless, these previous studies were insufficient to improve the high-temperature resistance of CCCs. Thus, it is necessary to research new composite coatings to solve the research bottleneck of CCCs.

In recent years, polysilazane (PSZ) has been widely used as a precursor for ceramics because it offers many advantageous properties, including its high molecular weight, reliability, potential reactivity, especially high adhesion on numerous surfaces, and high thermal and chemical stability [11–14]. Furthermore, PSZ can also serve as a component for the preparation of ceramic matrix composites produced utilizing additive manufacturing [15, 16]. The fabrication techniques for synthesizing PSZ have drawn persistent attention from researchers. Song et al. selected Me₂SiCl₂ and MeHSiCl₂ as raw materials and benzene as the reaction solvent to prepare PSZ with a high ceramic yield [17]. However, the polymerization process was fairly complex, as it required continuous cracking in a column at temperatures of 300–480°C. By introducing vinyl groups, Li et al. reported a new synthesis method to fabricate a transparent PSZ material [18]. Moreover, Chen et al. prepared a novel colorless and transparent PSZ with excellent spinnability via the thermal polymerization of a silazane oligomer at 330°C [19]. The mature manufacturing processes of PSZ provide good conditions for their application in the surface protection of CCCs.

In addition, epoxy resins have great relevance in cutting-edge technology for the development and fabrication of lightweight structures in the aerospace industry due to their good mechanical properties, low shrinkage during curing and low outgassing of the cured network, good adhesive properties, low costs, and high tensile strengths [20, 21]. Jojibabu et al. developed a high-performance epoxy-based adhesive by adding graphene nanoplatelets and phase-separated triblock copolymers [22]. Mao et al. synthesized a hybrid sizing agent and used it to modify the interfacial bonding between carbon fibers and an epoxy matrix in composites, which dramatically enhanced the interlaminar shear strengths and impact resistances of the composites [23]. Yuan et al. fabricated a series of self-emulsified waterborne epoxy resin emulsions to improve the interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers and an epoxy matrix [24]. By semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization, Wang et al. successfully prepared bisphenol-F-based epoxy-acrylic latex with different contents of epoxy resin, which increased the stability of the cured film [25]. Liao et al. adopted a water-soluble epoxy resin to modify zirconia green bodies, which effectively improved their mechanical strengths [26]. Therefore, we adopted epoxy resin as the main material to fabricate a novel composite coating to enhance the protection of CCCs.

In the present study, we demonstrated the controllable synthesis of organopolysilazane (OPSZ) grafted onto the chemical structure of epoxy resin to form a novel crosslinked modified resin, which was used as a film-forming material of a multi-component OPSZ composite coating. Subsequently, the as-fabricated OPSZ composite was coated onto the surfaces of CCCs. Remarkably, the presence of the OPSZ composite coatings not only provided a high hydrophobicity but also excellent heat-resistance properties due to the crosslinked network of OPSZ and epoxy resin. Therefore, the OPSZ composite coating can be employed to effectively protect CCCs from high temperatures, environmental humidity, and corrosive air.

Materials

The OPSZ utilized in this research was a commercially available liquid polymer (Durazane, 1800, Merck, KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) consisting of a silicon and nitrogen backbone, which was functionalized with different side groups (e.g., hydrogen, methyl, and vinyl groups). The simplified chemical structures are presented in Fig. 1. Epoxy resin (E51, 618) was purchased from Zhejiang Hangzhou Jinhong Gum Industry Co., Ltd. Yttria-stabilized zirconia was provided by Shanghai Yaoyi Alloy Material Co., Ltd. The 593 epoxy resin curing agent was purchased from Suzhou Qicai Stone Composite Material Co., Ltd. Silica aerogel powder (KM-20 µm) was purchased from Suzhou Kangmai New Material Co., Ltd. Sepiolite powder (400 mesh) was provided by Macklin. The silane coupling agent KH550 (γ-aminopropyl tri ethoxy silane, AR) was provided by Nanjing Middle East Glass Instrument Co., Ltd. Nano-silica was purchased from Shanghai Meiruil Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. Karstedt’s catalyst is a complex solution containing Pt (0–1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane) in xylene with approximately a 2% Pt content, which was supplied by Macklin.

