The challenges in control COVID-19 in Injibera, Awi Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Background: In the globe, on April 2021, 130 million coronavirus cases, around 2.8 million were deaths, 102 million were recovered and 105.2 million were closed cases of COVID-19 reported. On April 2021, the world population were 7.9 billion of which United Nations estimates were 1.65% COVID-19 cases included the Ethiopia in report. The main objective of the study was identify the challenges of in control COVID-19. Methods: The cross-sectional study design was used November to February 2021 in Injibera from Ethiopia. The total 385 respondents using simple random sampling were interviewed. The chi-square test of association and ordinal logistic regression was applied to identify the effect of predictor variables on challenges in control COVID-19. Results: Out of 385 respondents 277(71.95%) were high challenges in control COVID-19 in Injibera. There was a signicant relationship with social media and challenges of in control virus (p-value = 0.047). The variables considered social media, housing status and inuence were signicant relationship with challenges of in control virus (p-value < 5%). Facebook users were the responsible causes of challenges in control COVID-19 (p-value = 0.023). The more social media followed, decreased the occurrence of challenges in control virus. In addition, a unit increase rented, the challenges in control virus decreased by 0.60 times (p-value = 0.009). Conclusion: marathon. won war


Background
Fighting coronavirus in a globe and local levels is very much light a ghting a war in which every human being is a potential victim, mentally and physically capable human must be a warrior making a contribution to the ght [1]. Sadly, COVID-19 war against an invisible enemy and who does operates without any rules of combat and who has no capacity whatsoever to reason therefore one who will not listen to the pleas of the enemy to cease re [2]. Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly and creating a huge economic, social and public health challenge worldwide [3]. In the worldwide, there was nancial, material, social, cultural, behavioral, religious, capacity, logistical, education and understanding challenges to control the enemy of human beings the novel coronavirus diseases COVID-19 [4]. Wuhan was the city where the virus originated in central China, with a population of over 11 million people. On January 30, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a global public health emergency [5].
In Africa, the impact is huge and increasing in low and middle-income countries, especially in Nigeria with over 202 million population [6]. Potential challenges in managing the corona virus pandemic in developing countries [7].
The virus was con rmed to have reached Ethiopia on 13 March 2020 [8]. The national government, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, declared ve-month state of emergency in April 2020 but has allowed economic activities to continue during the public health crisis [9]. On 15 March, the infected persons, one Ethiopian and two Japanese nationals, had contact with the individual who was reported to be infected by the virus on 13 March [10].
The rst COVID-19 was occurred in Bahirdar Amhara regional state from the merchant traveled Saudi-Arabia when she was come soon and Injibera was the rst COVID-19 existed from the individuals come from foreign, even there was psychological impact from COVID-19 [11].
The reduction of challenges of COVID-19 given the consultancy in each aspects of daily human activities [12]. The Injibera was selected for this study. This study were designed to the challenges of in control COVID-19 and to know the relationship between in control COVID-19 and predictor variables and to identify signi cant effects in control COVID-19. The researcher wants to insure challenges of in control COVID-19 using ordinal logistic regression model.

Study design and period
This study was questionnaire based cross-sectional study carried out for four months (November up to February 2021).

Study Area
Injibera was the administrative center of Agew Awi Zone, which is located 447 km from Addis Ababa and 113km Bahir Dar City in Amhara regional state Ethiopia. Formerly the name Injibera was the name of small village towns around Kosober meaning "Koso tree" the name given by Emperor Haile Selassie during the Italian attack on Ethiopia. Today, Injibera was dominated the name of Kosober and Capital City of Agew nations Awi Zone in Amhara regional state. Injibera was the richest in cultural heritage and tourism specially Horse ride in cultural celebration during December to the end of March and the Agew Horse Association in 1933E.C, 81 th celebration was conducted in Injibera on January 30 yearly before one month Adwa victory celebration in Ethiopia.

Study Population and sample
All Injibera males and females was investigated in the study. All those who met the inclusion criteria were included.

Inclusion criteria
All Injibera males and females in Injibera during the study period with simple random sampling was included.

Exclusion criteria
All males and females not meeting the inclusion criteria were excluded.

Data collection
Since, primary source of data collection used to collect raw data from respondents through personal interview and closed ended questionnaires in Injibera.

Variables
The dependent variable was challenges in control COVID-19 (low, medium and high).

Operational de nitions
Low: The challenging knowledge, motivation, capability and controls are in place to prevent virus or at least signi cantly tangible solutions to prevent COVID-19 from being very good.
Medium: The Average knowledge, motivation and capability were good, but in control in place that may needs successful exercise to prevent COVID-19.
High: The knowledge, motivation and capability were highly poor and in control to prevent the COVID-19 were not enough and no idea about COVID-19.

Sampling Design and Techniques
The sampling method used in this study was simple random sampling procedure. The study used the cross-sectional sample design to determine the challenges of in control COVID-19 in Injibera.

