1. Leitzke M, Stefanovic D, Meyer J-J, Schimpf S, Schönknecht P. Autonomic balance determines the severity of COVID-19 courses. Bioelectron Med. 2020 Dec;6(1):22.
2. Poppe M, Wittig S, Jurida L, Bartkuhn M, Wilhelm J, Müller H, et al. The NF-κB-dependent and -independent transcriptome and chromatin landscapes of human coronavirus 229E-infected cells. Enjuanes L, editor. PLOS Pathog. 2017 Mar 29;13(3):e1006286.
3. Kandasamy M. NF-κB signalling as a pharmacological target in COVID-19: potential roles for IKKβ inhibitors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2021 Mar;394(3):561–7.
4. Liao Q-J, Ye L-B, Timani KA, Zeng Y-C, She Y-L, Ye L, et al. Activation of NF-kappaB by the Full-length Nucleocapsid Protein of the SARS Coronavirus. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2005 Sep;37(9):607–12.
5. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020 Apr;181(2):271-280.e8.
6. Brücher BLDM, Lang F, Jamall IS. NF- κ B signaling and crosstalk during carcinogenesis. Bandapalli OR, editor. 4open. 2019;2:13.
7. Tracey KJ. Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J Clin Invest. 2007 Feb 1;117(2):289–96.
8. Tracey KJ. The inflammatory reflex. Nature. 2002 Dec 19;420(6917):853–9.
9. Borovikova LV, Ivanova S, Zhang M, Yang H, Botchkina GI, Watkins LR, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nature. 2000 May 25;405(6785):458–62.
10. Leitzke M. Afferent vagal stimulation via gastric electrical stimulation alters sympathetic-vagal balance in domestic pigs – a pilot trial. J Biol Regul Homeost AGENTS [Internet]. 2021 Feb 28 [cited 2021 Feb 6];35(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.23812/20-527-A
11. Lim S, Bae JH, Kwon H-S, Nauck MA. Reply to: Autonomic dyshomeostasis in patients with diabetes mellitus during COVID-19. Nat Rev Endocrinol [Internet]. 2021 Jan 18 [cited 2021 Jan 22]; Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-021-00467-4
12. Changeux J-P, Amoura Z, Rey FA, Miyara M. A nicotinic hypothesis for Covid-19 with preventive and therapeutic implications. C R Biol. 2020 Jun 5;343(1):33–9.
13. Polak SB, Van Gool IC, Cohen D, von der Thüsen JH, van Paassen J. A systematic review of pathological findings in COVID-19: a pathophysiological timeline and possible mechanisms of disease progression. Mod Pathol. 2020 Nov;33(11):2128–38.
14. Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhang S, Xia P, Cao W, Jiang W, et al. Coagulopathy and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 23;382(17):e38.
15. Kander T. Coagulation disorder in COVID-19. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Sep;7(9):e630–2.
16. Liao D, Zhou F, Luo L, Xu M, Wang H, Xia J, et al. Haematological characteristics and risk factors in the classification and prognosis evaluation of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Sep;7(9):e671–8.
17. Iba T, Levy JH, Connors JM, Warkentin TE, Thachil J, Levi M. The unique characteristics of COVID-19 coagulopathy. Crit Care. 2020 Dec;24(1):360.
18. Iba T, Levy JH, Levi M, Thachil J. Coagulopathy in COVID‐19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Sep;18(9):2103–9.
19. Lax SF, Skok K, Zechner P, Kessler HH, Kaufmann N, Koelblinger C, et al. Pulmonary Arterial Thrombosis in COVID-19 With Fatal Outcome: Results From a Prospective, Single-Center, Clinicopathologic Case Series. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Sep 1;173(5):350–61.
20. Edler C, Schröder AS, Aepfelbacher M, Fitzek A, Heinemann A, Heinrich F, et al. Dying with SARS-CoV-2 infection-an autopsy study of the first consecutive 80 cases in Hamburg, Germany. Int J Legal Med. 2020 Jul;134(4):1275–84.
21. Song W-C, FitzGerald GA. COVID-19, microangiopathy, hemostatic activation, and complement. J Clin Invest. 2020 Aug 3;130(8):3950–3.
22. Gralinski LE, Sheahan TP, Morrison TE, Menachery VD, Jensen K, Leist SR, et al. Complement Activation Contributes to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Pathogenesis. mBio. 2018 Oct 9;9(5).
23. Schutte T, Thijs A, Smulders YM. Never ignore extremely elevated D-dimer levels: they are specific for serious illness. Neth J Med. 2016 Dec;74(10):443–8.
24. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 30;382(18):1708–20.
25. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Apr;18(4):844–7.
26. Geng J-G, Wang J-G, Mackman N, Slungaard A, Huo Y, Key NS. Regulation of Tissue Factor by NF-kB Transcription Factor p50 Is Essential for the Pathogeneses of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Arterial Restenosis. Blood. 2006 Nov 16;108(11):1458–1458.
27. Leentjens J, van Haaps TF, Wessels PF, Schutgens REG, Middeldorp S. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and antithrombotic agents—lessons after 1 year. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Apr;S2352302621001058.
28. Rainer de Martin, Hoeth M, Hofer-Warbinek R, Schmid JA. The Transcription Factor NF-κB and the Regulation of Vascular Cell Function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol [Internet]. 2000 Nov [cited 2021 Jan 15];20(11). Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.ATV.20.11.e83
29. Parry GCN, Mackman N. Transcriptional Regulation of Tissue Factor Expression in Human Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995 May;15(5):612–21.