Preparation of Composite Film Mixture

First, Karstedt’s catalyst (50 mg/kg, measured based on the mass of OPSZ) was dissolved in a mixture of OPSZ and epoxy resin. After stirring for 10 min at ambient temperature, the mixture was then refluxed at 70°C and magnetically stirred at 300 r/min for 2 h, which yielded a novel modified resin (synthesis route is shown in Fig. 2(a)). Subsequently, 10 g of sepiolite powder, 2 g of silica aerogel powder, and 7.5 g of nano-silica were successively added to the mixture, which was stirred at 500 r/min for 1.5 h. Next, 5 g of KH550 was added to the mixture to boost the crosslinking reaction between the inorganic filler and the novel modified resin. Finally, 1.0 g of yttria-stabilized zirconia was dispersed in the mixture, and the mixture was stirred for an additional 30 min to maintain its homogeneity. Ultimately, the OPSZ composite epoxy resin film mixture was obtained (Fig. 2(b)). Notably, the OPSZ contents in the composite films were conveniently tunable, and four different contents, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%, were chosen. The corresponding samples were named 10 wt% OPSZ, 20 wt% OPSZ, 30 wt% OPSZ, and 40 wt% OPSZ, respectively. The details of each film are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1

Coating formula of all components.
Coating Samples	Epoxy resin/g	Yttria-stabilized zirconia/g	KH550/g	593 epoxy resin curing agent/g	Silica aerogel powder/g	Sepiolite powder/g	Karstedt’s catalyst/mg	OPSZ/g
10 wt% OPSZ	100	1.0	5.0	25.0	2.0	10.0	0.8	15.9
20 wt% OPSZ	100	1.0	5.0	25.0	2.0	10.0	1.8	35.75
30 wt% OPSZ	100	1.0	5.0	25.0	2.0	10.0	3.1	61.3
40 wt% OPSZ	100	1.0	5.0	25.0	2.0	10.0	4.8	95.3

Coating Process of Combustible Cartridge Case

First, the above OPSZ composite epoxy resin film mixture was stirred for 10 min before further use. Based on previously reported coating methods [27, 28], the original weights of all the agents were recorded using a high-precision analytical balance. Next, a certain amount of the 593 epoxy resin curing agent was added to the coating mixture, which accelerated its curing rate. Subsequently, the coating mixture was stirred for 5 min to ensure good mixing. As seen in Fig. 2(c), the coating mixture was then uniformly sprayed on the CCC surface using an electric spraying machine (SG0140-EU650). The CCC sample dimensions were 30.0 cm × 10.0 cm × 0.25 cm. Finally, the coated CCCs were dried at the 25°C.

The chemical and crystal structures of the OPSZ composite coatings were carefully investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. As shown in Fig. 3(a), the presence of the Si-N-Si network in the coatings was confirmed by the presence of the weak peak at 1177 cm^− 1 (NH deformation in Si-N-Si) [29] and the peak at 910 cm^− 1 (Si-N stretching in Si-N-Si) [30]. The absorption band at 774 cm^− 1 was attributed to the Si-C bonds of the hydrocarbon substituents bonded to the Si atoms [31]. The presence of an absorption band related to Si-H bonds was not observed. Hence, the FT-IR investigation indicated the presence of a peak that could be attributed both to Si-O-Si and Si-N-Si networks. These findings suggested that the synthesis method in this study could effectively promote the formation of a crosslinked network with epoxy resin and OPSZ.

The weight losses of the OPSZ composite coatings with different OPSZ contents were established by evaluating their films by TGA (Fig. 9). A decrease in weight loss occurred when the temperature rose from 50 to 800°C. As shown in Fig. 3(b), 20 wt% OPSZ exhibited the lowest overall weight loss over the entire temperature range, thus demonstrating a higher thermal stability than the other samples. In contrast, the weight loss of the OPSZ composite coating sample from 50 to 200°C was due to the physical decomposition of the 593 epoxy resin curing agent, while the weight loss above 200°C was due to the removal of unstable chemical bonds of –O and -CH₃ that arose from the epoxy resin [32]. The sharp weight loss between 300 to 600°C corresponded to the partial thermal decomposition of PSZ. This was consistent with a previous study, in which physically attached PSZ was almost completely decomposed during the 300°C sintering process [33]. Since the temperature was over 600°C, the weight losses of the four coating samples all surpassed 50% and then no longer increased. Thus, the TGA analyses of the OPSZ composite coatings provided clear evidence that the coatings possessed excellent thermal stability.

