Ecological modeling based on benthic foraminifera from Tupilipalem coast, southeast coast of India: Implications for ecological trajectory

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-382408/v1

Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS data of Tupilipalem coast demonstrations the periodic closure of lagoon mouth over a brief period affecting the ecological setting and the faunal diversity and distribution. The coastal ecosystem includes a significant metal pollutant due to anthropogenic activities. This study documents forty-nine numbers of benthic foraminiferal species and establishes its relationship with heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd). The factor loading matrix generated using factor analysis grades the positive and negative correlations among the heavy metals species. The results of geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, and pollution load index, construes the seasonal differences in metal concentrations and prevalence of higher concentrations of metals in the sediments. Besides, this paper discusses the impact of coastal morphology on heavy metal concentrations coupled with ecology and distribution of benthic foraminifera.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental Policy

Benthic foraminifera

Bio-proxy

Heavy Metal Pollution

Coastal Morphodynamics

Dugarajapatnam Port

Southeast Coast of India.

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Table 1. Heavy Metal Concentrations (ppm) from Tupilipalem coast (Monsoon).

Sample ID	Fe	Mn	Cr	Cu	Ni	Pb	Zn	Cd
TP- 1	1912.61	48.2	9.5	3.7	6.16	5.06	14.88	1.12
TP- 2	1912.61	49.98	6.73	2.07	4.69	6.16	11.37	0.88
TP- 3	2316.23	50.26	12.6	3.01	3.27	4.02	17.02	0.98
TP- 4	987.4	28.39	7.6	3.01	2.98	4.89	14.49	0.72
TP- 5	5902.17	36.47	16.47	4.98	8.47	7.01	19.47	0.49
TP- 6	1012.78	110.29	4.27	2.66	6.68	4.14	11.3	1.15
TP- 7	1428.31	37.04	5.75	2.76	5.89	5.39	12.98	1.43
TP- 8	1212.39	22.17	9.02	3.49	4.1	5.02	14.03	0.98
TP- 9	942.1	16.16	9	2.69	3	4.89	16.57	0.54
TP- 10	1079.26	62.04	6.11	2.02	4.32	3.69	13.09	0.84
TP- 11	2916.03	52.69	12.47	3.17	7.47	5.98	13	0.74
TP- 12	2843.92	32.16	10.06	2.27	5.98	6.27	12.98	0.63
TP- M	8138.14	131.16	19.75	7.01	10.9	9.48	21.98	0.56

Table 2. Heavy Metal Concentrations (ppm) from Tupilipalem coast (Premonsoon).

Sample ID	Fe	Mn	Cr	Cu	Ni	Pb	Zn	Cd
TP- 1	2030.69	51.93	7.04	5.41	6.16	7.23	14.33	0.85
TP- 2	2047.96	26.63	8.65	3.17	4.92	4.43	14.56	0.41
TP- 3	3056.73	59.98	11.23	3.37	6.97	3.64	17.37	1.08
TP- 4	2554.86	42.7	9.5	3.36	6.83	6.57	13.75	0.54
TP- 5	6813.41	169.24	18.09	5.97	9.51	7.24	24.75	0.88
TP- 6	2304.66	27.52	7.32	2.83	4.69	4.2	11.88	0.69
TP- 7	943.3	26.93	4.89	2.23	5.69	4.96	11.61	0.53
TP- 8	1431.78	18.46	6.86	3.2	3.52	5.39	13.06	1.09
TP- 9	1875.2	45.27	6.73	3.18	6.16	7.13	12.68	0.76
TP- 10	2437.43	29.45	7.93	2.9	6.84	4.79	11.57	0.67
TP- 11	3516.57	68.96	10.26	3.79	7.01	6.86	14.57	0.63
TP- 12	4345.16	91.02	12.6	3.28	8.97	5.64	13.26	0.5
TP- M	8683.63	116.16	22.32	6.96	10.45	7.53	24.72	0.77

Table 3. Factor loadings scores for selected heavy metals.