30. Nieuwenhuizen L, de Groot PG, Grutters JC, Biesma DH. A review of pulmonary coagulopathy in acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia. Eur J Haematol. 2009 Jun;82(6):413–25.
31. Hosokawa S, Haraguchi G, Sasaki A, Arai H, Muto S, Itai A, et al. Pathophysiological roles of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB) in pulmonary arterial hypertension: effects of synthetic selective NF-kB inhibitor IMD-0354. Cardiovasc Res. 2013 Jul 1;99(1):35–43.
32. Khan SS. The Central Role of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in COVID-19: Thrombosis and Beyond. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2021 Jun 4;
33. Cañas CA, Cañas F, Bautista-Vargas M, Bonilla-Abadía F. Role of Tissue Factor in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the Possible Ways to Inhibit It. Clin Appl Thromb Off J Int Acad Clin Appl Thromb. 2021 Dec;27:10760296211003984.
34. Jacobson JR, Birukov KG. Activation of NFkB and coagulation in lung injury by hyperoxia and excessive mechanical ventilation: one more reason “low and slow” is the way to go? Transl Res. 2009 Nov;154(5):219–21.
35. Liu Y-Y, Liao S-K, Huang C-C, Tsai Y-H, Quinn DA, Li L-F. Role for nuclear factor-κB in augmented lung injury because of interaction between hyperoxia and high stretch ventilation. Transl Res. 2009 Nov;154(5):228–40.
36. Batah SS, Fabro AT. Pulmonary pathology of ARDS in COVID-19: A pathological review for clinicians. Respir Med. 2021 Jan;176:106239.
37. Dosch SF, Mahajan SD, Collins AR. SARS coronavirus spike protein-induced innate immune response occurs via activation of the NF-κB pathway in human monocyte macrophages in vitro. Virus Res. 2009 Jun;142(1–2):19–27.
38. Grimes Z, Bryce C, Sordillo EM, Gordon RE, Reidy J, Paniz Mondolfi AE, et al. Fatal Pulmonary Thromboembolism in SARS-CoV-2-Infection. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2020 Sep;48:107227.
39. Konopka KE, Wilson A, Myers JL. Postmortem Lung Findings in a Patient With Asthma and Coronavirus Disease 2019. Chest. 2020 Sep;158(3):e99–101.
40. Bryce C, Grimes Z, Pujadas E, Ahuja S, Beasley MB, Albrecht R, et al. Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2: targeting of endothelial cells renders a complex disease with thrombotic microangiopathy and aberrant immune response. The Mount Sinai COVID-19 autopsy experience [Internet]. medRxiv; 2020. Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR165963
41. Remmelink M, De Mendonça R, D’Haene N, De Clercq S, Verocq C, Lebrun L, et al. Unspecific <em>post-mortem</em> findings despite multiorgan viral spread in COVID-19 patients. medRxiv. 2020 Jan 1;2020.05.27.20114363.
42. Burkhard‐Koren NM, Haberecker M, Maccio U, Ruschitzka F, Schuepbach RA, Zinkernagel AS, et al. Higher prevalence of pulmonary macrothrombi in SARS‐CoV ‐2 than in influenza A: autopsy results from ‘Spanish flu’ 1918/1919 in Switzerland to Coronavirus disease 2019. J Pathol Clin Res. 2020 Nov 13;cjp2.189.
43. Lacy JM, Brooks EG, Akers J, Armstrong D, Decker L, Gonzalez A, et al. COVID-19: Postmortem Diagnostic and Biosafety Considerations. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2020 Sep;41(3):143–51.
44. Bradley BT, Maioli H, Johnston R, Chaudhry I, Fink SL, Xu H, et al. Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: a case series. The Lancet. 2020 Aug;396(10247):320–32.
45. Foust AM, Phillips GS, Chu WC, Daltro P, Das KM, Garcia-Peña P, et al. International Expert Consensus Statement on Chest Imaging in Pediatric COVID-19 Patient Management: Imaging Findings, Imaging Study Reporting, and Imaging Study Recommendations. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2020 Apr 1;2(2):e200214.
46. Wichmann D, Sperhake J-P, Lütgehetmann M, Steurer S, Edler C, Heinemann A, et al. Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Aug 18;173(4):268–77.
47. Barrett CD, Moore HB, Yaffe MB, Moore EE. ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19: A comment. J Thromb Haemost JTH. 2020 Aug;18(8):2060–3.
48. Wang J, Hajizadeh N, Moore EE, McIntyre RC, Moore PK, Veress LA, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment for COVID‐19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): A case series. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Jul;18(7):1752–5.
49. Taylor RT, Best SM. Assessing ubiquitination of viral proteins: Lessons from flavivirus NS5. Methods San Diego Calif. 2011 Oct;55(2):166–71.
50. Bonaz B, Sinniger V, Pellissier S. Vagal tone: effects on sensitivity, motility, and inflammation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016 Apr;28(4):455–62.
51. Schultz NH, Sørvoll IH, Michelsen AE, Munthe LA, Lund-Johansen F, Ahlen MT, et al. Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2021 Apr 9;NEJMoa2104882.
52. Gattinoni L, Coppola S, Cressoni M, Busana M, Rossi S, Chiumello D. COVID-19 Does Not Lead to a “Typical” Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 May 15;201(10):1299–300.
53. Guarini S, Altavilla D, Cainazzo M-M, Giuliani D, Bigiani A, Marini H, et al. Efferent vagal fibre stimulation blunts nuclear factor-kappaB activation and protects against hypovolemic hemorrhagic shock. Circulation. 2003 Mar 4;107(8):1189–94.