Sample size determination
According to the 2007 national census conducted by the central statistical agency of Ethiopia, Injibera has an estimated total population of 21,065 of whom 10,596 are males and 10,469 are females. The sample size for this study was determined based on simple random sampling at 95% con dence level.
The sample size formula is given by [13] Data entry and Analysis After the data collected, the next step is edited, analyzed and summarized the data in appropriate manner and the available data would be transformed in to reliable and useful information with the help of statistical analysis procedure by using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25. Descriptive statistics was used information by frequency, percentage and table. Inferential statistics was making inference or conclusion about population, chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression model were used.

Chi-square test of association
The chi-square can't be negative, then the curve don't extended to the left of zero [14]. The variables in chisquare distribution must be nominal or ordinal scale [15]. The signi cance in chi-square test is right tailed areas of the distribution [15]. In this statistical procedure there is relationship between categorical variables or not [15].

Ordinal logistic regression
The outcome variable can be grouped into ordinal, in this case, ordinal logistic regression models have been used to analyze ordinal response variables. Moreover, when there is a need to consider several factors, special multivariate analysis for ordinal data is the natural alternative. Ordinal logistic regression models have been widely applied in most investigation. The commonly used ordinal logistic regression model is the constrained cumulative logit model [16].

Cumulative logit model
Ordinal logistic regression refers to the case where the dependent variable has an order [16]. The most common ordinal logistic model is the proportional odds model, also called cumulative probabilities of the response categories [17]. If we pretend that the dependent variable is recorded as ordinal having categories, then the application of ordinal logistic model is the appropriate method. An attempt to extend the logistic regression model for binary responses to allow for ordinal responses has often involved modeling the cumulative logit [17].

Chi-square test of independence
The proportion of challenges to in control in social media Television (37.14%) was greater than all other media. There was a signi cant relationship between social media and challenges of in control COVID-19(p-value = 0.047). The variables considered in this study were racism, housing status, in uence, household size, and access were signi cant relationship with challenges of in control COVID-19(p-value < 5%) ( Table 2).

Univariate analysis
In this case, the Facebook users increased by a unit, the chance of in control was decreased by 0.94 times and this is also one of the signi cant predictors for social media (p-value = 0.001). Increasing a unit television followers invite to reduce in control. A unit increment caused to reduce in control by 0.43 times (p-value = 0.009). Similarly, when the housing status rented increased by a unit, the probability to be involved in in control over spread of the pandemic was decreased by 0.64 times (p-value = 0.002) and owned a unit increment was decreased in 0.19 times (p-value = 0.000). Racism, was in signi cant predictor variables (p-value more than 5%) ( Table 3).

Multivariable analysis
When the Facebook users was increased by a unit, the possibilities to be involved in the challenges in control virus were decreased by 0.93 times and it is one of the predictors of challenges in control virus(pvalue = 0.023). A unit increase on the Television information the occurrence of challenges in control virus decreased by 0.86 times (p-value = 0.004). In community was increased by a number, the occurrence of challenges in control virus was decreased by 0.52 times (p-value = 0.011). The risk in challenges in control virus in racism was in signi cant (p-value more than 5%). Among housing status, most of them were occurred on the rented compared to owned and others (p-value = 0.005). In uence had been played a crucial role in challenges in control virus. In other words, in uence whose political status were the most responsible factor for challenges in control virus. A unit increase political status, increase challenges in control virus by 2.33 times (p-value = 0.006) as compared to health status, social and economic in uence. The access information was in signi cant predictors of the occurrence of challenges in control virus (Table 3).

Discussions
The papers on previous study, most important and wide-spread mass gatherings were religious mass gatherings around sacred religious sites. Despite pressure from religious groups, the government banned travel around these restricted areas to slow the spread of the disease. Such behaviors in a society highlight the need to pay attention to cultural challenges in controlling the epidemic of infectious diseases [1,8,18].
Policymakers at the National COVID-19 Control Headquarters should use a community-based approach to epidemic control. The use of religious leaders to articulate approved policies is one of the most effective strategies in such situations. Such behaviors are a sign of a lack of education and, as a result, a low risk. The capacity of religious organizations themselves must be used to increase people's understanding of the dangers of religious gatherings. In order to control the epidemic of infectious diseases in developing and less-developed countries, was necessary to pay attention to cultural differences. Different strategies for engaging religious groups to be studied, and programs are only effective if they take a community-centered approach [9,18].
This study was conducted in Injibera factors that determined the challenges of in control virus. According to the results, 36(9.35%) low, 72(18.70%) medium and 277(71.95%) were high challenges in control virus COVID-19. In this case most of respondents were high challenges in control virus distribution (Table 1).

Conclusions
The study strongly suggests that more should be done and more reduction of challenges in control COVID-19. A one virus world ght. The main objective of this study was to study factors affecting the challenges in control COVID-19. The chi-square test of association social media, racism, housing status, in uence and access results were signi cant effect on challenges in control virus ( Table 2). The ordinal logistic regression showed that social media, housing status and in uence were the major factors that affect the challenges in control virus ( Table 3). The researcher was recommend for all concerned bodies couldn't disturbed and give attention COVID-19.

Declarations
Funding This research received no external funding.

Ethical approval
This study used primary data from self-administered closed questionnaire. The data handled from respondents with strong responsibility and con dentiality.

Con icts of Interest
The authors declare no con icts of interest.

Author contributions
All internal activities were done by Alemayehu Amsalu.

Supplementary Files
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