Figure 3(c) presents the XRD patterns of the samples with various OPSZ contents. It was concluded that these OPSZ composite coatings were partly amorphous. These samples exhibited two diffraction peaks at approximately 2θ = 20° and 28°, revealing that the amorphous networks were starting to become ordered. The crystal was identified from the XRD pattern (α-Si₃N₄, hexagonal, PDF-83-0700).

As seen in Fig. 3(d), the water contact angles (WCAs) of all the four samples were close to or greater than 90°, indicating that these samples exhibited excellent hydrophobicity. The WCA increased first and then decreased with the increase in the OPSZ content. Within a certain range, the promotion of the WCA with the increase in the OPSZ content was attributed to the surface hydrophobic Si-N-Si bonds. Thus, the WCA of the 10 wt% OPSZ composite coating was lower than 90° because the number of Si-N-Si bonds was sufficient to maintain the hydrophobicity of the composite coating surface. However, an excessive OPSZ content led to an uneven surface of the composite coating, which ultimately led to a decrease in the WCA. Thus, the WCA results provided the molecular-level insight that a greater content of OPSZ did not necessarily yield a better hydrophobicity of the composite coating. Notably, a 20 wt% OPSZ content could achieve significant crosslinking interactions of each component of the composite coating, and consequently, the resulting coating exhibited the highest WCA of up to 101°.

Figure 4 displays the DSC heating curves of the obtained OPSZ composite coatings. In all the samples, the observed overlapping endotherms between 200.0 and 400.0°C were attributed to a step-wise thermal decomposition process. Furthermore, Fig. 4 also shows valuable data on the glass-transition properties of the OPSZ composite coatings. The glass-transition temperature (T_g) of the 20 wt% OPSZ composite coating was the highest at 454.0°C. However, the T_g value of the 10 wt% OPSZ composite coating was the lowest at 254.7°C. According to previous research [34], the OPSZ precursor with a high crosslinking density is not appropriate for melt spinning. Thus, the increase in the T_g value was a consequence of the increasing number of interconnections between the chains to form more network structures that improved the crosslinking density of the OPSZ composite coating. Therefore, it can be inferred that 20 wt% was the optimal content of OPSZ, which would significantly enhance the spinning behavior of the OPSZ composite coating.

Table 2

Surface elemental concentration of OPSZ composite coatings.
Sample	C/wt%	N/wt%	O/wt%	Si/wt%
10 wt% OPSZ	66.05	8.29	22.16	3.50
20 wt% OPSZ	55.68	13.67	26.75	3.89
30 wt% OPSZ	60.26	7.94	25.04	6.76
40 wt% OPSZ	39.11	5.75	24.15	30.99

The elemental compositions of the 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% OPSZ composite coating surfaces were then confirmed by the EDS mappings shown in Fig. 5(a), and their surface elemental concentrations are listed in Table 2. The material on the surface of N was attributed to the OPSZ was an MXene, and the surface functionalization by PSZ was evident. Furthermore, the surface of the OPSZ composite coating was rich in carbon and nitrogen, whereas those of the OPSZ composite coatings were covered with Si due to the presence of PSZ. In addition, the surface of the OPSZ composite coating contained O from the epoxy resin.

The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) profiles of the OPSZ composite coatings are shown in Fig. 6(a). Figures 6(b) and 6(c) show two typical peaks corresponding to the N 1s and Si 2p binding energies. Moreover, as shown in Fig. 6(b), the silicon peaks at 102.4 eV [35] and 103.2 eV [36] corresponded to Si-C and Si-N bonds, respectively, evidencing the existence of a crosslinked network of the epoxy resin and OPSZ structure. Meanwhile, the deconvoluted XPS peaks of the N 1s spectrum (shown in Fig. 6(c)) centered at the binding energies of 398.2 and 399.3 eV [37, 38], which were associated with Si-N bonds. This result confirmed that the epoxy resin was successfully crosslinked to the OPSZ, convincingly demonstrating the formation of OPSZ composite coatings.