	Monsoon			Premonsoon
	F1	F2	F3	F1	F2	F3
Fe	0.983	0.028	-0.050	0.965	-0.083	-0.174
Mn	0.513	0.729	-0.061	0.935	-0.045	-0.064
Cr	0.927	-0.253	0.116	0.956	-0.046	-0.233
Cu	0.936	0.066	0.269	0.908	0.162	0.231
Ni	0.826	0.442	-0.193	0.886	-0.298	-0.126
Pb	0.890	0.028	-0.253	0.632	-0.126	0.756
Zn	0.843	-0.307	0.398	0.938	0.180	-0.137
Cd	-0.550	0.654	0.416	0.202	0.963	0.017

Table 4. Distribution of benthic foraminifera from the sediments of Tupilipalem coast (Monsoon)

Foraminifer species	TP-1	TP-2	TP-3	TP-4	TP-5	TP-6	TP-7	TP-8	TP-9	TP-10	TP-11	TP-12	TP-M
Adelosina laevigata	2	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
A.semistriata	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ammonia beccarii	0	4	43	64	3	0	6	4	4	12	12	12	4
A.dentata	9	41	102	42	5	1	2	0	12	10	5	35	1
A.tepida	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
Asterorotalia trispinosa	0	0	14	5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Discorbis patelliformis	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Elphidium advenum	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
E.crispum	0	0	12	11	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
E.discoidale	0	7	12	10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	9	0
Elphidium sp.	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Eponides cribrorepandes	0	3	3	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lobatula lobatula	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Luxostomum limbatum	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Miliolinella subrotunda	1	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Nonion boueanum	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.grateloupi	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N.scaphum	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pararotalia nipponica	0	9	12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Polymorphina ovate	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
Pseudorotalia schroeteriana	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Quinqueloculina agglutinans	1	0	6	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Q.berthelotiana	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Q.candeina	0	11	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Q.laevigata	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Q. lata	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Q. seminulum	12	25	36	20	1	5	0	0	0	2	2	2	0
Q.stelligera	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Qunqueloculina spp.	2	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
Q.venusta	1	0	3	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rolshausenia rolshauseni	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Spiroloculina henbesti	0	1	4	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
S. excavata	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
Textularia agglutinans	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Triloculina tricarinata	1	0	2	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
T.trigonula	1	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Total	33	108	271	173	9	6	8	5	18	25	20	60	6

Table 5. Distribution of benthic foraminifera from the sediments of Tupilipalem coast (Premonsoon)

Foraminifer species	TP-1	TP-2	TP-3	TP-4	TP-5	TP-6	TP-7	TP-8	TP-9	TP-10	TP-11	TP-12	TP-M
Adelosina laevigata	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	34	0	0	0	0
A.semistriata	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	29	0	0	0	0
Ammonia beccarii	7	10	1	4	2	5	56	4	102	17	5	2	1
A.parkinsoniana	0	0	0	2	2	0	1	0	92	12	2	6	2
A.dentata	16	2	1	3	0	2	13	2	28	6	0	3	0
A.trispinosa	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	30	0	4	0	0
A.tepida	0	0	1	5	0	0	9	0	48	0	0	0	0
Elphidium craticulatum	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
E.crispum	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	17	0	0	0	0
E.discoidale	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	11	1	0	0	0
E.excavatum	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	9	0	0	0	0
E.hispidulum	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	2	0	0	0	0
E.jenseni	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	0	0	0
E.macellum	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	14	0	0	0	0
Eponides cribrorepandes	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	6	0	0	0	0
Lobatula lobatula	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0
Miliolinella subrotunda	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	32	0	1	0	0
Neoconorbina pacifica	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nonion grateloupi	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	32	1	0	0	0
N.scaphum	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	27	0	0	0	0
Pararotalia nipponica	0	2	0	0	0	0	3	0	97	0	0	0	0
Quinqueloculina auberiana	6	0	0	2	0	0	10	0	0	0	0	0	0
Q.agglutinans	0	0	0	1	0	0	2	0	16	0	0	0	0
Q.berthelotiana	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	0	0	0	0	0	0
Q.laevigata	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	9	0	0	0	0
Q.lamarckiana	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0
Q.seminulum	4	5	3	1	0	0	19	0	17	0	0	0	0
Q.stelligera	4	1	0	2	0	0	8	0	14	0	0	0	0
Q.venusta	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	41	0	0	0	0
Q.vulgaris	0	0	0	3	0	0	5	0	9	0	0	0	0
Quinqueloculina spp.	2	0	0	1	0	0	0	6	0	0	0	1	2
Q. venusta	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rosalina bradyi	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0
Rolshausenia rolshauseni	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	12	0	0	0	0
Spiraloculina orbis	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Triloculina tricarinata	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	1	0	0	0	0
T. trigonula	2	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	1	0
Total	44	21	7	30	5	8	146	14	744	37	12	13	5

Table 6. Species Diversity and Ecological Indices of benthic foraminiferal assemblages.

