COVID-19 Related Anxiety and Concerns Expressed by Pregnant and Postpartum Women- a Survey Among Obstetricians

Abstract

This paper from India describes anxieties that pregnant and postpartum women reported to obstetricians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 118 obstetricians who responded to an online survey, most had been contacted for concerns about hospital visits (72.65%), methods of protection (60.17%), the safety of the infant (52.14%); anxieties related to social media messages (40.68%), contracting the infection (39.83%). Obstetricians felt the need for resources such as videos, websites and counselling skills to handle COVID related anxiety among perinatal women.

Introduction

Pandemics, including COVID- 19 have been shown to have major effects on mental health resulting in anxiety, depression and high-stress levels(Wang et al., 2020). Pregnant mothers are a vulnerable population and may have several concerns and anxieties about the impact of the COVID- 19 infection on pregnancy and the foetus (Schwartz and Graham, 2020). There have been conflicting results about morbidity and mortality in pregnant women related to COVID- 19 infection, including the possibility of vertical transmission (Alzamora et al., 2020; Di Mascio et al., 2020). Infectious epidemics have been shown to cause anxiety in pregnant women about several aspects of childbirth including disrupted expectations related to prenatal and postnatal care (Brooks et al., 2020). Research in this area is just emerging. Among 71 pregnant mothers in Ireland, 36 (50.7%) reported excessive worrying about their health during the COVID- 19 pandemic (Corbett et al., 2020).

Studies done during earlier pandemics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Zika virus have highlighted the need to sensitize all health care professionals about perinatal mental health(Dos Santos Oliveira et al., 2016; Ng et al., 2004). Pregnant and post-partum women are likely to first discuss their anxieties about COVID-19 with their obstetricians who may hence need to be first responders for mental health support. This is challenging when face to face contact with women is going to be limited.

We conducted an online survey among obstetricians to understand the nature of concerns about COVID- 19 that pregnant and postpartum women expressed to them. We also asked about methods they used to handle psychological distress and their need for resources.

Materials And Methods

Based on available literature regarding common concerns and anxieties among pregnant women in previous and including COVID-19, domains were shortlisted and items representing each domain were generated. Consensus regarding the items was established among all authors and experts and the final survey had 32 items. Part 1 had details about obstetricians such as gender, years of experience and number of deliveries conducted during the pandemic. It also included trimester wise distribution of women who had contacted the obstetricians for COVID-19 related concerns and anxiety. The second part of the survey was divided into two sections–

1. The first had 12 items related to nature of concerns expressed, including symptoms, protection, testing for COVID -19, the effect of infection on pregnancy and foetus, antenatal visits, safe delivery, the safety of the infant, breastfeeding, social distancing, media messages and concerns related to work.

2. The second had 10 items on anxiety and psychological distress including anxiety about the infection, infection control procedures not being followed by family members, excessive reading and receiving social media messages, boredom, distress about missing work, missing out on rituals like baby showers and sleep We also enquired how often family members and husbands contacted the obstetrician about the patient’s anxiety and two questions were related to methods obstetricians had employed to allay anxiety in these women and what aids or skills they would need to help women better during this period.

Each question was scored by respondents on a Likert scale of ‘Very often’, ‘Often’, ‘Occasionally’ and ‘Not at all’. Distribution of responses is presented as frequencies and percentages.

An online survey using the platform Survey Monkey (https://www.surveymonkey.com/) was created. The weblink was sent out to all members of an obstetrics society in South India using a purposive method of sampling. Participants were assured of complete anonymity. Online consent was sought. The survey reached approximately 300 obstetricians during the period April 5th to May 5th 2020, and 118 responded (40 %). The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.

Results

Among the 118 obstetricians who responded, 106 (89.83%) were women, with 102 (87 %) having more than ten years of experience; 54 (45.76%) had conducted deliveries for more than ten women during this pandemic. Nearly 40 % reported having been contacted by more than ten women because of anxiety related to COVID-19 and 14.4% reported that pregnant women under their care had been tested for the virus.

Obstetricians reported more calls from women in the third trimester 82 (69.5%), compared to first -23 (19.5 %), or second trimesters- 55 (46.61%) or the postpartum period 8 (6.77%). Also, 23(19.66%) obstetricians responded that family members and husbands also called to discuss anxieties related to COVID-19.