The microstructures and morphologies of the OPSZ composite coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Figure 7 shows the surface morphologies of the OPSZ composite coatings. The surface morphologies of the various coatings on the CCCs were further analyzed by SEM. Figure 8 shows the microscopic surfaces of the coated CCC samples coated with OPSZ composite coatings after 3 d of exposure to a salt water experimental environment. For these four samples, there was almost no breakage on the surfaces of the coatings. In particular, the 20 wt% OPSZ coating (shown in Fig. 8(b)) had the least damage and exhibited the best protective performance. Based on the above results, it can be determined that the existence of OPSZ with an appropriate content was able to significantly improve the salt corrosion resistance, suggesting that the composite coating could effectively improve the environmental adaptability of CCCs.

As is known, nitrocellulose is the main component of CCCs, which is easily decomposed when its ignition temperature approaches 180°C. As shown in Fig. 9, the heat resistance times of the samples gradually decreased with the increase in temperature. Therefore, the coatings played a vital role in protecting the CCCs from burning when the temperature was over 180°C. However, upon further increasing the temperature, more and more heat was conducted to the interiors of the CCCs through the coatings, which significantly cut down the heat resistance time. At a temperature of 250°C, with the increase in the OPSZ content, the heat resistance time of the coated CCC first increased from 173.10 to 175.56 s and then decreased to 134.52 s, implying that the optimal sample was the 20 wt% OPSZ composite coating. However, at 260 and 270°C, the heat resistance time increased with the increase in the OPSZ content. It is inferred that there was an optimal content of OPSZ that allowed the surface to form a dense structure that effectively prevented heat transfer into the interior of the coating. Nevertheless, when the temperature was higher, thermal decomposition of unstable C–O and -CH₃ bonds from the epoxy resin occurred, which was consistent with the TGA results.

In this work, a novel OPSZ composite coating material was developed to protect CCCs from high temperatures, humidity, and corrosion in air. Given that the polymerization reactions between the OPSZ and epoxy resin were relatively stable during processing, this newly designed method is suitable for laboratory conditions. Various structural characterization methods, including FT-IR, XPS, XRD, SEM, and EDS mapping, indicated the successful formation of a crosslinked network built from epoxy resin and OPSZ. Moreover, the TGA data revealed that these OPSZ composite coatings could maintain excellent thermal stability at 400°C, with relatively low weight losses. The high-temperature performances of the OPSZ composite coatings were further revealed by the heat resistance times of the coated CCCs all surpassing 2 min at 250°C. The optimum 20 wt% OPSZ composite coating attained a heat resistance time of 175.6 s. The WCAs of the OPSZ composite coatings (except for the 10 wt% OPSZ) all exceeded 90°, and thus, the samples exhibited eminent hydrophobicity. Furthermore, based on the SEM images after the saltwater tests, all the OPSZ composite coatings exhibited excellent corrosion resistances, which would significantly improve the environmental adaptability of the CCCs. This unique design concept can be easily extended to the fabrication of other composite coatings with excellent high-temperature protective performances, which has great promise in future weapon ammunition applications of CCCs.

Contributions

Mengde Wu: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing.

Zhenggang Xiao: funding acquisition, methodology, writing—review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhenggang Xiao.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

This work was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22075146). We thank the Postgraduate Research Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (No. KYCX23_0449) for supporting this work.

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this paper. I gratefully acknowledge the help of Professor Xin Wang, who has offered me valuable suggestions in writing. In the preparation of this paper, he spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice.

I also greatly appreciate the assistance offered by my supervisor, professor Zhenggang Xiao, who has offered me constructive guidance for the planning of this paper.