Sample	Total individuals (N)		Species richness (d)		Species evenness (J)		Species diversity (H)		Ammonia- Elphidium Index (AEI)		FORM Index (FI)
Sample	M	PM	M	PM	M	PM	M	PM	M	PM	M	PM
TP-1	33	44	3.146	2.738	0.768	0.828	1.91	1.907	90	100	1.666	1.454
TP-2	108	21	2.349	1.642	0.743	0.799	1.849	1.433	84.905	92.307	1.398	1.285
TP-3	271	7	4.463	2.056	0.672	0.916	2.19	1.475	85.798	75	1.287	1.428
TP-4	173	30	2.911	4.116	0.692	0.939	1.919	2.544	83.464	93.333	1.231	1.433
TP-5	9	5	0.910	1.243	0.852	0.960	0.936	1.055	100	100	1.111	1
TP-6	6	8	0.558	0.961	0.65	0.819	0.450	0.900	100	87.5	1.833	1
TP-7	8	146	0.480	3.612	0.811	0.745	0.562	2.196	100	95.238	1	1.404
TP-8	5	14	0.621	1.516	0.721	0.855	0.500	1.376	100	75	1.2	1.428
TP-9	18	744	1.038	4.235	0.667	0.863	0.925	2.908	100	83.798	1.111	1.275
TP-10	25	37	0.932	1.108	0.757	0.753	1.05	1.213	100	97.222	1.08	1
TP-11	20	12	1.001	1.207	0.745	0.892	1.033	1.237	100	100	1.15	1.083
TP-12	60	13	1.221	1.559	0.653	0.856	1.171	1.378	83.928	100	1.066	1.153
TP-M	6	5	1.116	1.243	0.789	0.960	0.867	1.055	100	100	1	1.4

PLATE1.jpg
Plate 1 -(1) Ammonia dentata, ventral view; (2) A. dentata, dorsal view (showing boring marks); (3) A. dentata, dorsal view; (4) Quinqueloculinaseminulum, side view; (5) Spiroloculina costata, side view; (6) Triloculina oblonga, side view; (7) T.oblonga, side view; (8) Adelosina laevigata, side view; (9) Asterorotalia pulchella, ventral view; (10) Pararotalia nipponica, ventral view; (11) Spiroloculina depressa, side view; (12) Eponides sp.,; (13) Eponides repandes, dorsal view; (14) Elphidium advenum, side view; (15) Asterorotalia pulchella, dorsal view; (16) Quinqueloculina agglutinans, side view; (17) Elphidium jenseni, side view; (18) Pararotalia nipponica, ventral view; (19) Elphidium hispidulum, side view; (20) Quinqueloculina seminulum.
PLATE2.jpg
Plate 2- (1) Quinqueloculina sp., side view; (2) Triloculina trigonula, side view; (3) Discorbinella bertheloti, ventral view; (4) Triloculina cuneata, side view; (5) Quinqueloculina sp., side view; (6) Ammonia beccarii, dorsal view; (7) Triloculina fichteliana, apertural view (boring marks seen); (8) Asterorotalia pulchella, dorsal view (boring marks seen); (9) Quinqueloculina sp, side view; (10) Spiroloculina orbis, side view; (11) Elphidium discoidale, side view; (12) Rosalina sp.,; (13) Hanzawaia concentrica, ventral view; (14) Triloculina cuneata, side view; (15) Elphidium craticulatum, side view; (16)Quinqueloculina seminulum, side view

Ecological modeling based on benthic foraminifera from Tupilipalem coast, southeast coast of India: Implications for ecological trajectory

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