The most frequent concerns reported to obstetricians were related to hospital visits for antenatal check-ups and ultrasound scans, protecting themselves from infection, social media messages, infant health after delivery and breastfeeding. Around 35% women also expressed concerns related to work (Table 1).

The most common anxieties and distress reported were related to worrying social media messages, fear about contracting the infection, social isolation, family members not following infection control and missing out on childbirth-related rituals. Also 25 % of women were distressed due to missing their work (Table 2).

Obstetricians mentioned using the following methods to handle COVID-19 related anxiety among pregnant and postpartum women - 104 (88.89%) provided reassurance, 94(80.34%) educated women about COVID-19, 47(40.17%) recommended meditation and relaxation techniques, 29(24.79%), sent reading material and website links, 15 (12.82%) used distraction techniques and 2 (1.71%) prescribed anti-anxiety medications.

Obstetricians mentioned the need for several resources to help them manage the anxieties which included- training in simple counselling techniques -87(74.36%), access to a helpline for mothers- 58 (49.57%), videos for mothers to help manage anxiety -56(47.96%), easy access to mental professionals -38 (32.48%) and simple guidance notes - 33(28.21%).

Discussion and Conclusions

This online survey among obstetricians from India revealed several concerns and worries due to COVID-19 that pregnant and postpartum women reported to them.

Rates of pregnancy-related anxiety even in the non-COVID times have been high in low- income countries (Dennis et al., 2017). Limited studies done during the current pandemic reveal anxiety rates during pregnancy in the range of 63%-68% (Corbett et al., 2020; Lebel et al., 2020; Saccone et al., 2020). It is known that pregnancy-related anxiety escalates in the third trimester and our results reflect the same. Majority of the women who contacted obstetricians for COVID- 19 related anxiety in the survey were in the third trimester 82 (69.5%).

Lockdowns may create difficulties for pregnant women to travel to hospitals, get their scans done on time and women may be concerned about acquiring the infection at hospitals. This was reflected in our results. Our findings also reflect previous research on the role of non-judicious use of social media amplifying anxiety further increasing the perceived risk of infection (Holmes et al., 2020). In addition to concerns about work, social isolation and infection, interestingly, there were also culture-specific concerns. In India, pregnant women usually have an important ritual called- Seemantha (baby shower) in the 7th month of pregnancy for the wellbeing of the mother and unborn baby. Obstetricians reported that mothers were distressed missing out on childbirth-related rituals because of social distancing.

Studies done in Canada, Ireland and Italy among pregnant women in relation to COVID 19 have reported similar results. The Canadian study revealed high rates of depression (37%), anxiety (59%) and pregnancy-specific anxiety (67%). The most prevalent COVID-19 related worries were similar to those found in our study (Lebel et al., 2020). Pregnant women in Ireland reported excessive worries regarding older relatives and unborn baby (Corbett et al., 2020) while Italian pregnant women reported high rates of anxiety regarding vertical transmission (Saccone et al., 2020).

Nearly 20 % of obstetricians in our survey also reported getting calls from partners and family members with concerns and anxiety. While the obstetricians surveyed reported using several methods to handle the anxieties and distress, they also expressed the need for training and resources to handle these mental health issues.

The response rate of our survey was nearly 40 % which might be an acceptable response rate for online surveys among medical practitioners especially at a difficult time like this. However, the limitations of the study include the small sample of obstetricians because of which generalisation may not be possible and a possibility of recall bias. Also, this survey was done during the lockdown and in the early stages of the pandemic. Concerns may change as the infection rates in the community become higher.

The findings of our study are important for two reasons. First, COVID-19 related anxiety during pregnancy needs to be addressed as anxiety may adversely influence pregnancy and foetal outcomes (Khalesi and Bokaie, 2018). Second, there is an urgent need to train obstetricians and midwives in managing psychological distress during the ongoing pandemic. During the SARS epidemic in Hongkong, it was seen that midwives played a crucial role in providing care, health education and counselling to help pregnant women during and after the crisis (Ng et al., 2004).

Early identification of mental health issues in perinatal women is therefore essential for obstetric providers to liaise with mental health specialists to provide appropriate interventions.

Declarations

Consent for participation: The participants consented to participate and for the data to be published.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

References

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Tables

Table -1 Frequency of various concerns related to COVID-19 reported to obstetricians 

Table 2     Frequency of anxiety and psychological distress COVID-19 reported to obstetricians