Miguel SA (1973) Design criteria for inert or consumable polymer cartridge materials[J]. J Spacecr Rockets 10(5):333–340. 10.2514/3.27760
Ho TBA, Ramsey RS, Griest WH (1996) Determination of nitroester and stabilizer migration in combustible cartridge case wall[J], vol 21. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics,, pp 79–84. 210.1002/prep.19960210206
Yang W, Yang J, Zhang Y, Ying S (2017) A comparative study of combustible cartridge case materials[J]. Def Technol 13:127–130. 10.1016/j.dt.2017.02.003
Zimmerman FJ (1969) Development of 7.62mm and 30mm Combustible Cartridge Case Ammunition[J]. J Spacecr Rockets 6(3):312–314. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.59611
Yang W, Ying S (2016) Burning characteristics of microcellular combustible ordnance materials [J]. Propellants, vol 41. Explosives, Pyrotechnics,, pp 136–141. 1https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201500276
Peshave JR, Singh H (2012) Observation of change in colour of combustible cartridge cases on ageing-a qualitative tool[J]. Def Sci J 53(4):367–370. 10.14429/dsj.53.2283
Hao N, Gui E, Jin Y, Hong A (2011) The Influence of Humidity on Burning Perfectibility of Molded Combustible Cartridge Case[J]. Adv Mater Res 295–297. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.295-297.446
Chen S, Shi H, Tian S, Li Z, Xiao Z (2019) Design and fabrication of a composite coating to improve the environmental adaptability of combustible cartridges[J]. Polym Compos 40(2):685–694. 10.1002/pc.24715
Zhang Y, Zeng X, Xiao J, Pu C, Shi H, Xiao Z (2020) Preparation and properties of coating for improving heat and salt wet resistance of combustible cartridges[J], vol 45. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics,, pp 1149–1155. 10.1002/prep.201900409
Zhang B, Fu E, Shi H, Zhang X, Xiao Z (2022) Improvement in high temperature-resistant performance and waterproof property of combustible cartridge case with BEMS resin based composite coating[J], vol 47. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics,, p 202100303. 310.1002/prep.202100303
Barroso G, Döring M, Horcher A, Kienzle A, Motz G (2020) Polysilazane-Based Coatings with Anti-Adherent Properties for Easy Release of Plastics and Composites from Metal Molds[J]. Adv Mater Interfaces 7(10):1901952. 10.1002/admi.201901952
Parchovianský M, Parchovianská I, Švančárek P, Motz G, Galusek D (2020) PDC glass/ceramic coatings applied to differently pretreated AISI441 stainless steel substrates [J]. Materials 629 13(3):13030629. 10.3390/ma13030629
Fonblanc D, Lopez-Ferber D, Wynn M, Lale A, Soleilhavoup A, Leriche A, Iwamoto Y, Rossignol F, Gervais C, Bernard S (2018) Crosslinking chemistry of poly(vinylmethyl-co-methyl)silazanes toward low-temperature formable preceramic polymers as precursors of functional aluminium-modified Si–C–N ceramics[J]. Dalton Trans 47:14580–14593. 10.1039/c8dt03076f
Sun Z, Zhou Y, Jia D, Yang Z, Duan X, Ye D, Zhang P (2011) Preparation of SiCN(O) Material with Vinyl Trichlorosilane [J]. J Am Ceram Soc 94(8):2282–2284. 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04642.x
Kemp JW, Hmeidat NS, Compton BG (2020) Boron nitride-reinforced polysilazane-derived ceramic composites via direct-ink writing[J]. J Am Ceram Soc 103(8):4043–4050. 10.1111/jace.17084
Xiao J, Jia Y, Liu D, Cheng H (2020) Three-dimensional printing of SiCN ceramic matrix composites from preceramic polysilazane by digital light processing[J]. Ceram Int 46(16):25802–25807. 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.061
Song Y, Zhao Y, Feng C, Lu Y (1994) Synthesis and pyrolysis of polysilazane as the precursor of Si₃N₄/SiC ceramic[J]. J Mater Sci 29:5745–5756. 10.1007/bf00349975
Li Y, Riedel R, Steiger J, Seggern HV (2000) Novel transparent polysilazane glass: synthesis and properties[J]. Adv Eng Mater 2(5):290–293. 10.1002/(sici)1527-2648(200005)2:5<290::aid-adem290>3.0.co;2-1
Ribeiro LFB, Flores O, Furtat P, Gervais C, Kempe R, Machado RAF, Motz G (2017) A novel PAN/silazane hybrid polymer for processing of carbon-based fibres with extraordinary oxidation resistance[J]. J Mater Chem A 5:720–729. 10.1039/c6ta09293d
Pal R, Sudhi S, Raghavan R (2019) Fabrication and evaluation of structural film adhesive using modified novolac epoxy resin[J]. J Appl Polym 136(19):47520. 10.1002/app.47520
Jeong SG, Cha J, Kim S, Seo J, Lee JH, Kim S (2014) Preparation of thermal-enhanced epoxy resin adhesive with organic PCM for applying wood flooring[J]. J Therm Analysis&Calorimetry 117:1027–1034. 10.1007/s10973-014-3862-8
Jojibabu P, Zhang YX, Rider AN, Wang J, Wuhrer R, Prusty BG (2020) High-performance epoxy-based adhesives modified with functionalized graphene nanoplatelets and triblock copolymers[J]. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 98, article no: 102521. 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.102521
Mao L, Shen H, Han W, Chen L, Li J, Tang Y (2019) Hybrid polyurethane and silane sized carbon fibre/epoxy composites with enhanced impact resistance[J]. Compos Part A 118:49–56. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.12.014
Yuan X, Zhu B, Cai X, Liu J, Qiao K, Yu J (2017) Improved interfacial adhesion in carbon fiber/epoxy composites through a waterborne epoxy resin sizing agent[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer, 134, article no: 44757. 10.1002/app.44757
Wang Y, Chen Z, Yu F (2018) Preparation of epoxy-acrylic latex based on bisphenol F epoxy resin[J]. J Macromolecular Sci Part A 55(2):205–212. 10.1080/10601325.2017.1410065
Liao J, Zhang D, Wu X, Luo H, Zhou K, Su B, Engineering C (2019) 96: 280–285. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.023
Xing C, Yi M, Shan X, Wang X, Zhao X (2020) Sintering behavior of a nanostructured thermal barrier coating deposited using electro-sprayed particles[J]. J Am Ceram Soc 103(12):7267–7282. 10.1111/jace.17384
Ünsal T C¸. C¸. C., Serhatlı IE, Sarac AS (2017) Superhydrophobic fluorinated acylonitrile coatings via electrospraying[J]. Progress in Organic Coatings, 105: 342–352. 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.01.013
Seo Y, Cho S, Kim S, Choi S, Kim H (2017) Synthesis of refractive index tunable silazane networks for transparent glass fiber reinforced composite[J]. Ceram Int 43(10):7895–7900. 10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.03.112
Schiavon MA, Sorarù GD, Yoshida IVP (2002) Synthesis of a polycyclic silazane network and its evolution to silicon carbonitride glass[J]. J Non-cryst Solids 304(1–3):76–83. 10.1016/s0022-3093(02)01007-4
Schiavon MA, Ciuffi KJ, Valéria I, Yoshida P (2007) Glasses in the Si-O-C-N system produced by pyrolysis of polycyclic silazane/siloxane networks[J]. J Non-cryst Solids 353(22–23):2280–2288. 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.03.004
Xue Y, Feng J, Huo S, Song P, Yu B, Liu L, Wang H (2020) Polyphosphoramide-intercalated MXene for simultaneously enhancing thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polylactide[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 397, article no: 125336. 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125336
Wie J, Kim M, Kim J (2020) Enhanced thermal conductivity of a polysilazane-coated A-BN/epoxy composite following surface treatment with silane coupling agents[J]. Applied Surface Science, 529, article no: 147091. 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147091
Muller U, Weinmann M, Jansen M (2008) Cl₂MeSi–NH–BCl₂ and ClMe₂Si–NH–BCl₂: novel processable single source precursors of amorphous Si/C/B/N ceramics†[J]. J Mater Chem 18:3671–3679. https://doi.org/10.1039/B803899F
Bhandavat R, Gurpreet S (2012) Synthesis, characterization, and high temperature stability of Si(B)CN-coated carbon nanotubes using a boron-modified poly(ureamethylvinyl)silazane chemistry[J]. J Am Ceram Soc 95(5):1536–1543. 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05079.x
Gunes IS, Cao F, Jana SC (2008) Evaluation of nanoparticulate fillers for development of shape memory polyurethane nanocomposites[J]. Polymer 49(9):2223–2234. 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.03.021
Kim D, Dhand V, Rhee K, Park SJ (2015) Study on the effect of silanization and improvement in the tensile behavior of graphene-chitosan-composite[J]. Polymers 7(3):527–551. 10.3390/polym7030527
David L, Bernard S, Gervais C, Miele P, Singh G (2015) Facile synthesis and high rate capability of silicon carbonitride/boron nitride composite with a sheet-like morphology[J]. J Phys Chem C 119(5):2783–2791. 10.1021/jp508075x

No competing interests reported.

Supplementaryinformation.docx

Download PDF

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Controllable Synthesis of Organopolysilazane Composite Coatings and Their Role in Protecting Combustible Cartridge Cases

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials & Methods

Materials

Preparation of Composite Film Mixture

Coating Process of Combustible Cartridge Case

Results & Discussion

Conclusions

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1